八年级阅读理解教案 (1).doc

阅读理解 阅读理解：阅读理解能力属于语言的领会技能。包括对书面语言的识别、理解、推理、判断和快速记忆等几个方面。不仅仅涉及到语音、语法、词汇这些语言因素、还涉及到非语言因素，即：阅读者对所学语言国家的社会和文化背景知识的掌握、对所读材料内容的熟悉、个人经历、生活常识、逻辑知识和语言修养等各方面。阅读技巧之一是阅读时要扩大视距。二是不要心读或朗读；三是要理解段落或文章的细节。四是要学会猜测词义，五要理解中心思想。六要具备合理推理和判断的能力。 初中阶段阅读题重点考查的内容是事实认定、词语理解、数量计算，主要思想归纳等。而从考查方式来看，则以直接型、转换型和归纳型的试题为主，需要依据文章事实和作者思路进行推理的题次之。 文章主旨和大意的考查。这类试题主要是考查对文章的理解程度，考查内容包括作者的写作目的，文章的中心思想等内容。考生只有读懂全文，才能选出正确答案。 细节和事实的考查。做此类试题一定要抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局等环节，所选答案一定要符合原文，切不可望文生义。 词义或句义的考查。这些词句往往具有深层意义，要透过表层意义来理解深层意义，或根据句子的语法关系分析其含义，要反复琢磨，仔细推敲，弄清作者的真正意图，从而选择正确答案。遇到生词，要根据上下文和一定的构词法知识，如前缀、后缀来分析、判断、猜测其词形和含义。 结论或推论性考查。这类考题答案的选择往往无所谓正确与错误之别，而是最佳与非最佳之别。因此，须读懂通篇文章，弄懂作者的写作要旨，按照文章的内容和逻辑关系，做出符合原文逻辑或主旨的结论或推论，才能选出最佳答案。 拟选题目考查。一篇文章究竟应加一个什么样的题目为最佳，主要取决于文章的内容，英语文章标题的特点一般多以短语或简单句为主。选择标题的一般标准是：一要切题，即能够概括出全文的主旨；二要简洁，即文字要简单明了。 阅读理解解题步骤： 1. 浏览全文，捕捉信息。要求考生通过浏览全文，掌握其大意了解作者的观点和写作意图。 2. 细读思考题，分析信息。通读（浏览全文）短文后，已对文章或段落大意有所了解再读考题，对要捕捉的信息进行分析、推理，这样便可先解答与主题思想有关的问题。 3. 复读全文，抓住细节。带着问题去复读，可缩小复读的范围，更便于捕捉关键的信息。复读时可边读边用铅笔做些标记，把有关的人物、事件、时间、地点、起因（即5W：who, what, when, where, why）划出来。例如：凡逢人物就圈起来，看完一遍，有几个圈就是几个人，一目了然。经过这样的处理，你对文章的内容和细节便清楚了，对其中矛盾的产生、发展和解决心里就会有底了。 另外，在复读全文时，还应特别注意首段或每一自然段的首句，以及结尾句。因为短文的首句和首段往往是作者要说明的对象或事件的起因；作者阐述自己的观点或事件发生的时间、地点与人物的联系。结尾句、段是事件的结论或作者表达的态度、意图、目的等。这样一来便容易抓住中心，为准确、快速地解题打下良好的基础。 4. 解答问题，选定答案。对那些明显的，有把握的题可以断然圈定。遇到不会做的问题可暂时不做，把每个问题阅读完毕，等会做的题已做完，然后再回头做剩下的题目。在做题时，如果遇到困难，再重新查阅。这次重读，要针对问题的要求，抓住重点，一次求得正确答案。 5. 再读全文，核对答案。这是最后一步，也是重要的一步，不能疏忽。这一步骤要用全文的主题思想统率各考题，把我们在阅读和答题时所得到的信息归纳整理一遍后重新再读一遍短文检查答案，看是否前后一致；意义和语言知识是否和原文相符；是否符合逻辑等。发现前后矛盾、遗漏要点等错误，要立即纠正。 要注意的是，改正原来选定的答案，一定要慎之又慎。一定要有充分的理由，才可改前答案。 阅读理解解题技巧分析一. 事实询问题 此类题型的问题以what、who、which、when、where、how或why等词引导，就文中某句、某段或某一具体细节设问并要求考生回答：如 The Internet can show you a lot of jobs all over the world. If you want to find a job on the Internet, use the words “job search”or“employment”to find the websites you need. （ ）What does the passage tell you to do first if you want to find a job on the Internet? A. To type in “job search”to find the websites. B. To write a good resume. C. To prepare for an interview D. To get an English dictionary 这是一道典型的事实询问题，因为它的答案可以直接从文段中找到。根据第二句话，可以得知A为正确答案。 解这类题的主要方法是：1. 明确题意。2. 寻找答案来源。3. 找准关键词。4. 反复阅读。二. 推理判断题 既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。这类试题常以如下句式发问： What can you conclude（下结论）from this passage? Whats the authors attitude（态度）towards.? We can infer from the passage that. Which statement is ( not ) true? 做这类题要求考生在阅读同时，抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。其次，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件中的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步加强理解，抓住实质性的东西。如： Once there was something wrong with a machine in a factory. The workers could do nothing but turn to a German engineer for help, who drew a line on it and said, “Take off the part where the line is and change it for a new one.”The machine, with a new line on, began running well again. The engineer then asked for $ 30,000 for what he had done. The following were what he wrote on a bill, “The new part only costs one dollar, and knowing where the problem with the machine is costs $ 29,999.” （ ）What can you conclude from this passage? A. the engineer asked for too much money B. the workers should pay the money C. the knowledge is worth money D. the new part could cost more 这篇短文是作者讲的一个故事，那么通过这个故事我们可以判断出什么呢？虽然作者没有言明，但是我们可以断定，发现问题的所在需要智慧和知识，知识是创造价值的源泉，因此此题的正确答案应为C。三. 数据推算题 此题要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。