中考英语阅读专项.doc

中考英语阅读专项跟踪分析近年来中考英语试题的特点及趋势，不难发现：考查学生对语言的综合运用技能越来越受到重视。这其中，学生的阅读理解能力更是成为重点中的重点和难点中的难点。这不仅表现在阅读理解题是试题中分值最高的题型，而且表现在诸如单项填空、完形填空和阅读表达等题型都对学生的阅读理解能力有要求。可以这么说，考生阅读理解能力的高低决定着其中考英语成绩的高低。一、什么是阅读理解能力？阅读理解就是尽可能有效地从文字材料中获取所需信息的过程。阅读理解能力具体包括：快速浏览领悟文章主旨大意的能力快速搜索所需信息的能力正确运用文章事实和细节以及上下文关系进行判断、推理的能力根据上下文猜测生词大意的能力二、中考对阅读理解能力的要求是什么？中考阅读理解题考查的是考生在规定时间内对语篇的整体理解能力和分析处理特定信息的能力。它主要包括以下几个方面：1掌握所读材料的主旨大意以及用以阐述主旨大意的事实和细节。2既理解所读材料的字面意思，也能理解其深层含义，包括领会作者的观点、态度以及意图等。3能根据上下文及所学构词法知识猜测生词和短语的意义。4既能理解个别句子的意义，也能理解整段及全篇的逻辑关系，并能据此进行判断和推理。三、近几年中考英语阅读理解题的特点1命题趋势近几年来的中考英语阅读理解题中，命题者根据教学大纲和考试说明的要求以及适应社会发展形势的需要，逐步加大了阅读量，增加了文章和句子的长度，加大了需要处理的信息量；增加了生词量，凡是能利用构词法知识判断出词义、词性的都不作为生词处理，不再给出汉语意思；强化了对语段、语篇分析能力的要求，而涉及较低能力要求的事实性和细节性试题的比重呈减少的趋势。2阅读材料的题材丰富3设问方式多样化，常见的主要有以下几种：1）考查主题思想或段落大意的题型： The story mainly tells us that The main idea of the passage is From the passage we know that The writer wants to tell us that Which of the following can be the best title of this passage? The best title of this passage should be 2）考查推理判断的题型： We can conclude from the passage that We can infer from the passage that From the passage, we can tell that What probably happened in the end? This passage would most likely to be found in When he said “”, he meant that 3）考查文章细节理解的题型： Choose the right order of the events given in the following. Whats the right order for the following set of pictures? Which of the following maps shows the right position of ? The right order which tells the story is .4）考查理解作者写作意图的题型： This article is particularly written for When the writer sayshe really means that In the passage, the writer advises us What kind of atmosphere does the writer want to create in this passage?5）考查猜测词义的题型： The underlined word “” means “” Which of the following words can take the place of “”? The word “” could be replaced by “” The word “” in paragraph refers to “”四、影响阅读理解的不利因素有哪些？1有限的词汇量词汇是语言的三大要素之一，更是阅读理解的基石。在阅读理解时所遇到的首要问题即是词汇障碍。没有一定的词汇量作基础，就谈不上阅读理解能力。一般地说，除了熟练掌握教学大纲和考试说明中规定的近1600个单词、短语及惯用法外，还应该识记1000个左右的课外词汇，才能保证在中考中发挥出较好的水平。2不恰当的阅读技能在阅读中阅读技能使用不当，会直接影响到阅读速度，导致在规定的时间内完不成试题；会直接影响到理解的效率和准确性。3低效的阅读速度低效的阅读速度也会导致在规定的时间内完不成试题，并直接影响到理解的效率和准确性。4不良的阅读习惯，会带来低效的阅读速度。它包括：视野狭窄，一次只看一个单词。用手指指着单词，逐个阅读。出声阅读。只理解单词的个别意思，不注意惯用短语、词组的意思。一遇到生词就查字典。回读，即为了弄清某个意思，反复地返回来阅读前面的内容。不好的伴随动作，如：左右晃头、颠腿、手里玩弄钢笔等。5狭窄的文化背景知识考生的生活经验和文化背景知识同样决定着其阅读理解能力的发挥。因为阅读理解也是一个对文章的意思进行积极预测、选择和确认的过程，这个过程不仅涉及到读者的语言知识，同时也涉及读者过去的生活经验以及头脑中对事物所固有的抽象观念。五、怎样排除影响阅读理解的不利因素？1通过大量的课外泛读，努力扩大自己的词汇量，提高阅读速度，丰富文化背景知识。这里涉及到一个读什么的问题。其实，只要是我们日常学习生活中需要的东西都可以作为我们泛读的材料。如：小说、剧本、信件、明信片、电报、留言、报刊杂志（包括标题、文章、评论、读者来信、分类广告、天气预报、广播电视节目预告等）、宣传手册、指南、说明书、招贴画、标志、菜单、价目表、统计表、时刻表、地图、曲线图、电话簿等等。2在老师的帮助下，努力克服不良的阅读习惯。在平时的泛读练习中，要尽力克服上述不良的阅读习惯。力争扩大自己的阅读“视距”，不要一次只读一个单词或逐字去抠每个单词的意思，应以固定词组、短语搭配、习惯用法为阅读单位。这样才能加快阅读速度，增加理解的效率和准确性。3通过艰苦卓绝的阅读练习，提高娴熟使用各种阅读技巧的能力。1）略读。即快速地浏览文章的标题、副（小）标题、段落的主题句、图片、表格、曲线图等，以获得 对所阅读材料的大体印象。此种技巧尤其适用于判断短文的主旨大意及中心思想的题型。2）扫读。即根据自己要回答的问题，尤其是当涉及到一些数字、名称或某个词语时，到短文中去搜寻 所需的答案。在回答有关细节判断、理解以及广告文体中的问题时，常常要用到这种技巧。3）细读。即抓住短文中的关键词，仔细判断出文字中的隐含信息，认真揣摩作者的思想观点、感情倾 向及写作意图。这种技巧适用于回答推理判断和理解作者写作意图的问题。4）运用上下文及构词法知识处理生词。这种技巧适用于解决猜测词义的问题。利用上下文处理生词的 技巧包括借助同义词、反义词、同位语、定义、解释、举例和标点符号等来猜测生词的大意。4掌握一定的句法分析和处理方法。在阅读理解的过程中会经常碰到一些结构复杂或内容很长的句子，此时，须迅速判断出句子的核心成分，即：主语和谓语，或者把句中的一些附属成分划去，只保留句干；也可把一个长句分成若干个短句，这样，整个句子的基本意思自然就清晰了。阅读练习：Passage 1The question has often been asked why the Wright brothers were able to succeed in an effort in which so many others had failed. Many explanations have been offered, but three reasons are most often cited. First, they were a team. Both men worked well together, read the same books, located and shared information, talked incessantly about the possibility of manned flight, and served as a consistent source of inspiration and encouragement to each other. Quite simply, two geniuses are better than one.They were also both glider pilots. Unlike some other engineers who experimented with the theories of flight, Orville and Wilbur Wright experienced the practical side of their work by building and flying in kites and gliders. Each craft was slightly better than the last, incorporating in it the knowledge that they had gained from previous failures. They had realized from their experiments that the most serious problem in manned flight would be stabilizing and maneuvering the aircraft once it was airborne. While others concentrated their efforts on the problem of achieving lift for take-off, the Wright brothers focused on developing a three-axis control for their aircraft, By the time that the brothers started to build an airplane, they were already among the best glider pilots in the world, and they knew the problems of flying first hand.In addition, the Wright brothers had designed more effective wings for the airplane than had been previously engineered. Using a wind tunnel, they tested more than two hundred different wing designs, recording the effects of slight variations in shape on the pressure of air on the wings. The data from these experiments allowed the Wright brothers to construct