第五章 语篇翻译.doc

第五章 语篇翻译（计划学时 10 课时） 本章重点：语篇翻译技巧运用，篇章整体对译文行文用字的调节和限定作用，语篇翻译动笔能力训练，课堂翻译练习讲评 5 1 语篇与语篇翻译 什么是语篇？定义多样，莫衷一是。我们不妨借用 李运兴 教授的话来下一个简短而明确的定义：“所谓语篇，即在交际功能上相对完整和独立的一个语言片段。内容相对完整的文章或著作节选可称为语篇”。 那么，翻译中如何看待语篇呢？ 李运兴 教授进一步指出：“重要的是，译者必须把翻译的篇章当作一个整体来看待。篇章固然是一个个段落、一个个句子组成的，但又比一个个段落、一个个句子的总合多些什么，因为篇章不是语句的机械叠加，而是一种有机的、动态的组合”，这一观点十分适合英 - 汉、汉 英翻译的实际。 翻译时，译者还必须树立“大语篇观”的思想（居祖纯），就是说，“译者翻译任何语篇时，必须有对该语篇的文化、历史、现状等有较好或者是粗浅的了解；理解正着手翻译的原文的全部，甚至局部、片段时，译者都要运用这一知识，因为所需翻译的原文涉及的有时不只是该短篇文字字面上所涉及的点滴知识，而且还会旁及使用该国文字的国家的上下数百年乃至数千年的文化积淀，以及当前的社会现状”（居祖纯）。 大量的翻译实践也告诉我们，任何翻译任务不可能只是单句的简单翻译，译者实际接触的都是大段大段成篇累牍的文章。相对单句翻译而言，难度要大得多，情况也复杂得多。因此，语篇翻译不仅是翻译中的一个重点和难点，也是我们英语专业八级考试的重要内容之一。专业八级的翻译不是翻译语句，而是翻译语篇或是从某一语篇中摘选若干段落来进行翻译，大多都提供该段落前后的上下文，离开这种上下文语境，有些句子不可能译出。同时，从翻译题材来看，大多为国内报刊杂志上的文章和一般文学作品（汉译英）以及英美报刊杂志文章和文学原著（英译汉），速度为 250-300 字 ( 单词 )/ 小时。因此，搞好语篇翻译训练不仅能让我们从现实中受益，有助于通过八级考试，还有着更为深远的意义，让我们在今后的工作中懂得如何应对真正的翻译。 那么，语篇翻译以什么作为基本翻译单位为宜呢？整篇文章？语段群？还是句子？这要视情而定。根据多年的翻译实践， 郭建中 教授认为，翻译以原文自然段为基本单位比较合适。这是因为， “一、可考虑到句与句之间的连接与呼应；二、可考虑句与句之间的逻辑关系以重组句子；三、可按译文结构的特点对原文进行段落重构或改写；四、可考虑到段与段之间的关系和衔接从而扩大到段群和整个语篇”。 任何篇章翻译都离不开上下文语境甚至“大语篇”的提示或制约，例如下面一则英语八级考试翻译全真试题： 例 1.(96 年真题 ) ( The three principals and their two deputies had come from around the country for a critical meeting .Their aim was to devise a trategy that would guarantee Roald Reagans resounding reelection to a second term in the White House .) It should have been easy . These were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ones to the Republican Party, men who understood presidential polities as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable , with lots of good news to work with : America was at peace , and the nations economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Further more, the campaign itself was lavishly finaced , with plenty of money for a topflight staff , travel , and television commercials . And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills . Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America -a nation of renewed military strength , individual initiative , and smaller federal government. 这是一篇报刊文章，译文风格不宜太口语化，还要掌握政治用语的分寸，使译文尽量符合汉语的习惯。同时，原文中划底线语句的译文也要 根据上文语境和大语篇的提示 准确理解后才能译出来： 1) 狭义语篇语境 ( 即上下文 ) 明确了原文中 “ it ” 、 “ these & men ” 的实际所指： “ guarantee Ronald Reagans resounding reelection to a second term in the White House ” 和 “ The three principals and their two deputies ” ，即 “ 谋求再次当选 ” 和 “ 三位主角与两位助理 ” 。 