Visit Swansea Zoo Come and see the Indian elephants and the new tigers from America. The bears are waiting to meet you, and the monkeys from China are waiting to throw things at you. The lovely dogs from Australia are waiting to laugh at you, and the giraffes from Zambia are waiting to look down on you. TicketsOpening time Grown-ups: $ 39:00 am 4:00 pm Children: Over 12:$2except Friday Under 12: Free10:00 am 3:00 pm （ ）1. How much does Mr Smith have to pay if he visits the zoo with his sons of fourteen and ten? A. $2.00b. $5.00C. $4.00D. $3.00 （ ）2. Which of the following is the visiting time? A. 8:30 am, WedB. 9:30 am, Fri C. 3:00 pm, SunD. 4:00 pm, Tue 做此类题一要抓住有关的数据，二要从众多的信息中找出那些有用的信息，三要抓住一些关键词。实际上，上述两题都可看作数据推算题，一题是算钱，另一题是算时间。 通过阅读我们发现布告中的所有数据都是有用的，那么关键词是：grown-ups, children, over 12, under 12, opening time, except Friday。第一题中Mr Smith是成人，须买3块钱的门票，他一个14岁的儿子需买2块钱的门票，另一个不满12岁的儿子可免票，所以Mr Smith先生需花5块钱，B是正确答案。第二题C是正确答案。四. 主旨大意题 此类题型用以考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解。如： What does the passage mainly talk about? What is the main idea of this passage? What does the writer want to tell us? What is the best title of this passage? 每一篇文章都有它的主题句，而每一个段落也各有主题句，它一般都用来表示一篇文章或一个段落的主旨大意。因此，找出文章和各段落的主题句（往往为第一句或最后一句）是解题的关键。抓住了主题句，文章的最佳标题也就不难确定了。如：推理判断题哪一节中的例文我们给它起个什么标题好呢？我们在它后面再加上一段话： One dollar for changing a new part sounds reasonable（合理的）, but the $ 29,999 is exactly the value of wisdom and knowledge. （ ）The best title for the passage should be _ . A. The Value of Knowledge B. Helpless Workers C. The Expensive Machine D. The Lucky Factory 文中的最后一句是整篇文章的主题句，也就是文章的标题，即：The Value of Knowledge“知识的价值”，A为正确答案。五. 经验常识题 此类题主要是考查中学生应有的多项综合知识，包括：社会、天文、史地、科普及生活常识等。此类题往往与文章没有直接关系，学生只能凭自己的常识进行判断，然后做出符合规律的正确选择。如： （ ）We can guess when a giraffe sees a tiger _ . A. it will run away as fast as possible B. it will run to eat the tiger C. it will make the tiger bring it something to eat D. it will make one of the smallest animals bring the tiger something to eat 这就是一道考查常识的题，长颈鹿看到老虎当然是尽快跑开，故A是正确答案。【模拟试题】（答题时间：120分钟） 阅读理解练习：（一）Hi, Louis! Im writing to tell you something about the customs and festivals. Everyone loves holidays since one doesnt need to go to school or work. Although all holidays mean no school and work, but not all of them are the same. On some of them you go out with friends; on others you stay home to eat, talk, and have fun with your family. For example in the U.S., everyone thinks New Years Eve and New Year are both for partying with friends. Christmas is the time to stay home and exchange gifts with family members. The opposite is true in Japan though. For example, in Japan, New Year is for spending time with the family to eat, talk, have fun, and go to the temples. But Christmas is for boy and girl friends to go out and exchange gifts. Originally Christmas should be to celebrate the birth of Christ. I have been interested in foreign customs since I was little. If you learn these different holiday customs, you will learn about different histories and cultures. This is much more interesting than learning them at the library from morning to evening.Love,Sue 根据短文内容，判断正误。正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”表示。 1. Usually, nobody goes to school or works during holidays. 2. Christmas is the time to stay home to eat, talk and have fun with the family. 3. All the countries have the same way to celebrate the holidays. 4. Being interested in foreign customs means being interested in different histories and cultures. 5. This passage is about the customs and holidays in Japan.