2012级上新版课文长难句复习题目翻译版.doc

英语期末复习材料Unit 1 party politics 课文后p10-12 的十道paraphrase句子，加上以下的8句，计18句1. In one evening, they manage to cut through the entire hierarchy and procedures the boss has painstakingly established for the purpose of being spared this kind of importuning.他们试图在一夜之间逾越老板苦心构筑的用于抵挡这类恳求的等级制度和办事程序。2. These people have been socializing happily every working day of their lives, give or take a few melees, rumors, and complaint petitions. 员工们每天开开心心地彼此交往，虽然时不时会推推撞撞，发生口角，传播点儿谣言，或是联名写点儿投诉信。3. Out of the natural goodness of its corporate heart and the spirit of the holiday season, the company wishes only to give its employees a roaring good time, and the employees, out of loyalty and the thrill of getting to know their bosses off-duty as equals, delight in the opportunity.基于公司的企业精神和节日欢庆的气氛，公司此时只希望为员工提供一次狂欢的聚会。而员工出于对公司的忠心，再加上能与老板们工余之际平等相识的兴奋，所以也就乐不可支地享受这一美好时刻。4. More serious is the fact that, in spite of the liquor and high spirits, it still counts as sexual harassment when anyone with supervisory powers makes unreciprocated overtures to a lower-ranking employee.实际的情况会更糟：即使是喝酒过多或是情绪过于兴奋，如果上司戏谑一位反应冷淡的下属都会被视为性骚扰。5. The people who do the planning are paid for their trouble, so those who benefit need not consider they have incurred a debt. 组织晚会的人有偿付出，所以，因此获益的晚会来宾不必担心愧欠人情。6. But etiquettes solution of having everyone greeted in a receiving line was rejected as too stiff. So one can hardly blame employees for recalling a long-ingrained principle of the workplace: seeing the boss and having a good time are best not scheduled at the same time.可如果采用旧时迎宾列队的方式与每位来宾逐一打招呼，大家也会因为此举过于迂腐而不愿如此。所以说，几乎没有人会批评员工们长期以来念念不忘的一条上班信念：觐见上司和尽情享乐最好不要同时发生。7 It is often erroneously assumed that the style of the party ought to be what employees are used to: their own kind of music, food, and other things the executive level believes itself to have outgrown. 人们经常错误地认，公司晚会应该以员工们习惯的方式举办：他们喜欢的音乐、食物、还有高级管理层人士弃之不顾的其他东西。8. And the real opportunity for career advancement is not petitioning a boss but rescuing one who has been cornered or stranded, thus demonstrating that one knows how to talk charmingly about nonbusiness matters. 另外，员工寻求仕途晋升的真正机会不是恳求上司，而是替陷入尴尬局面的人解围，因为这样可以变现出该员工懂得如何愉悦地高谈工作之外的话题。Unit 2 New singles 1. Just shy of 50, she says shed never have wanted to do what her mother did-give up a career to raise a family.她还不到50岁，说自己从未想过要像母亲那样生活为了照顾家庭而放弃自己的事业。2. Once upon a time, people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of marriage.曾几何时，独自生活的人都是一些处在婚姻生活的两端的人们。3. Its a marketing mans dream: a demographic with the anxieties of teenagers and the bank accounts of the middle-aged.这正好圆了销售商的梦想：这帮人既有十来岁的孩子的渴望，又有中年人的银行账户。4. The Single, long a stock figure in stories, songs and personal ads, was traditionally someone at the margins of society: a figure of fun, pity or awe. 这些单身人士过去一直是故事、歌曲和个人广告中的常见人物，在传统观念中，这些人处在社会的边缘：属于滑稽有趣、令人怜悯或敬畏的一类人。5. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europes shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American-style capitalism.现今这一代独居者的成长时期正是欧洲从社会民主政治过渡到更敏锐、更个性化的美国风格的资本主义气候的时期。 6.While pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a hefty proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice. 领取养老金的人，特别是上了年纪的妇女，构成了独自生活人群的绝大多数；而新一批单身族则是30到40岁的高收入人士，他们越来越认为独自生活是一种生活方式的选择。7. In London, luxury complexes with tiny flats, gyms and easy access to urban pleasures are springing up for young and driven professionals.在伦敦，为年轻人和以事业为重的专业人员所建造的豪华综合楼群正拔地而起，这儿有小套公寓、健身馆以及便利的交通去享受都市的娱乐。 