2) 广义语篇语境 ( 社会文化语境 ) 提示了原文中 “ campaign ” 、 “ staff ” 、 “ travel ” 、 “ television commercials ” 等词的实际内涵为 “ 总统竞选 ” 、 “ 竞选班子 ” 、 “ 全国巡回演说 ” 、 “ 电视宣传 ” ，这都是美国政治和社会生活特定的产物，必须准确到位。 3) 对照原文，下面译文粗体部分字句译得十分老到，符合汉语政治用语的习惯，与原文语气十分吻合，与整个篇章的风格融为一体： 谋求再次当选 理应轻而易举 。 这都是些 跟随里根多年身经百战的 政坛宿将 ，与共和党的渊源更为深远， 他们 比国内任何一个人都 深谙总统政治 。 竞选 的背景也十分有利， 大有文章可做的 好消息 比比皆是 ：美国 正值太平盛世 ，作为竞选关键因素的国内经济，在长期衰退后 正强劲反弹 。还有，竞选经费也 十分充裕 ， 足够 雇用一流的竞选班子 和 支付 全国巡回演说与电视宣传 的一切费用 。而更为重要的是，他们的候选人是里根，一位 名声显赫 而又 长于交际 的 现任 总统，自约翰 F 肯尼迪以来，还没有哪一位美国总统能像里根一样，为美国描绘出那样广阔的国家前景：美国将 重振军事雄风 ， 倡导个人首创精神 以及 精简 联邦政府。 例 2. (Kurt Frosheiser watched the invasion of Iraq on TV, looking, according to his sister, more serious than she had ever seen him. He had an option to get out of serving , but he left home on April 16th for basic training at Fort Knox , Kentucky .) InJune, the family drove down to seehim on Family Day, and Chris( 注： Frosheisers father) was stunned by the transformation : His son stood at perfect attention on Pershing Field for forty-five minutes in his dress uniform . It was the same in August, when they attended graduation: Private Frosheiser, marching, singing with his classmates, “Pick up your wounded, pick up your dead.” Chris found the words chilling, but the music, the sharpness of the formation, the bearing of his son, filled him with pride . 六月，全家在“家庭节”那天驾车去看他，克莱司被他儿子的 转变 完全惊呆了：他儿子 一身戎装 ， 肃然而立 ，在操场上一站就是 45 分钟。而八月出席他儿子的毕业典礼时，情景依旧： 列兵 Frosheiser ，正与同班同学列队行进，阔步高歌 ： ( 抬走伤员，搬开尸体 ) 。 尽管这歌词令克莱司不寒而栗，但那 军乐 ，那 齐整的方阵 ，以及他儿子的 军人风度 ，却让他自豪不已。 括号内粗体部分的字句无疑为后面的译文给予了提示和限定。 具体就段落组合而言，英、汉之间的确存在着很大差异。例如，汉语段落以“气”（语气）为先，逐一展开，语句组合灵活，不拘形态，行文布局往往依“气”而行，“气”终则句止，段中各小句多呈竹节型平行铺开，“形”散而“神”聚。而 英语则是一种语法关系配合制约严谨、形态标记鲜明、语义逻辑关系外显的语言，它以“形”统“义”，行文布局“形”到则“意”到，“形”不全则“意”不明，段落展开必须逻辑层次分明、语法关系严谨，因而它必须具备一套远比汉语完整精细得多的语法手段和规则。翻译时若不明这一点，一味照搬汉语的方式在英语中行文布局，将会使译文章法大乱，溃不成文！ 这方面先看下面 一段早几年英语八级考试中的汉语原文： 例 1 近代的上海，十里洋场， / 自开埠（读“布”）以来，固然有许多辛酸的不平等的血泪史，固然有许多污泥浊水，这里被成为是“冒险家的乐园”， / 这里有鸦片，有荡妇，有赌棍， / 使人纸醉金迷，乃至使人堕落。 / 可是，上海这座现代大城市却更有它的另一面， / 它有活力、它聪慧、革新、进取， / 它敢于担风险，有竞争意识及机制（？！）， / 这种城市意识（？！）或风格，使人奋发，跟上时代，走向进步。 全段由两个长句构成，每一个长句都是一“逗”到底，形式松散，看不出任何语法形态标记，却包含着复杂的逻辑关系和语义层次（见标记处），再加上里面有些词义不好把握，因而，这段文字成为历年八级考试中最难的一道考题。 