语法MicrosoftWord文档(2).doc

宾语补足语，either . or .和neither . nor ., 主谓一致They named their child John. He beat her black and blue. Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long a time. She asked me to answer the phone in her absence. The boy cut the apple into small cubes. I saw you out with your friends last night. Either you or she has to go there. Neither I nor he knows the fact. He is either a doctor or a teacher. He neither sang nor danced at the party. Do you speak either English or French?She likes neither noodles nor dumplings. Lets go there either by train or by plane. She lives neither in Beijing nor in Shanghai. His secretary often answers the phone for him. The whole class are watching a football match. There is a pen and some pencils in my pencilcase. 我的发现(1)句中的黑体部分均为_宾语补足语；它分别是由名词， _形容词短语，_分词，_动词不定式，_介词短语， _副词充当的。(2)either . or . 和neither . nor . 的作用是连接 _并列词(组)或等同的句子(成分)。在句中它们分别连接：句、句为并列主语，句为并列表语，句为并列谓语，句、句为并列宾语，句、句为并列状语。(3)英语句子中的主语和谓语要在_人称和_数上保持一致，称为主谓一致。它一般遵循三个原则，即句_语法一致原则，句意义一致原则和句就近一致原则。() 宾语补足语宾语补足语(Object Complement)放在宾语后面，用来补充说明宾语所表示人或事物所发出的动作，或者说明宾语的状态、特性、身份等。宾语补足语可以由不定式、分词(现在分词和过去分词)、名词、代词、形容词、介词短语或副词充当。一、使役动词后宾语补足语的用法常见的使役动词有：make, have, get, leave, keep。它们都表示“使得”，后面可接“宾语宾语补足语”的结构，但用法上有所不同。1make用作使役动词表示“使；使成为”时，可跟复合结构，即“make宾语宾语补足语”，其中的宾语补足语可以是形容词、名词、不带to的不定式、过去分词。A good friend is a person who makes you happy.好朋友是一个使你快乐的人。(形容词作宾补)We made her monitor of our class.我们选她做班长。(名词作宾补)They made me repeat the story.他们让我重讲这个故事。(省略to的不定式作宾补)I had to raise my voice to make myself heard over the loud noise.在嘈杂声中我只好提高声音以便别人听清我说的话。(过去分词作宾补)关键一点当省略to的不定式作make的宾语补足语，变为被动语态时一定要加to。The boy often makes his little sister cry, but he was made to cry just now.那个男孩常常惹得他小妹妹哭，但是刚才他被惹哭了。2have表示“使得”，其后接宾语补足语，常用以下句型：(1)have sb. do sth.使/让某人做某事(2)have sb. doing sth.使/让某人一直做某事(3)have sth. done使/让某事被做；遭遇某种不幸We must have the work finished by 10 oclock.我们必须在10点钟之前把工作做完。She had her house damaged in the storm.她的房屋在暴风雨中被毁坏了。I had my wallet stolen at the supermarket.我的钱包在超市被偷走了。关键一点get的类似用法：get sb. to do sth.让某人做某事get sth. done( have)使某事被做get sth. doing 使某事物起来Get Tom to buy some fruit.叫汤姆去买些水果。I cant get the car starting.我发动不起车来。3leave作使役动词，表示“使/让保持某种状态”。可用形容词、名词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语。Youd better leave the livingroom door close.你最好关着起居室的门。His parents both died last year, leaving him an orphan.他父母去年双双去世，留下他成为一个孤儿。They walked off and left me sitting there alone.他们走开了，让我一个人一直坐在那儿。Please excuse me if I have left any of the questions unanswered.如果我留下了任何未回答的问题，请多多原谅。关键一点leave用作使役动词，常表示“发生某种状况后，使保持/处于某种状态”；keep用作使役动词，常表示“使保持/处于某种状态”。(误)The flood kept hundreds of people homeless.(正)The flood left hundreds of people homeless.洪灾使得数百人无家可归。二、感官动词后宾语补足语的用法表示感觉和心理状态的动词(短语)，有hear, feel, listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe, smell, see等，词后要用省略to的动词不定式、现在分词及过去分词作宾语补足语。常见句型(以hear为例)有：(1)hear sb. do sth.听见某人做了/经常做某事(2)hear sb. doing sth.听见某人正在做某事(3)hear sth. done听见某事被做I heard her sing the song in the next room last night.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁房间唱这首歌了。I heard her singing the song in the next room at 8 oclock last night.昨天晚上8点我听见她正在隔壁房间唱这首歌。We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops.我们可以听见大雨敲打窗户的声音。三、with (without)宾语宾语补足语结构其宾语补足语有以下形式：现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、介词短语、形容词或副词等。把下面的句子译成英语并指出各句中的宾语补足语（OC）他可以感觉出自己的心跳得很快。