8.And divorced or widowed people who hook up later in life tend to have set ways and long personal histories with the requisite complications. 离婚或丧偶的人日后与他人生活的时候，往往已有自己固定的生活方式和长期形成的复杂的个人需求。9. The communications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have wreaked havoc on Europeans private lives.通讯技术的革命，商业文化由稳定性向流动性的转变以及大量妇女进入产业大军都对欧洲人的私生活产生了巨大冲击。10. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever-earlier age. This isnt the stuff of gloomy philosophical meditations, but a fact of Europes new economic landscape, embraced by demographers, real estate developers and ad executives alike.但是越来越多的欧洲人在很年轻的时候就决定过独身生活。这不是悲观的人生哲学思考范畴，而是欧洲经济新气象，受到人口学家、房地产发展商和广告商这类人的普遍欢迎。11. The move from cozy families to urban singledom opens new vistas for marketers. In the past, the Holy Grail for advertisers was the couple with 2-3 children.从舒适的家庭生活到都市独自生活的转变为商家开拓了新的前景。过去，广告商最看重的是有两三个孩子的夫妇。12. Nightly group dinners aret mandatory, though people do have to pitch in and cook for a week every two months.虽然每两个月人们确实要花上一周的时间积极投入炊事准备，但是集体晚餐并不是强制的。Unit 3 doctors dilemma1. Medical advances in wonder drugs, daring surgical procedures, radiation therapies, and intensive-care units have brought new life to thousands of people. Yet to many of them, modern medicine has become a double-edged sword.(from paragraph 1 )在特效药、风险性外科手术、放疗法以及特护病房（ICU）方面的医学进展已为成千上万的人带来新生。然而，对于他们中不少人而言，现代医学已成为一把双刃剑。2. Doctors power to treat with an array of space-age techniques has outstripped the bodys capacity to heal. (from paragraph 2 )医生采用一系列航空时代技术进行治疗的能力已超过人体本身的治愈能力。3. Most often it is at the two extremes of life that these difficult ethical questions ariseat the beginning for the very sick newborn and at the end for the dying patients(from paragraph 6 )而这些道德难题往往最容易产生于生命的两个极端生命开初的重病新生儿和生命终端的垂死病患。4. The dilemma posed by modern medical technology has created the growing new discipline of bioethics. (from paragraph 7 )这些因现代医学技术而产生的两难问题已不断催生出生物伦理学的新准则。5. More than a dozen states recognize “living wills” in which the patients leave instructions to doctors not to prolong life by feeding them intravenously or by other methods if their illness becomes hopeless. (from paragraph 10 )十几个州认可病患的“生存意愿”，即病患指示医生，如果病症医治无望则通过静脉注射或其他方式终止其生命。6. Meanwhile, the hospice movement, with its emphasis on providing comfortnot cureto the dying patient, has gained momentum in many areas. (from paragraph 10 )与此同时，一项重在为晚期病人提供临终关怀而非救治的安养活动在许多地区颇有发展势头。7. Ethicists also fear that under the guise of medical decisions not to treat certain patients, death may become too easy, pushing the country toward the acceptance of euthanasia. (from paragraph 12 )伦理学家也担心，有了对某些病人不予治疗的决定做幌子，死亡可能会变得太容易了，会将整个国家推至接受安乐死的境地。8. At the other end of the life span, technology has so revolutionized newborn care that it is no longer clear when human life is viable outside the womb. (from paragraph 14 )在生命中的另一端，科技发展变革了新生儿救治技术，我们也不清楚人的生命何时可以在子宫外得以存活。9. “But I feel strongly that retardation or the fact that someone is going to be less than perfect is not good grounds for allowing an infant to die.” (from paragraph 16 )“但是我坚持认为，智力迟钝或有缺陷不足以成为任由一个婴儿死亡的理据。”10. The current trend is toward nontreatment as doctors grapple with questions not just of who should get care but when to take therapy away. (from paragraph 19 )如今，医生们需要解决的问题不仅仅是谁应该接受治疗，还包括应该何时终止治疗，着引发了不予治疗的趋势。11. Since 1972, Americans have enjoyed unlimited access to a taxpayer-supported, kidney-dialysis program that offers life-prolonging therapy to all patients with kidney failure. (from paragraph 23 )自1972年以来，美国肾衰竭患者均可以参与由纳税人所支持的肾透析治疗项目，该项目为所有肾衰竭病患提供了延续生命的疗法。