LSCh8new

Ch. 8 Cellular Reproduction,CELL REPRODUCTION:,1. INSURES CONTINUITY FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION2. ALLOWS FERTILIZED EGG TO DIVIDE AND DEVELOP INTO AN EMBRYO,/images/Cell%20Division%20Micrograph.jpg,/img/bg3_4/EmbryonicDevelopmentComplete1.gif,ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION LIKE BEGETS LIKE,OFFSPRING ARE GENETICALLLY IDENTICAL TO PARENTSSIMPLE CELL DIVISIONGROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT“REGENERATION” AND ASEXUAL PROPAGATION FROM PIECES,/faculty/yong_wan/images/main_cell_cycle.jpg,SEXUAL REPRODUCTION,FERTILIZATION OF AN EGG BY A SPERMUSUALLY SPECIALIZED ORGAN TESTES/OVARIESSPECIAL CELL DIVISION CALLED MEIOSIS.INCREASES VARIATION IN ORGANISMS,SPERM,SPERM INTO EGG,ZYGOTE,EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES,CHROMATIN = DNA + REGULATORY HISTONE PROTEINSCOIL INTO DENSER STRUCTURES CALLED CHROMOSOMESCHROSOMES DUPLICATE WAY BEFORE CELL DIVISION,http:/www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/studentwebs/session4/3/beads.gif,CENTROMERE,CHROMATIDS,http:/www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/studentwebs/session4/3/beads.gif,EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES,THE ORIGINAL PIECE IS ATTACHED TO THE NEW PIECE. THE TWO PIECES ARE CALLED CHROMATIDS AND THE ATTACHMENT SITE IS THE CENTROMERE,CENTROMERE,CHROMATIDS,CELL CYCLE,G1 GROWTH AND REST PHASES DNA SYNTHESISG2 METABOLIC ACTIVITY -. CELL DIVISION PROTEINSM MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS,/2007/11/cell-cycle2.jpg,MITOSIS,INTERPHASE SYNTHESIZE NEW MOLECULES (DNA in S-phase) AND ORGANELLES,http:/kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/mitosis_phases.jpg,MITOSIS,PROPHASE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE DISINTEGRATES CHROSOMES BECOME EVIDENTNUCLEOLI DISAPPEAR MICROTUBULES FROM CENTROSOMES ATTACH TO CHROSOMES SPINDLE,http:/kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/mitosis_phases.jpg,MITOSIS,METAPHASE LINE UP AT CENTER OF CELL,http:/kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/mitosis_phases.jpg,MITOSIS,ANAPHASE SPINDLE BEGINS TO PULL THE PAIRS OF CHROSOMES APARTTELOPHASE REVERSES PROPHASE,http:/kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/mitosis_phases.jpg,F:cH 8mitosis1.gif,http:/kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/mitosis_phases.jpg,CYTOKINESIS,CYTOPLASM COMPLETES CELL DIVISIONCLEAVAGE FURROW IN ANIMAL CELLSCELL PLATE IN PLANT CELLS,CANCER,A DISEASE OF THE CELL CYCLECONTROL POINTS IN CELL DIVISION ARE NOT OPERATIONALCELLS DIVIDE WHEN THEY SHOULD NOTCELLS CAN INVADE TISSUES NOT USUALLY OCCUPIED BY THEM,/2007/12/cell-cycle.jpg,CANCER,TUMORS CAUSED BY TRANSFORMATION CAN INCLUDE VIRAL ACTIVITY AND MUTATIONSBENIGN TUMOR NOTINVASIVEMALIGNANT TUMOR CAN RAPIDLY SPREADING INTO OTHER AREAS (Metastasizing),/afp/images/US-Vietnam-health-tumor-21112.jpg,A 15-pound Schwannoma tumor of the face and neck that grew over 12 years on this 15 year old.,CANCER,METASTASIS MOVEMENT TO NEW AREAS OFTEN BY CIRCULATION OF LYMPH AND BLOOD,/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9627.jpg,CANCER,CANCER ARE NAME FROM WHERE THEY ORIGINATECARCINOMA FROM EPITHELIUMSARCOMA FROM CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND MUSCLELEUKEMIAS AND LYMPHOMAS BLOOD-FORMING TISSUES,/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Basal_cell_carcinoma.jpg,Basal cell carcinoma most common skin cancer,/files/17921/17921-h/images/fig055.jpg,Sarcoma of sciatic nerve,Kaposis Sarcoma,Basal-cell Carcinoma,CANCER,CANCER THERAPYRADIATIONCHEMOBOTH OFTEN AFFECT ALL RAPIDLY DIVIDING CELLS SIDE EFFECTS IN OTHER TISSUESCANCER PREVENTION AND SURVIVALAVOID ACTIVITES THAT INCREASE RISKSMOKING, EXPOSURE TO CARCINOGENS MONITOR YOUR BODY,HUMAN CHROMOSOMES,HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS ARE IN SOMATIC CELLS TYPICAL BODY TISSUE CELLSONE FROM EACH PAIR IS FROM ONE PARENT, THE OTHER IS FROM THE OTHER PARENT A PAIR OF GENES FOR EACH TRAIT,/articles/images/genelocus.JPG,HUMAN CHROSOMES,HUMANS HAVE 46 CHROMOSOMES 23 PAIRS22 PAIRS ARE MATCHED BY SIZE, ETC. = AUTOSOMES1 PAIR INDICATES SEX XX = FEMALE, XY=MALE,/dana/104/karyocolor2.jpg,/dana/104/karyocolor2.jpg,HUMAN CHROSOMES,CELLS (Somatic) HAVING 2 SETS OF CHROSOMES IS CALLED DIPLOID CELLS WITH ONLY ONE SET IS CALLED HAPLOID GAMETES HAVE ONLY ONE SETDURING FERTILIZATION 2 HAPLOID GAMETES COMBINE TO FORM THE DIPLOID ZYGOTE,/science/biology_place/biocoach/images/meiosis/mediagr.gif,MEIOSIS,PRODUCTION OF GAMETES HAPLOID CELLS FROM ORIGINALLY DIPLOID CELLSINTERPHASE SAMES AS MITOSISTWO STAGES MEIOSIS I and II,/CTmeiosis/meiosis-big.gif,MEIOSIS I Cuts chromosome number in half,PROPHASE I ALL OF THE CHROMOSOMES HAVE BEEN DUPLICATED BEFORE MEIOSISEACH CHROMOSOME PAIRS WITH ITS HOMOLOG FORMING TETRADGET CROSSING OVER AND MIXING OF GENES,MEIOSIS I,METAPHASE I LINE UP AT CENTER & INDEPENDENTLY ASSORTING PAIRSANAPHASE I SPLIT PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES UP GET ONE CHROMOSOME AND ITS DUPLICATE PER CELL (= SISTER CHROMATIDS)TELOPHASE I AND CYTOKINESIS I LIKE MITOSIS RESULTS IN 2 HAPLOID CELLS,/images/cell.h1.jpg,MEIOSIS II separates chromotids,PROPHASE II NO INTERPHASE BETWEEN, NO CROSSING OVERMETAPHASE II - CHROMOSOMES AND THEIR DUPLICATES (SISTER CHROMATIDS) LINE UP AT CENTER OF CELL,/images/cell.h1.jpg,MEIOSIS,ANAPHASE II MEMBERS OF THE DIAD SEPARATE TELOPHASE II AND CYTOKINESIS II LIKE MITOSISGET A TOTAL OF FOUR DAUGHTER CELLS FROM ORIGINAL SINGLE PARENT CELL,/images/cell.h1.jpg,ORIGINS OF GENETIC VARIATION,MIXING OF EXISTING GENES DURING SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONINDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OF CHROMOSOMES IN METAPHASE ICROSSING OVER IN PROPHASE I OF MEIOSISRANDOM FERTILIZATION BETWEEN TWO PARENTS,MEIOSIS “MISTAKES”,CROSSING OVER CHROMATIDS EXCHANGE DNA WHEN CLOSE TOGETHER.PIECES CAN BE DROPPED, LOST OR PLACED IN THE WRONG POSITION,MEIOSIS “MISTAKES”,NON-DISJUNCTION CHROMOSOMES DONT SEPARATE DURING ANAPHASE can lead to abnormal chromosome number after fertilization with another normal gamete,/gb101/lab10_meiosis/meiosis/nondisjunction.jpg,MEIOSIS “MISTAKES”,NON-DISJUNCTION CAN CAUSE DISORDERS LIKEDOWNS SYNDROME TRISOMY 21, KLINEFELTERS SYNDROME XXY, AND TURNERS SYNDROME XO. SEE PAGE 139 FOR CHARACTERISTICS,Downs Syndrome Karyotype,/faculty/farabee/biobk/downs.gif,/Ac_Programs/dms_vascular/images/03C0B067CF5743D3BD1331B3D1C79C01.jpg