He_could_feel_his_heart_beating_very_quickly.OC：beating_very_quickly请在隔壁房间里验血。Please_have_your_blood_tested_in_the_next_room.OC：tested他们发现她很适合做这项工作。They_found_her_a_very_suitable_person_for_the_job.OC：a_very_suitable_person_for_the_job你们叫这种花什么？What_do_you_call_this_kind_of_flower?OC：What你喜欢喝茶浓一点还是淡一点？Do_you_like_your_tea_weak_or_strong?OC：weak_or_strong() either . or .和neither . nor .一、 either . or .意为“或者或者；不是就是”之意。表示两者之一，连接句子中两个并列的成分。either . or .可连接两个主语、谓语、宾语、表语、状语或并列分句。either . or .连接两个主语时，其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就是我们通常说的“就近原则”。Either you or he has to look after the old man.要么你照顾那位老人，要么他照顾。(并列主语)关键一点如果把上句变成一般疑问句，助动词形式与主语you保持一致。He should either clean the windows or water the flowers.他要么擦窗户，要么去浇花。(并列谓语)I have either a bowl of noodles or some bread for breakfast.我早餐要么吃一碗面条，要么吃几片面包。(并列宾语)I think he is either a teacher or a doctor.我想他不是教师就是医生。(并列表语)If you are late you should make an apology to the teacher either at the time or after class.如果你迟到了，你应该在当时或在课后向老师道歉。(并列状语)Either you leave this house or Ill call the police.你要么离开这座房子，要么我就报警。(并列分句)关键一点若要对either . or .句型进行否定时，只需把either . or .换成neither . nor .即可。Either you or she is good at drawing.变为否定句应为：Neither you nor she is good at drawing.你和她都不擅长绘画。二、 neither . nor .表示“既不也不”，其含义是否定的，可连接任意两个并列的成分。当neither . nor .连接两个主语时，也应遵循“就近原则”。若将neither . nor .句型变为肯定句，只需把neither . nor .改为both . and .即可，同时谓语动词必须用复数形式。Neither dad nor mum is at home today.今天父母都不在家。(并列主语)Both dad and mum are at home today.今天父母都在家。I can neither speak nor write French. Neither can I speak French nor can I write it.我既不会说法语也不会写法语。(并列谓语)关键一点还可以使用neither作主语，表示“两者中没有一个”。谓语动词可用单数也可用复数。neither或nor还有另外一种用法，当否定的情况也符合另一方时，可用neither或nor进行简略回答，其结构为：Neither/Norbe动词/情态动词/助动词主语。Neither of them likes football.他们俩都不喜欢足球。 When he got off the bus, I didnt recognize him.他下公共汽车时，我没有认出他。 Neither/Nor did I.我也没有。要么蒂姆，要么他的兄弟们得去扫雪。Either Tim or his brothers have to clear the snow.当地猎人要么射杀它们，要么设陷阱捕捉它们。Local hunters either shoot or trap them.你要么拿这个，要么拿那个。You can take either this one or that one.或者你必须改进你的工作，或者我将解雇你。Either you must improve your work or I shall dismiss you.他们工作既不为名也不为个人所得。They work neither for fame nor for personal gain.那既不是我的错也不是你的错。That is neither my fault nor yours.()主谓一致主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数等方面要保持一致。主谓一致一般要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、就近一致原则及意义一致原则。一、语法一致原则1由and连接的两个名词作主语，表示不同的人或事，谓语动词用复数。What he said and what he did have greatly encouraged the other students.他的话语和行为极大地鼓舞了其他学生。2and连接的两个名词指同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数。两个单数名词用and并列，表示一个概念或是不可分割的整体作主语时，谓语动词也用单数。常见的此类短语有war and peace, iron and steel, a needle and thread, bread and butter, a horse and cart等。Egg and rice is her usual breakfast.早餐她常吃蛋炒饭。All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。Knife and fork is used to eat western food.刀叉用于吃西餐。To try and fail is better than not to try at all.尝试而失败比不尝试好。The teacher and writer is her friend.那位老师兼作家是她的朋友。3由no . and no ., each . and each ., every . and every ., many a . and many a ., one and a half .等构成复合主语时，谓语动词用单数。Every boy and every girl has the right to get education.每一个男孩和女孩都有权利接受教育。Many a desk and many a chair has been taken out of the classroom.许多桌椅已被搬出教室。4主语后面带有as well as, rather than, like, but, except, besides, with, together with, along with, including, in addition to, as much as, more than等词连接的名词，根据语法一致的原则，谓语动词根据这些词前的主语来确定动词的形式。