高中分词用法讲稿.doc

现在分词和过去分词分词具有形容词词性，因此也被称之为形容词性动词。它兼有形容词和动词的诸多特征，如它在句中可以充当定语，表语，宾语补足语和状语（这是形容词的基本特征）；它在句中可以带宾语（需是及物动词）；另外，分词表示主动和进行，不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成不能表示被动，而及物动词既能表示被动也能表示完成。基本构成： 主动时态被动时态一般时态doing done（被动的动作）进行时态doingbeing done（正在进行的被动动作）完成时态having donedone/having been done（已经完成的被动动作）1. 分词作定语分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.This is really an exhausting day to all of us!We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day. More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack.Exercise: As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _50 households or more. (98,1) A) having B) to have C) to have had D) having had2. 分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。 The film “Pearl Harbor” is really exciting. I am excited about it. His response to the question was quite disappointing. I felt disappointed at his response.3. 分词作宾语补足语3.1 现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance 等感官动词和 look at, listen to 等短语动词，以及 have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。 On the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village. The little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by. We should not leave him wondering what he should do. I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time. I caught him dozing off in class.3.2 在动词 see, hear, feel, watch, notice，perceive，observe, listen to, look at 后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示的动作的全过程已经完成。 I saw Mr. White get off a bus. I saw Mr. White looking into a shop window. Do you hear someone knocking at the door? Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.3.3 过去分词可以在 allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge 动词等后面作宾语补足语。After my encounter with her, I found myself greatly shaken. You should keep her informed of what is going on here. The teacher expected the students well prepared for the examination. 4. 分词在句子中作状.可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word. The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better. He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mothers illness.Attention: 分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词。 Hearing the good news，we couldnt help jumping with joy（When we heard the good news，we couldnt help jumping with joy） Seen from the hills，the West Lake is very beautiful（The West Lake is very beautiful when it is seen from the hills）Not shaving enough hands, we turned to them for help.(we dont have enough hands). Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. Exercises: _ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (96,6) A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed No matter how frequently_, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (95,6) A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed_as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (96,1)A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published5 “while (when, once, until, if , though 等连词)分词”结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加 while，when, once, although, until, if 等连词。 When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work. Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well. Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.6. done, being done, to be done/ doing, having done This is a book written by a famous Chinese writer. We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here. You are invited to a party to be given at our institute next Sunday evening. Listening to the music, the girl reads an English novel. Having finished the assignment, he was allowed ten minutes break. 重难点分析：1. 分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.Barking at the strangers, the dog appears to be hostile.如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，必须使用从句或独立主格结构As it was Sunday，the streets were especially crowded 或：It being Sunday，the streets were especially crowded2用分词短语作状语时，还应注意在句子主语和分词短语之间不能出现连词 误Not knowing what to do，so she asked her friends for advice 正Not knowing what to do，she asked her friends for advice 3. 动词have后所接的三种宾语补语不定式作补语必须省去to, 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作I had the workers do the job for me. Jim often has his father help him with his homework.have somebody /something doing something -ing分词作补语，分词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正在进行They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。We wont have the child talking to his mother like that.我们不能让那孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：He had his hair cut yesterday主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为He had his leg broken in the match last month.4. 非谓语动词三种形式作定语the bridge to be built the bridge being built the bridge built 5. 固定短语某些现在分词可用来表示说话人对所说的话所持的看法或态度，它们已变成固定词组，在句中作独立成分，与句子主语无关。这类现在分词常见的有： generally speaking（一般地说），strictly speaking（严格地说），judging from by（从来判断），talking of（说到），considering（考虑到），supposing（假定）等。如： Generally speaking，it is not easy for a for eigner to learn Chinese well in a short time Considering everything，it wasnt abad holiday 用法比较英语中的分词分两种：现在分词（the present participle）和过去分词（the past participle）。虽然它们在句子中都可作定语，表语，宾语补足语，状语，但是它们形式不同，而且语义也有差别。 现在从四方面举例说明。 现在分词表示动作是主动的和正在进行的（例-）；过去分词的动作是被动的和完成的（例-）： The boiling water is hot. A sleeping baby is good to look at. She has a smiling face. You can use the boiled water to make tea. Where is my lost key? A broken mirror cannot be repaired. 有时，由于两个动词“异词同义”，其分词也跟着不同 ，如： a. Have you seen the man wearing a T-shirt? b. Who is the man dressed in a blue shirt? a. His new book consisting of useful data has been well received. b. Do you like the book made up of untrue stories? 在语义上，现在分词和过去分词反映的心理状态不同。前者有 “令人”的含义（见例）；过去分词则有“感到”的意思（见例）： The soccer match last night was thrilling.（令人紧张） The soccer fans were delighted.（感到高兴） 其他例子有： amazing: amazed; annoying: annoyed; boring: bored; confusing: confused; surprising: surprised; terrifying: terrified 试比较11a和b以及12a和b: 11a. This is the most confusing system I have ever seen. 11b. The children will get confused if asked to learn too much at a time. 12a. David came with some surprising news. 12b. All were surprised at Sams sudden resignation. 作宾语补足语如果宾语是有关分词逻辑上的主语，就用现在分词，如： 13. The teacher found a student dozing off. 14. Dont keep the visitor waiting. 如果宾语和有关分词有“动词+宾语”关系，那么这个分词就要是过去分词了，如： 15. Where did you get your book printed? 16.You should have your office whitewashed. 4.