12. Burn unitsthough extremely effectivealso provide very expensive therapy for very few patients. (from paragraph 24 )烧伤诊治病房尽管成效尤为显著也只能对极少的病人提供昂贵的治疗。13. As medical scientists push back the frontiers of therapy, the moral dilemma will continue to grow for doctors and patients alike, making the choice of to treat or not to treat the basic question in modern medicine. (from paragraph 25 )当医学家正在向治疗的尖端领域推进知识，医生的病患等相关人士仍将面临越来越多的道德两难境地，致使继续治疗还是放弃治疗的抉择成为现代医学的一个基本问题。Unit 4 culture patterning of space 1. It is amazing to Americans how anyone gets around, yet Parisians seem to do well.美国人对当地人如何能够到处行走大为疑惑，而巴黎人却似乎行动自如。2. People from different cultures, therefore, may unconsciously infringe on each others sense of space.因此，不同文化的人可能会无意间侵犯别人的空间感。3 Thus although Americans are taught to perceive and react to the arrangement of objects in space and to think of space as being wasted unless it is filled with objects, the Japanese are trained to give meaning to space itself and to value empty space.因此，美国人学到的是感知物体在空间中的排列并做出反应，他们认为，空间中如果不填满物体，那就是“空间浪费”。而日本人所学到的观念是给空间本身赋予意义，给“空旷”的空间赋予价值。4. Spatial consciousness in many Western cultures is based on a perception of objects in space, rather than of space itself. Westerners perceive shapes and dimensions, in which space is a realm of light, color, sight, and touch.西方许多国家对空间的意识是基于对物体在空间的感觉，而不是对空间本身的感觉。西方人感知形状和维度，认为空间是一种光线、颜色、视觉和触觉的领域。 5.It was only when the intellectually crude Roman culture became influenced by the abstract thinking of Greek culture that the Latin language developed a significant vocabulary of abstract, non-spatial terms.一直到这种在知性上不成熟的古罗马文化受到希腊文化抽象思维的影响之时，拉丁语才发展处一套意义重大的词汇抽象的非空间术语。 6.Edward Hall, in The Silent Language, suggests that the layout of space characteristic of French cities is only one aspect of the theme of centralization that characterizes French culture.爱德华霍尔在无声的语言一书中认为：法国城市空间布局的特点仅仅是反映法国文化特征中中央集权的一个方面。7.This pattern of spatial perception among the Hopi seems to be similar to their pattern of time perception, in which periods of time are not seen as separate pieces of duration, as they are in the Western cultures, but are integrated as pieces of a connected pattern. （5）在西方文化中，各时段被视为时间延续过程中的独立片段，而在霍皮语中却要将各时段连结成连续统一体。8. Spatial perceptions may be adaptations to specific environments: the degree of population density; the amount of arable land; the absence or existence of natural barriers such as the sea or mountains; the amount of distinguishing landmarks in a region.（6）空间感知也许是对特定环境的适应：人口稠密的程度、耕地的多少、诸如海洋与山脉之类天然屏障的有无以及一个地区特征性路标的多少。9.Another aspect of the cultural patterning of space concerns the functions of spaces. In middle-class America, specific spaces are designated for specific activities. Any intrusion of one activity into a space that it was not designed for is immediately felt as inappropriate.（unit 4para 4） 空间文化模式的另一个方面涉及到空间的各种功能。在美国的中产阶层，特定的空间指派给特定的活动。任何活动，一旦侵入并非为其设计的空间，就立刻令人觉得不合时宜。10.Spaces in India are segregated so that high caste and low caste, males and females, secular and sacred activities are kept apart. The pattern has been used for thousands of years, as demonstrated by the archaeological evidence uncovered in ancient Indian cities.（4）印度的空间被隔离开来，以便种姓高的阶层和低的阶层、男人和女人、世俗活动和神圣活动都可分开进行。这种模式沿用了数千年，在印度古城挖掘出来的考古证据就说明了这一点。11. Anthropologists studying various cultures as a whole have seen a connection in the way they view both time and space.（5）在整体上研究不同文化的人类学家通过自身观察时空的方式觉察出了时空之间的联系。