The professor together with a number of students was doing experiments in the lab at that time.当时教授和他的很多学生正在实验室做实验。二、就近一致原则1由连词(短语)or, either . or, neither . nor, whether . or, not only . but also, not . but等连接主语时，谓语动词与最靠近的主语保持一致。Was he or you in the next room just now?刚才在隔壁房间里的是他还是你？2在倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。There is a book and some pens on the desk.桌子上有一本书和几支钢笔。There come two buses.来了两辆公共汽车。3谓语动词与介词后面的名词的数保持一致。(1)all of, most of, a lot of, some of, half of, the rest of, plenty of, part of, two thirds of等修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词根据后面的名词的数而定。The rest of the boys were out.其他的男孩子出去了。All of the work has been done.所有的工作都做完了。(2)在定语从句中，关系代词作主语，其谓语动词应与它所指代的先行词保持一致。“one of复数名词”后的定语从句关系词作主语，从句谓语用复数；而“the only (first) one of 复数名词”后的定语从句关系词作主语，从句谓语动词用单数。He is the only one of the students in our class who has got the first prize.他是我们班唯一一个获得一等奖的学生。He is one of the students in our class who have got the first prize.他是我们班获得一等奖的学生之一。(3)many/few/quite a few/a good many/a large number of/millions of修饰复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。A great number of scientists are present at the conference.许多科学家都出席了会议。(4)much/little/quite a little/a great deal of/a bit of修饰不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。There is little water in the bottle.瓶子里没有水了。(5)an amount/amounts of 修饰不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于amount的数。A large amount of money was spent on the great bridge. Large amounts of money were spent on the great bridge.大桥花掉了大笔资金。(6)“a (large) quantity of 名词”作主语，谓语动词的数与名词保持一致；“quantities of 名词”作主语，用复数谓语动词。A large quantity of time was spent on the Internet by him. Quantities of time were spent on the Internet by him.他花了大量的时间上网。(7)如果主语用kind of等表示种类的词作主语，谓语动词一般按语法一致的原则决定单复数。this kind of 单数(或复数)名词，谓语动词用单数。This kind of men is very dangerous.这种人很危险。如果以复数名词为中心词作主语，谓语动词用复数。Men of this kind are very dangerous.如果kind of前有复数限定词，谓语动词用复数。These kinds of men are very dangerous.三、意义一致原则1英语的集体名词(committee, crowd, family, public, group, party, team, class, club, company, union, army, audience, band, staff, enemy, government等词)，指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。His family is small.他的家庭是个小家庭。His family are all model workers.他的家人都是先进工作者。2表示总称的名词police, people, clothes, cattle (牛)，folk(s)( people)等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。The police are looking for the missing child.警察正在寻找那个失踪的孩子。3以s结尾的名词：(1)学科名称如politics, physics, mathematics, economics等以及书名、游戏名、疾病名作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。The Arabian Nights(天方夜谭) is a popular reading with the young people.天方夜谭这本书深受年轻人的喜爱。(2)由两部分构成的物体，如glasses, scissors, trousers, jeans等作主语时，谓语动词常用复数。The glasses are yours.这副眼镜是你的。但物体前若用pair of，谓语动词的单复数常取决于pair的单复数。There are some new pairs of compasses.有几副新圆规。4单、复数同形的词(如means方法，手段；species种类；series系列；sheep, deer, fish等)作主语时，其谓语的单、复数取决于它在句中的含义。Sheep feed mainly on grass.羊以食草为主。Every means has been tried.每一种方法都尝试过了。All means are unpleasant.所有的方法都不太令人满意。5表示时间、重量、距离、金钱等的名词作主语时，往往看成一个整体，谓语动词用单数。Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.走十五英里对我来说好像太远了。6不定式、动名词、从句作主语时，谓语用单数。To get up early is a good habit.早起是个好习惯。Serving the people is my greatest happiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福。