欧洲文化入门考前总结.doc

欧洲文化入门考前总结来源：考试吧（E）2009年10月9日【考试吧：中国教育培训第一门户】模拟考场视频课程-l 希腊罗马 Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet AeschylusTragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist Arostophoes Comedy writer Herodotus Greeks and Persians Father of the history Thucydides Athens and Sparta, Syracuse historian Pythagoras All things were numbers Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist , atomic Socrates Dissect of oneself, virtue was high worth of life, dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation, theory follow fact, idea and matter together made concrete individual realitiesEuclid geometrist Others Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus philosophy Cicero Far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate Prose writer Caesar I came, I saw, I conquered Prose writer Lucretius On the nature of things poet Virgil -Aeneas-tragic hero 4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander,king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146B.C.被罗马攻克。 l 基督教和圣经 Jews以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine, known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament, 6th century B.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。 Jesus生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus, Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于393年宣布基督教为国教。 Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.-100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate,在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint l 中世纪 开始于476西罗马帝国得衰败 5-11世纪 在文化上继承了Roman culture，出现了Hebrew and Gothic culture feudalism主要是一种system of land holding，for exchanging military service,它还是一种local and decentralized government 1045,教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church 反击Moslems，开始了Crusades Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732 St. Thomas Aquinas写了The Summa Theologica总结了中世纪神学的所有知识并形成了系统，他认为feudal hierarchy of society is Gods rule The power of feudal rulers is Gods will Pope is Crists Plenipotentiary 中世纪封建社会的人主要分为三个等级：clergy, lords, peasants Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the vernacular. l 文艺复兴与宗教改革 Boccaccio Decameron Cervantes Don Quixote(crowned literature of Spain) Petrarch Sonnet,father of modern poetry Da VinciArtist in Italy Michelangelo Artist in Italy Raphael Known for his Madonna Artist in Italy Titian Oil color Artist in Italy Ronsard France Rabelais Cargantua and Pantagruel France Montaigne The Essais France Thomas More Utopia Shakespeare crowned literature of England Copernicus The father of modern astronomy Vesalius The founder of modern medicine Anatomy Aldus Manutius The foremost printer in Italy Machiavelli Father of political science Political sciencehistoriography Dante Vosari others Giotto,Brunelleschi,Donatello,Giorgione,Spencer, Bacon artists Reformation was led by Martin Luther. 它主张用the Bible的绝对权威取代the Roman Catholic Church的绝对权威，这促进了资本主义的发展。 1492, Columbus发现了America 1487,Dias发现了the cape of good hope 1497,da Gama发现了绕过好望角去印度的航线 英国在Elizabeth I的统治下达到鼎盛时期 宗教改革以后，基督教分裂为：the Protestant and the Roman Catholic Humanism是文艺复兴时代的灵魂思想 l 17世纪 Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understandingcaculaus Milton Areopagitica，English revolution Bacon Knowledge is power England Descartes I think therefore I am France Corneille FrenchNeoclassicismdramatists Racine Moliere Locke 很多科学器械在被发明：microscope, telescope, thermometer, barometer, pendulum Bacon认为哲学应该与神学分开 Leibniz区别了人的三种理解程度，自我意识，意识，潜意识（无意识） Bacon反对deductive method，创立了inductive method Hobbes认为最好的统治方式是monarchy 1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高无上的权利 英国大革命中，Cromwell带领行动 Milton提供思想 法国最着名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front East Front of the Louvre 英国最着名建筑：St. Pauls Cathedral 17th：physics, mathematics 18th：chemistry 19th：biology 20th：psychology French classicism Baroque art Newton Galileo l 启蒙运动 Diderot France Montesquieu Separation of powersVoltaire Hobbes Social contract Locke Social contract RousseauDefoe Henry FieldingSamuel Richardson The founder of English domestic noval Lessing German dramastistGerman classicim Goethe schiller Kant Waterhead of modern philosophyPropose the nebular hypothesis Pope poet Dr.Johnson lexicographer J.S.Bach ChristianityMajor musicians of the musical Englithenment Handel Haydn Classical period Viennese school Mozart Beethoven Romantic Movement 18世纪两大着名运动：The American War of Independence（1776） The Declaration of Independence The French Revolution（1789） Declaration of the Rights of Man Rococo艺术的典型建筑代表：Hotel de Soubise Addison, Steele在期刊The Tatler , The Spectator上发表论文 The Enlightenment Rococo art l 现实主义 France BalzzacStendhala novel is a mirror walking along the road Flaubert first French realist Objectivity, detachment Zora Naturalism, scientific heredity MaupssantChickikov A character in Shame, and hypocrisy Peter the Great Russian reforms. End the middle age DostoyevskyIbsen For women hypocrisy and seemy politics Strindberg Autobiograpgical Existence and self-realization English George Eliot Scientific, reason,objectivity Charles Dickens Thackeray Becky Sharp Thomas Hardy Wessex uperior, pitiless, indifference Berbard Shaw Fabian society major Barbara Nobel Prize in 1925 Russia Gogol Turgenev First gain recognition in the west Dostoevsky Tolstoy Other countries Walt Whitman Henry James The master beyond all masters, psychological subtlety Mark TwainFather of American literature Gustave Courbet Neo-Baroque Brutality and vulgarity Millet Outside the circle of politics painter Manet The luncheon on the grass Challenge to Greco-Roman Monet Impression:sunrise Van Gogh Against impressionism Gauguin Use color in unexpected combinations Auguste Rodin Art for arts sake sculpture Antonin Dvorak The symphony in E Minor Patterns found in folk music Claude Debussy The founder of modern musical impression 反对falseness, sentimentality Mark Twain称1870-1890年的美国为the gilded age，内战之后，New England的重要性让位于New York Realism l 现代主义和其它 T.S.EliotConrad Human motives , moral values Virginia Woolf Bloomsbury, stream of consciousness James Joyce Symbolism, naturalistic,interior monologue W.B.Yeats imagist movement, Symbolism William FaulknerConflictsbrotherhood Gorky Trilogy John Osborn Robbe-Grillet Nouveau Roman Samuel Beckett Absurd Drama Tomas MannPsychologic