限制性和非限制性定语从句.doc

限制性和非限制性定语从句 1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如： This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性） 2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 说明：关系代词that和关系副词why非限制性定语从句 Notices:1.通常有逗号隔开 2.绝不能用that引导 3.去掉which不影响句子意思定语从句 relative pronoun antecedent (先行词) + + relative clause 名词/代词 relative adverb Eg. These are the rules which help to make the roads safe. Three functions of the relative pronouns or adverbs: 1 Used as a conjunction (引导定语从句) 2 Refer to the antecedent (指代先行词) 3 Perform a function in the relative clause (在从句中担当一定的成分) 关系代词充当主语或宾语; 关系副词充当状语 关系代词充当宾语时关系代词可省略;主语时不可省 Eg. These are the rules which help to make the roads safe. which在从句中充当主语 She is the girl (who/whom/that) I met the other day. (who/whom/that)在从句中充当宾语 关系代词的选择规则 1由先行词决定： 先行词是物 which that 先行词是人 who whom that whose 2. 由关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分决定： Which that who 主语 Which that whom 宾语 whose (of which / of whom) 定语 关系副词 关系副词=介词+which; 充当时间,地点和原因状语 when=on, in, at + which where=on, in, at + which why=for + which e.g. He went back to the hotel where he stayed. = He went back to the hotel at which he stayed. = He went back to the hotel (which) he stayed at. Compare the following sentences: Ill never forget the day when/on which you jumped into the water to save me.定语从句缺状语 I will never forget the days which / that we spent together last summer.定语从句缺宾语 This is the factory where/in which my father works. This is the factory which/that I visited yesterday. This is the reason why/for which he was late again. This is the reason which/that he gave me for his being late again. 关系代词与关系副词的区别 在定语从句中充当的成分不同: 关系代词充当主语或宾语 关系副词充当状语 介词+关系代词: 紧跟在介词后的关系代词的选择: 先行词指物 which 先行词指人 whom 介词的选择: 与先行词的搭配 Eg. The bed is the one in which he slept. = The bed is the one (which) he slept in. 与定语从句中不及物动词的搭配 Eg. Who is the man with whom you shook hands just now? = Who is the man (whom )you shook hands with just now? 两种类型的定语从句: 1 限定性定语从句: She has two sons who are soldiers.她有两个当兵的儿子.(或许她有不止两个儿子) 2 非限定性定语从句: She has two sons, who are soldiers.她有两个儿子, 他们都是当兵的. (她只有两儿子) 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别: 限定性定语 非限定性定语 和先行词关系密切 和先行词关系不密切 (删掉后影响整个意思的表达)(是一种补充说明删掉后不影响整个意思的表达) 不用逗号隔开 一般使用逗号隔开 可用关系代词that 不可用关系代词that 关系代词在从句中担任宾语时可以省略 关系代词不可以省略 关系代词可以替代 关系代词不可以替代 读时不停顿 读时停顿、用降调 只修饰先行词 可修饰主句或主句一部分 关系代词的选择 which & that which 和that 都可替代先行词指物,在限定性定语从句中充当主语或宾语,可以互相替换.但是在一些特定的情况下两者不能替换. 只能用that 的情况: 先行词是形容词最高级或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时 Eg. Tibet is the most beautiful place that he has visited. 先行词是个序数词或者它的前面有一个序数词时 Eg. This is the last film that I want to see. 先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, nothing, none, the one 等代词时 Eg. Thats all that I want to tell you. 先行词前有only, any, few, little, much, no, all, the very 等词修饰时 Eg. This is the very book that he is looking for. 先行词既有人又有物时,用that Eg. Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about. 主句是There be开头的句子且先行词是物时,用that Eg. There is still a lot that you dont know. 主句已有疑问词who或which时 Eg. Who is that boy that is looking after the sheep. 有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个则用that Eg. My brother bought a present which is a beautiful watch that cost him a lot. 只可用which的情况: 在非限定性定语从句中,先行是物,关系代词只能用which Eg. China, which is a developing country, has a large population. 关系代词前有介词时 Eg. 1) This is the hotel in which we stayed. 2) This is the hotel which/that we stayed in. 如果先行词是整个主句,关系代词指代整个句子时 Eg. He told lies again, which made his mother very angry. 有两个定语从句,其中一句的关系代词是that,为了避免重复,另一句则用which引导 Eg. My brother bought a present which is a beautiful watch that cost him a lot. who or that: 先行词是人，且从句缺主语时，关系代词既可是who也可是that,在下列情况下只能用who: 先行词是one, ones, anyone, those ，she, he, they时 Eg. Those who havent got a ticket are not allowed to let in. 如果一个句子有两个定语从句,其中一个由that引导,那么为了避免重复,另一个句子则由who引导 Eg. The man that is talking to Tom is our class teacher who is very kind to us. There be 开头的句子中,先行词指人时 Eg. There is a child who is begging on the street. 先行词有较长的后置定语时 Eg. I met an old friend in the street this weekend who I havent seen for a long time. as 引导定语从句: as可以代替which 指代整个主句, 但置于句首时通常用as而不用which Eg. As is known to all, to relax ourselves is important. such as “像一样的” “像之类的” the same as “和同样的” Eg. 1) Dont trust such a man as overpraises you to your face. 2) China is not the same country as it was ten years ago. Than引导的定语从句 The boy has eaten more food than is good for his health. Never give him more money than is necessary. He drank more beer than had been his custom. There is more to it than meets the eye. She is a girl than whom no one is more selfish. 定语从句中需注意的事项: 1 定语从句的时态不受主句时态的限制 The man who I met yesterday is my uncle. 2 先确定关系代词(既先行词)的人称和数,从而确定定语从句中谓语动词的单复数 I, who am a teacher, must work hard. *one of + n. (pl.) + 关系代词 + v.(复数) the (only) one of + n. (pl.) +关系代词 + v.(单数) Eg. 1) He is one of the boys who like basketball. 2) He is the only one of the boys who likes basketball. * what = anything that 不引导定语从句 Tell me anything that you know. (定语从句) Tell me what you know. (宾语从句) 3. 定语从句和名词性从句的区别： 1定语从句有先行词，主语从句，表语从句和宾语从句没有先行词 Eg. 1) This is what you need. 2) This is the book that you need. 2That引导同位语从句,只起引导作用,不充当任何成分,在定语从句中,不但引导从句且充当主语或宾语 Eg. 1) The news tha