Unit 9 animal emotions 1. Swimming off the coast of Argentina, a female right whale singles out just one of the suitors that are hotly pursuing her.（1）一头栽阿根廷海岸附近的水域中游动的露脊鲸，在众多热烈追求她的求偶者中只选出一名幸运儿。2.Yet even enthusiasts dont ascribe emotions to the very bottom end of the food chain.（22）但即使是非常热衷于动物情感的人，也不会把情感与处于食物链最末端的生物联系起来。3. He maintains that the question of feelings boils down to whether or not animals are conscious.（19）他认为动物情感问题归根到底就是动物是否有意识的问题。4.Still, the idea of animals feeling emotions remains controversial among many scientists. Researchers skepticism is fueled in part by their professional aversion to anthropomorphism, the very nonscientific tendency to attribute human qualities to nonhumans.（4）但是，许多科学家仍然对动物也有情感的观点持有异议。研究人员之所以会表示怀疑，部分原因是他们出于职业习惯讨厌拟人论，因为他们认为这是一种将人类的特性强加在非人类生物身上的毫无科学根据的主观倾向。5.Even the most strident skeptics of animal passion agree that many creatures experience fear-which some scientists define as a primary emotion that contrasts with secondary emotions such as love and grief.（5）甚至连那些对动物情感论持绝对怀疑态度的人也承认，许多动物有恐惧感一些科学家认为，恐惧是与爱和悲伤等“中级”情感相对的“初级”情感。6.One of the most obvious animal emotions is pleasure. Any who has ever held a purring cat or been greeted by a bounding, barking, tail-wagging dog knows that animals often appear to be happy. Beastly joy seems particularly apparent when the animals are playing with one another or sometimes, in the case of pets, with people.（9） 动物罪显而易见的情感之一就是快乐。养过会发出咕噜声的小猫，或者受到过边跳边叫、摇着尾巴的小狗欢迎的人，就知道动物看起来常常十分快乐。动物相互嬉戏的时候，或有时跟人一起玩耍时（就宠物而言），它们的快乐好像会变得特别明显。7.Yet because feelings are intangible, and so tough to study scientifically, “most researchers dont even want to talk about animal emotions.（7）因为情感是一种无形的东西，而且很难用科学手段进行研究，“所以大多数研究人员甚至不愿意谈论动物情感问题”。8.Scientists studying these behemoths have reported countless cases of elephants trying to revive dead or dying family members, as well as standing quietly beside an animals remains for many days, periodically reaching out and touching the body with their trunks.（12）研究这些庞然大物的科学家的报告中有大量的事实陈述了大象试图使死去的或将要死去的家庭成员复活，还会很多天静静地站在尸体旁，不时地伸出长鼻触动一下尸体。 9. Primatologist Jane Goodall, who has studied chimpanzees in Tanzania for four decades, says that chips “chase, somersault, and pirouette around one another with the abandon of children.”（10）灵长类动物学家简古多尔曾经在坦桑尼亚对黑猩猩进行了40年的研究，他说黑猩猩会“孩子般尽情地追逐、翻跟头、踮着脚尖相互旋转”。10. After mating, the two cetaceans liger side by side , stroking one another with their flippers and finally rolling together in what looks like an embrace.（1）“完婚”之后，两头露脊鲸并排在水中徜徉，它们用鳍肢相互抚摸，最后又一起在水中滚动，看上去很像在互相拥抱。11. Many scientists also say that it is impossible to prove animals have emotions using standard scientific methods-repeatable observations that can be manipulated in controlled experiments- leading them to conclude that such feelings must not exist.（4）许多科学家还认为用标准的科学方法（在受控实验环境下课进行重复观察）是无法证明动物是有情感的这使他们得出结论，认为这些所谓的动物情感一定不存在。12. Today, however, amid mounting evidence to the contrary, “the tide is turning radically and rapidly,” says Bekoff, who is at the forefront of this movement.（4）但是动物情感论的积极倡导者贝科夫指出，如今面对的越来越多的相反证据，“这场运动的潮流正在根本性地迅速转向”。13. Essential to escape predators and other dangers, fear- and its predictable flight, fight, or freeze responses- seems to be hard-wired into many species.（5）恐惧及其可以预见的逃跑、搏斗或者呆住不动的反应，是逃避食肉动物和其他危险所必需的，它看起来好像是需索动物与生俱来的本领。14. The new case for animal emotions comes in part from the growing acceptability of field observations, particularly when they are taken in aggregate.（8）对动物情感的接受之所以会出现新的局面，部分原因是有越来越多的人愿意接受研究人员取得的实地观察结果，特便是当从总体角度看待这些结果时。