（二） Can dolphins talk? Maybe they cant talk with words, but they talk with sounds. They show their feelings with sounds. Dolphins travel in a group. We call a group of fish a “school”. They dont study, but they travel together. Dolphins talk to the other dolphins in the school. They give information. They tell when they are happy or sad or afraid. They say “welcome”when a dolphin comes back to the school. They talk when they play. They make a few sounds above water. They make many more sounds under water. People cannot hear these sounds because they are very, very high. Scientists make tapes of the sounds and study them. Sometimes people catch a dolphin for a large aquarium（水族馆）. People can watch the dolphins in a show. Dolphins dont like to be away from their school in an aquarium. They are sad and lonely（孤独的）. There are many stories about dolphins. They help people. Sometimes they save somebodys life. Dolphin meat is good, but people dont like to kill them. They say that dolphins bring good luck. Many people believe this. 1. Dolphins show their feelings with _ . A. picturesB. wordsC. waterD. sounds 2. People cant hear the dolphins sounds because _ . A. they are above the water B. they are under the water C. they are very high D. they are very low 3. Which one is true according to the passage? A. Dolphins swim together in a school because they want to study B. They dont study, but they travel in a group C. Dolphins like to be away from their school on an island. D. Dolphins like to kill people（四） All my friends at school smoked. My dad smoked; he didnt want me to smoke but my friends kept saying I was stupid. They asked when I was going to grow up. So I started when I was sixteen and after a month I couldnt stop. But two years later I could feel what smoking was doing to me. I couldnt run far, and I coughed every morning. I got very ill and decided to stop. It wasnt easy, but now Ive done it, and I feel better. Now I have money for other things. If you smoke, you are twice as likely to die from a heart attack. And the more you smoke, the earlier the heart attack is likely to be. For example, a 50-year-old who smokes more than 20 cigarettes a day, is four times more likely to have heart disease than a non-smoker of the same age. What does smoking do to the heart? First of all, it makes the heart beat faster and increases the blood pressure. The cigarette smoke also reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood. Consequently, the heart has to work harder, with less oxygen. Finally, your arteries will narrow faster if you smoke. So if you want to reduce your chances of getting heart disease, the answer is easy not to smoke. Dont copy your friends and other people who smoke. If you smoke, find out how to stop. Stopping isnt easy, but youll be healthier, and . 1. Who is more likely to have heart disease? A. A smoker B. A non-smoker C. A 50-year-old person 2. What does the writer think of smoking? A. It is good for his health B. Smoking is bad for him C. Is it neither good nor bad for his heath 3. What happens after the writer stopped smoking? A. He becomes rich B. He has more friends C. He becomes healthier and has money to do other things.（六） In the USA, there are many types of restaurants. Fast food restaurants are very famous. You can find McDonalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken in many countries around the world. You look at a menu above the counter, and say what youd like to eat. You pay the person who serves you. You take your food and sit down or take it away. Theres no need to leave a tip. In a coffee shop you sit at the counter or at a table. You dont wait for the waitress to show you where to sit. She usually brings you coffee when you sit down. You tell her what youd like to eat and she brings it to you. You pay the cashier as you leave. A diner is like a coffee shop but usually looks like a railway carriage. In a family restaurant the atmosphere is casual, but the waitress shows you where to sit. Often the waitress tells you her name, but you dont need to tell her yours. If you dont eat everything, your waitress gives you a doggy bag to take your food home. You add an extra fifteen percent to the bill as a tip. In top class restaurants, you need a reservation and you need to arrive on time. The waiter shows you where to sit. If you have wine, he may ask you to taste it. You can only refuse it if it tastes bad, not if you dont like it. When you get your bill, check it and then add fifteen to twenty percent to it as a tip for the waiter. 