7表示群岛、山脉、瀑布、运动会等的专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。The Olympic Games are held every four years.奥运会每四年举办一届。8“the形容词(或分词)”表示“一类人”作主语时，谓语动词用复数；表示“一种抽象概念或品质”时，谓语动词用单数。The poor were not able to buy it.穷人买不起。The beautiful is not always the useful.好看的不一定实用。.感悟高考1(2010山东高考)The living room is clean and tidy，with a dining table already _ for a meal to be cooked.AlaidBlayingCto lay Dbeing laid解析：选A考查非谓语动词。句意：客厅既干净又整洁，已摆好了餐桌准备做饭。“with宾语宾语补足语”为with的复合结构，a dinning table和lay是被动关系，故用过去分词形式。2(2012陕西高考)The basketball coach, as well as his team, _ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.Awere BwasCis Dare解析：选B考查时态和主谓一致。句意：由于杰出的表现，在比赛之后不久，篮球教练和他的队员接受了采访。as well as, along with, together with等短语连接两个主语时，谓语动词与前面的主语保持一致。故此处用单数谓语动词，排除A、D两项。根据语境判断，此处表示过去的事情，故选B。3(2011陕西高考)Claire had her luggage _an hour before her plane left. Acheck Bchecking Cto check Dchecked 解析：选D考查非谓语动词。句意：在飞机起飞前一个小时克莱尔对行李进行了安检。check 与 luggage之间是动宾关系，所以应用过去分词形式表示被动，构成have 宾语宾语补足语结构，表示“ 找人做”或“ 使被 ”。4(2010陕西高考)It is reported that many a new house _ at present in the disaster area.Aare being built Bwere being builtCwas being built Dis being built解析：选D此题考查语态和主谓一致。many a名词作主语，谓语用单数；根据at present可知，时态为现在时。句意：据报道，目前灾区正在建设大量新房屋。5(2012四川高考)I looked up and noticed a snake _ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.Ato wind BwindCwinding Dwound解析：选C考查非谓语动词。此题考查现在分词作宾语补足语，宾语snake与wind之间为主动关系，且此动作正在进行，故选C。6(2012四川高考)Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car _.Awashed BwashCwashing Dto wash解析：选A考查非谓语动词。考查过去分词作宾语补足语。此题中使役动词get后接的宾语car与作宾语补足语的动词wash之间为被动关系，构成短语：get sth. done。故选A项。句意：在驱车进城之前，你必须将你的车洗了。7(2012安徽高考)Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, _ some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.Akeeps BkeepChave kept Dhad kept解析：选A考查时态和主谓一致。句意：沃尔玛是美国最大的连锁超市之一，部分店从星期一到星期六24小时营业。根据句中的“is”可知，此处应用一般现在时，主语为Walmart，谓语动词要用第三人称单数，故选A。8(2012湖南高考)All the scientific evidence _ that increasing use of chemicals in farming _ damaging our health.Ashow; are Bshows; areCshow; is Dshows; is解析：选D考查主谓一致。句意：所有的科学证据都显示化肥在农业领域日益增长的使用正在破坏我们的健康。第一空主语是evidence，所以用单数；第二空主语是use，所以也用单数。9(2011重庆高考)Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself_of his own dreams.Areminding Bto remindCreminded Dremind解析：选C考查非谓语动词。句意：米迦勒把姚明的图片张贴在床边是为了提醒自己要实现自己的梦想。himself与remind之间是动宾关系， 故用过去分词形式作宾语补足语。 10(2011浙江高考)Even the best writers sometimes find themselves _ for words. Alose BlostCto lose Dhaving lost解析：选B考查非谓语动词。此处lost是过去分词作宾语补足语。语意表示“甚至最好的作家有时候也会表达不出来”，所以选B项。.冲关演练1In the dream Peter saw himself _ by a fierce wolf, and he woke suddenly with a start.AchasedBto be chasedCbe chased Dhaving been chased解析：选A考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。句意：彼得梦到自己被一只凶猛的狼追赶，他猛地一惊，从梦中醒来。himself与chase为逻辑上的动宾关系，再根据“see sb./sth. done/do/doing”结构可知，A项正确。2She is the only one of those women archaeologists who _ chosen to go to Loulan.Ahas Bhas beenChave been Dhad been解析：选B考查主谓一致和时态语态。句意：她是被选去楼兰的唯一的女考古学家。who引导定语从句，修饰the only one, who在从句中作主语，此时定语从句的数与先行词the only one保持一致，排除C项；另外，此处为被动关系，排除A项，D项时态不对。3At the gate _ two stone lions.Astands BstandCwas stood Dstanding解析：选B考查全部倒装和主谓一致。句意：在门口伫立着两座石狮。本句结构为：介词短语谓语主语，two stone lions为句子主语，所以选B。4Either you or the headmaster _ the prize to these gifted students at the meeting.Ais handing out Bare to hand outCare handing out Dis to hand out解析：选D考查主谓一致。当either . or ./neither . nor ./not