a superior wing for their craft.In spite of all these advantages, however, the Wright brothers might not have succeeded had they not been born at precisely the opportune moment in history. Attempts to achieve manned flight in the early nineteenth century were doomed because the steam engines that powered the aircrafts were too heavy in proportion to the power that they produced. But by the end of the nineteenth century, when the brothers were experimenting with engineering options, a relatively light internal combustion engine had already been invented, and they were able to bring the ratio of weight to power within acceptable limits for flight.1. What is the authors main point in this passage?A. The reasons why the Wright brothers succeeded in manned flight.B. The advantage of the internal combustion engine in the Wright brothersexperiments.C. The Wright brothers experience as pilots.D. The importance of gliders to the development of airplanes.2. What kind of experience did the Wright brothers have that distinguished them from their competitors?A. They were geniuses.B. They were glider pilots.C. They were engineers. D. They were inventors.3. According to the Wright brothers, what was the most serious problem in constructing a manned aircraft?A. Achieving take-off. B. Stabilizing during take-off.C. Maneuvering after take-off. D. Controlling the landing.4. How did the Wright brothers build the wings for their airplanes?A. By copying the wings of gliders they had flown.B. By experimenting with different wing designs in a wind tunnel.C. By using wings that had been developed by other engineers.D. By collecting data from scientific literature.5. What was the problem with the steam engines used in earlier aircraft?A. They were too small to power a large plane.B. They were too light to generate enough power.C. They did not have internal combustion powerD. They did not have enough power to lift their own weight.Passage 2In January a young woman came to my office in search of an appropriate math course to qualify her for certification as a mathematics teacher. She was armed with a New York State Education Department form that indicated she was just one course short of meeting the math teacher requirements. Yet she had only one mathematics coursepre-calculuson her college transcript. How could this be? The answer is that New York State credits courses for math certification that are really not math courses. I have seen accounting, finance, economics and engineering courses credited toward the math requirement.All courses with numbers are not equal, and training in accounting or economics does not guarantee knowledge of math.Mathematics is one of the most important subjects in the curriculum, a necessary foundation for many other areas of study, and we are allowing people who may know precious little about it to teach it. Some of them may become fine teachers, but they may not know much more about specific mathematics topics than what is in the textbook they are using. Because college graduates who majored mathematics can easily get jobs that pay more than teaching does, there is a national shortage of qualified math teachers. In many states, schools are putting teachers in math classes who have little background in math, but few other states have teacher shortage as severe as New Yorks. For students, this can mean having a teacher who cannot properly present or explain crucial concepts and cannot enrich the course in a way that motivates them to develop a liking (or a love) for math.In 1998 I initiated an Austrian visiting teacher program to address the shortage of qualified math teachers in New York City. The Austrians were mathematically prepared but only stayed one or two years. It wasnt a long-term solution.The New York State Board of Regents is now considering offering a math-immersion program for secondary school math certification as an alternative to the usual requirements. I would suggest that this program offer college graduates with good academic records in quantitative fields of study (like engineering or statistics, for example) a special sequence of courses in the foundations of arithmetic, geometry, algebra, trigonometry, combinatorics, probability and statistics. Once in the classroom, these teachers should have mentoring by experienced math teachers.Until state officials see the need to increase teacher salaries to levels that attract more college graduates to secondary school teaching. We will continue to have a shortage of teachers who are well-trained in mathematics. Therefore, we can only hope that carefully designed emergency solutions like New Yorks planned alternative certification courses will go at least some of the way to giving our children the mathematics instruction they will need.1. The passage mainly tells us _.A. the shortage of well-trained math teachersB. the importance of mathC. a young woman in search of a math c