1. counter柜台2. tip小费 3. carriage火车车厢4. casual随意的 5. percent百分之6. reservation预定 7. refuse拒绝 1. There are _ types of restaurants here. A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six 2. We should sit _ in a coffee shop. A. near the doorB. in the corner C. at a counterD. on the floor 3. In what kind of restaurant does the waitress often tell you her name? A. In a top class restaurantB. In a fast food restaurant C. In a coffee shopD. In a family restaurant 4. How much do you need to tip in a top class restaurant? A. Ten percentB. Fifteen percentC. Thirty percentD. Forty percent（五）On Nov.18th,1908,three men went up in a balloon（气球）.They started early in London. The headman was Augusta Gaudron, and the other two men were Tannar and Maitland. They had a big balloon and they were ready for a long way. Soon they heard the sea. They were carrying the usual rope（绳子）,and it was hanging down from the basket of the balloon. At the end of the rope they had tied a metal box. This could hold water, or it could be empty. So they were able to change its weight（重量）.It was for use over the sea. They were also carrying some bags of sand. After the sun rose, the balloon went higher. It went up to 3,000 metres, and the air was very cold. The water in the balloon became ice. Snow fell past the mens basket, and they could see more snow on the ground. The men tried to throw out some more sand; but it was hard. They tried to break the icy sand with their knives, but it was not easy. The work was slow and they were still falling, so they had to drop some whole bags of sand. One of them fell on an icy lake and made a black hole in the ice. At last they pulled the box into the basket. It was still snowing; so they climbed to get away from the snow. They rose to 5,100 metres! Everything became icy. They were so cold that they decided to land. They came down in Poland heavily but safely. They had travelled 1,797 kilometers from London! 1. Three men flew in balloon _. A. for nearly 1,800 kilometers B. to another city C. to visit Poland D. more than a century ago 2. The metal box was used for _. A. carrying the bags of sand B. keeping drinking-water C. carrying ropes of the basket D. changing weight 3. When the balloon went up higher, _. A. the temperature of the balloon began to fall B. They saw the sun go down C. They made a hole in the basket with their knives D. They could see a black hole on the ground 4. The balloon landed _. A. in London B. on the sea C. on a lake D. in a foreign country 5. Which of the following is NOT true?_ A. The three men started their journey before the sun rose. B. The balloon began to go up when they threw bags of sand out of the basket. C. When they pulled the box into the basket, the balloon began to climb up. D. The three men had to land because they felt cold. （六）Americans with small families own a small car or a large one. If both parents are working, they usually have two cars. When the family is large, one of the cars is sold and they will buy a van(住房汽车) A small car can hold(容纳)four persons and a large car can hold six persons but it is very crowded(拥挤). A van hold seven persons easily, so a family three children could ask their grandparents to go on a holiday travel They could all travel together. Mr. Hagen and his wife had a third child last year. This made them sell a second car and bus a van. Their children sixth and seventh seat are