初中英语：语法知识动词不定式第四节.docx

美联英语提供：初中英语：语法知识动词不定式 第四节两分钟做个小测试，看看你的英语水平/test/waijiao.aspx?tid=16-73675-0词类、句子成分和构词法第四节 动词不定式1不定式的基本形式与结构动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形 (如to write) 所构成的一种非限定性动词形式，但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式有进行体和完成体(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被动态(如to be written)，所有的主动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，也不论是动作动词还是状态动词，都有不定式形式。助动词除be和have外, 没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。2不定式的用法1)不定式结构作主语Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years agoTo finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge在上述情况下，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替)，而将不定式放到后面。如：It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years agoJohn admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过for sb. to do sth. 结构表达：It is quite important for us to read good books during a general reviewIt is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.在某些形容词(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind, naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表语时，不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语：It is very kind of you to tell me the truthIt is stupid of him to do such a silly thing2)不定式作宾语不定式作宾语有两种：一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式, 另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。及物动词+带to的不定式结构:只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有: afford, agree, aim, appear, ask, believe, care，claim，decide demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, prepare, refuse, seek, swear, undertake，want, wish等。He managed to solve the complicated problem.The stranger offered to show me the way.Mr. Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式：这类动词常见的有advise, decide, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, see, regard, remember, teach, tell, understand, wonder等。常见的疑问代(副)词有: what, when, where, which, how, whether等。He does not know when to start.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.I will show you how to deal with it.有时，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达：动词(如find, think，consider，feel等)+it+ 形容词+不定式。She considers it necessary to make friends with him.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 oclock.3)不定式做表语一种情况为主语是不定式(表示条件)；表语也是不定式(表示结果)：To see is to believe.To work means to earn a living 另一种情况为主语是以aim，duty，hope, idea，job, plan，problem, purpose，thing，wish等名词为中心的短语，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用：His aim is to study abroad in the near future The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the priceWhat I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience4)不定式作定语 不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型：第一种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如：There was really nothing to fear He gave me an interesting book to read如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就得加相应的介词。例如：Mary needs a friend to play withThat girl has nothing to worry aboutThey have a strict teacher to listen toAlthough the film had been on for ten minutes, I still was not able to find a chair to sit on第二种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语；例如：Have you got a key to unlock the door?The action to be taken is correctThere is nothing to be gained by pretending第三种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意义的名词：ability, attempt, effort, impulse, inclination,wish等。例如：Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please herI have no wishto quarrel withyouNeither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary.5)不定式作状语不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语：They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the areaThey are quite surprised because they see the great changes taking place in the areaHe was lucky to arrive before darkHe was lucky because he arrived before dark作目的状语：She raised her voice to be heared betterShe raised her voice so that she could heard betterWe went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jamWe went via Heidelberg so that we could miss the traffic jam作结果状语：The French football team played so successfully as to defeat the BraziliansThe French football team played so successfully that they even defeated the BraziliansHe got to the station only to be told the train had goneHe got to the station and was told that the train had gone不带to的不定式的使用动词不定式通常带to，但在有些搭配中不带to，在另一些搭配中可带to可不带to。归纳起来，以下情况下使用不带to不定式：1) 在cancould, /maymight，willwould，shallshould，must, need，dare等情态动词之后，动词不定式不带to。2)在表示感觉意义的动词，如see，feel，watch，notice，smell，hear，observe等后，或是表示“致使”意义的动词，如have，let，make等后，动词不定式不带to。例如：I often heard him say that he would study hardI must have him see his own mistakes但是，当这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带to不定式一般转换为带to不定式。例如：He was often heard to say that he would study hardAfter he had finished speaking，he was made to answer innumerable questions3)在动词help之后可用不带to的不定式，也可用带to的不定式。例如：Help the old lady (to) carry the heavy box.4) 在had better，would rather，maymight as well，rather than，can not but等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带to。例如： Unless you feel to ill to go out，I would rather not stay at home tonightShe could not but criticize his foolish behaviour.5) 在make do，make believe，let drop，1et fall，1et fly，let slip，let drive，let go off，hear say，hear tell，leave go of等固定搭配中，用不带to的动词不定式。例如：They let go of the rope他们松开了绳子。John let fly a torrent of abuse at me约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。Ive heard tell of him我听说过他。Some of the faculty were let go for lack of the students由于生源不足,一些教职员工被解雇了。6)在介词but，except之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带to，反之则必须带to，表示“不得不，只能”。例如：He will do anything except work on the farmThere was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrenderThe spy was both hungry and cold；there was nothing left for him but to give inI had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining下面一些短语是固定搭配，不带to：can not help but，can not choose but，can not but，do nothing but，have nothing to do but。例如：I can not but admire his courage.如果上述句中有do，to省略：I did nothing but watch TV last night如果是下面一个固定搭配，就带to：I have no choice but to give up my idea.7)紧跟在why或why not之后的动词不定式总是不带to。但是，紧跟在who，what，which，whether等连接词后的不定式带to。例如：Why stand up if you can sit down?Why not ask your teacher when you dont understand the meaning?You neednt decide yet whether to study arts or science4不定式的完成式和进行式1)构成完成式：to