15. In one experiment, Siviy placed pairs of rats in a distinctive plexiglass chamber and allowed them to play. After a week, he could put one animal alone in the chamber and, anticipating its upcoming play session, it would become “very active, vocalizing, and pacing back and forth with excitement.”（16）在一项实验中，西维把一对对的实验鼠放在了特殊的树脂玻璃“房子”中，然后让它们尽情玩耍。一星期后，他又把一只实验鼠单独放在“房子”里，期待着马上就可以再好好地晚上一段时间的实验鼠变得“非常活跃，不断地发出叫声并且兴奋地来回跑动”。16.In animals studied so far, including humans, emotions seem to arise from ancient parts of the brain that are located below the cortex, regions that have been conserved across many species throughout evolution.(13)科学家在到目前为止对动物（包括人类）的研究发现，情感看起来好像是在大脑一些较为“古老”的区域中产生的，这些区域位于大脑皮层一下，它们在许多物种的进化过程中都得以保存下来。17. The plural of anecdote is data.（3）大量的轶事趣闻就是数据。Unit 10 is science dangerous 1. Once one begins to censor the acquisition of objective knowledge, one is on the slippery slope of all.（17）一旦开始审查人们获取客观知识的可能性，我们就迈向了危险之路。2The social obligations that scientists have, as distinct from those responsibilities they share with all citizens (such as supporting a democratic society and taking care of the rights of others), come from them having access to specialized knowledge of how the world works that is not easily accessible to others.（5）科学家承担的社会责任有别于他们与其他公民共同分担的社会义务（例如支持民主社会或尊重他人权益），这种责任源于他们具备专业的知识去了解世界的本质，而普通人未能拥有这些知识。3There may well be problems with insurance and testing, but are these any different from those related to someone considered to be at increased risk of contracting AIDS or cancer?（12）这也许还有医疗保险、临床试验等问题；但是这些问题与病人可能会感染艾滋病或癌症的问题有什么区别呢？4One should not abandon the possibility of using a scientific idea to do good because one could use the same idea to do bad. There is no knowledge that is not susceptible to manipulation for evil purposes.（16）不能因为科学研究成果会被误作邪恶之用，而放弃将其用于造福人类的可能性。任何一种科学知识都不能避免遭到滥用的威胁。 5To those who doubt whether the public or politicians are capable of making the correct decisions about science and its applications, I commend the advice of Thomas Jefferson: “I know no safe depository of the ultimate powers of the society but the people themselves, and if we think them not enlightened enough to exercise that control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy is not to take it from them, but to inform their direction.” （18）对于那些怀疑公众或政客能否就科学研究及其运用做出“正确”抉择的人而言，我推荐托马斯杰斐逊说过的一句话：“我仅知道社会的最高决策权不在别处，就在人民之中。如果我们认为人民不够开明，难以行使理智的决策权利，那么，补救的方法不是将此权利从他们手中收回，而是给他们指明方向。”6.Technology is much older than science and, unaided by any science, it gave rise to early crafts such as agriculture and metalworking. （4） 技术远比科学源远流长。没有科学的指引，一些早期的行业如农业、金属制造业也同样得以产生。7.Are there, as literary critic George Steiner has argued, certain orders of truth which would infect the marrow of politics and would poison beyond all cure the already tense relations between social classes and these communities? In short, are there doors in front of current research that should be marked “too dangerous to open? （15）有没有如文学批评家乔治斯坦纳所说的“某些真理会重挫政府支柱，而且会无可救药地激化原本就已十分紧张的社会阶级矛盾”呢？简言之，目前的科学研究中有没有一些领域需要贴上“危险动物”的标签呢？8.hatever new technology is introduced, it is not for scientists to make moral or ethical decisions about its use, as they have no special rights or skills in this regard. There is grave danger in asking scientists to be more socially responsible if they would also be given the right and authority to make such decision on their own.（5）无论发明什么样的技术，科学家均不应该对该技术的运用做涉及道德伦理方面的决策，因为他们在这方面没有任何特殊的权利或能力。如果要求科学家承担更多的社会义务，并赋予他们特权进行相关的决