分词短语相当于副词从句，作状语 但现在式表示的是主动的行动，过去式表示被动的行动： 17 Entering the room, she found the wall newly painted. 18 Written in haste, the essay had some errors. Exercises 1, After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well boys_ to go to school. (97,1) A) to be encouraged B) been encouraged C) being encouraged D) be encouraged2, _,a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. (97,6)A) Other things being equal B) Were other things equal C) To be equal to other things D) Other things to be equal3, All things _, the planned trip will have to be called off. (98,6)A) considered B) be considered C) considering D) having considered4, The house was very quiet, _as it was on the side of a mountain. (99,6)A) isolated B) isolating C) being isolated D) having been isolated5, This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, _both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil. (99,6) A) being B) been C) to be D) having been6, Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _ in Cuba. (00,1) A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C) having cultivated D) cultivating7, _in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing. (00,1)A) To look B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at8, You will see this product _ wherever you go. (00,6)A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising9, _in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarship totaling 21,000 dollars. (00,12) A) To be judged the best B) having judged the best C) Judged the best D) Judging the best10, From the dates _ on the plates, we decided that they were made in Song Dynasty.A) marking B) having been marked C) marked D) to be marked11, She stood by the window, _. A) thinking B) think C) thought D) thinks12, _ to meet anybody, he went in from the back door.A) Not wishing B) Wishing C) Not wished D) No wishing13, The editorial _ now will appear in tomorrows newspaper.A) writing B) to write C) being written D) write14, It _ now pretty late, we took our things and retired to our room.A) is B) being C) turned D) got 15, _ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.A) When compared B) While comparing C) Compare D) Comparing16, The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand _ a stick for support.A) held B) holding C) being holding D) was holding17, _ three times in a row, the boxer decide to give up fighting. A) having defeated B) To have defeated C) having been defeated D) To have been defeated18, _neglecting our education, my father sent me to school.A) Accused of B) Accusing of C) To be accused of D) That he was accused of19, _ mainly for the invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell devoted his life to helping the deaf. A) He is remembered B) While being remembered C) To be remembered D) Though remembered20, _ that they are fresh from university, the young people have done a good job.A) Given B) Because C) Giving D) As21, _ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.A, If walking B) While walking C) Walking D) When one is walking22, I understood you were third-year students _ in English.A) who majors B) who major is C) have majored D) majoring23, A cool rain was falling, _ with snow. A) mixed B) mixing C) to mix D) having mixed24, _ by the police, the kidnappers had no choice but to surrender.A) Surrounded B) Surrounding C) having surrounded D) To be surrounded25,_ equal educational opportunities, American Indians in the reservations remained backward and illiterate for a long time. A) Deprived off B) Depriving off C) Deprived of D) Depriving of26, All the exam papers _, the teacher sent the class home.A) having been handed in B) having hands in C) handing in D) being handed in 27, _ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.A) Founding B) It was founded C) Being founded D) Founded28, There _ no fresh drinking water and no good farm land, it was not a comfortable place in which to live. A) be B) was C) were D) being29, _ in Beijing for quite a few years, Mr. Park had little difficulty understanding Chinese.A) having lived B) Lived C) Living D) To live30, Any packet _ properly will not be accepted by the post office.A) not to be wrapped B) not being wrapped C) not wrapped D) not having been wrapped31, The lab _ next year will be more advanced than the old one.A) built B) to be built C) being built D) to build32, Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely _ to the outside world.A) being lost B) losing C) having lost D) lost33, He was sitting in the chair, _ a book. A) read B) was reading C) reading D) with reading34, Such _ the case, there were no grounds to justify your complaints. A) is B) was C) be D) being35, Peter is a good student, _ his best subject. A) as English B) English as C) being English D) English being试题选练1. Im going to have my car .A. to be fixed B. to fix C. fixed D. to fix 2. Whats the language in Germany?A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 3. some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. having been followed by 4. He had his leg in the match yesterday.A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking 5. Most of the people to the party were famous scientists.A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting 6. more attention, the trees could have grown better.A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given7. The murderer was brought in, with his hands behind his back.A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied8. The computer center, last year, is very popular among the students in this school.A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened9. in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose10. The Olympic Games, in 776BC, didnt include women players until 1912.A. first played B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first played11. Dont get in the rain.A. to be caught B. catching C. to catch D. caught12. I found a car in a pool by the side of the road.A. to be stuck B. stuck C. sticking D. stick13. -By the way, when did you get your bedroom ? -Last week.A. to paint B. painted C. painting D. to be painted14. The children were found in the cave.A. trapping B. trapped C. to be trapped D. be trapped15. They found a old woman on the ground when the door was broken down.A. dying, lying B. dead, lied C. death, laying D. died, lain16. On a morning the little girl was found at the corner of the street.A. freezing, freezing