要将这一段汉语译成英文，必须打破汉语的布局，按英语的习惯，用严谨缜密的语法手段，或拆开来译（译文 1 ），或按英语的逻辑排列重新组合（译文 2 ）： (1) Shanghai in modern times was a metropolis infested with adventurers./ After the port city opened to foreigners, it undeniably witnessed a history of blood and tears, bitterness and inequality. / There was also, undoubtedly, filth and mire./ It was known as the “Parasise of Adventuers”./ There were opium-takers, harlots and gamesters. / All these induced people to wallow in luxury and even degeneracy. / There was , however, another fecet to modern Shanghai . / It was vigorous, intelligent, creative and enterprising. / Not afraid of running risks, it had the awareness and mechanism of competition./ The city , with an awareness of competition and a style of its own, inspired its people to catch up with the times and make progress. (2 拆 10 ，以单句为主，意义简明 ) 但若排除应试因素，仔细斟酌，译文还可这样展开： (2) （试译，仅供参考） Shanghai in modern times was a metropolis crowded with foreign adventurers ./ After the port city opened up , it witnessed a history of blood and tears filled with bitterness, inequality, filth and mire, well-known as the “Parasise of Adventuers” for its rampant opium, harlots and gamesters, which induced people to indulge in luxury and even degeneracy. /There was, however, another facet to modern Shanghai noted for its vigor, intelligence, creations and enterprise with a spirit ready for running risks, which formed an awareness of its own and the mechanism of competition. /The city, with this awareness or style, inspired its people to keep up with the times and make progress. （释义： 近代的上海曾是一个十里洋场。 / 自开埠以来，历经了充满辛酸、充满污秽和不平等的血泪史，以充斥着鸦片、荡妇、赌棍的“冒险家乐园”而着称，使人纸醉金迷，乃至堕落。 / 但上海又以其活力、聪慧、革新、进取，敢于担风险而展示出它的另一面，形成其特有的竞争意识和机制。 / 带着这种城市意识或风格，这座城市使人奋发，使人跟上时代，使人走向进步。） (2 化 4 ，“合”“分”有序，结构较合理 ) 英汉对照，汉语隐含的语义逻辑关系在译文中尽显无疑（译文加底线部分，还请注意译文 2 斜体部分用词上的不同），清楚地表明了汉、英语段落在行文布局上的差异。 例 2 （ 03 年全真题） 得病以前， 我受父母宠爱 ，在家中 横行霸道 。一旦隔离， 拘禁在 花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感到 打入冷宫 ， 十分郁郁不得志 起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴， 一时宾客云集，笑语四溢 。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄地 掀起 窗帘，窥见园中 大千世界 ， 一片繁华 。自己的哥姐、堂表兄弟，也穿插其间， 个个喜气洋洋 。一瞬间，一阵 被人摈弃、为世所遗的悲愤 兜上心头 ，禁不住痛哭起来。 这是一段叙事散文，行文如流水，颇具童趣，但字里行间却隐含一定的语义逻辑关系，翻译须用英语相应的语法手段将其充分表露出来（注意加底线部分），不然译文会章法大乱。同时，还要从语篇整体上把握全文的语气和风格，敢于打破汉语字面的约束，既不“过”也不“不及”，掌握分寸，真正译出原文的神采来： 参考译文 (1): Spoiled rottern by my parents, I had been behaving like a real tyrant in the family before I fell sick. I felt like being thrown into a cold palace the minute when segregated and confined into in a small house on the hillside in our garden. I was depressed and frustrated . On a spring evening when all the flowers were blooming, my parents gave a banquet in the gardenand in no time, the garden was crowded with guests and the air was floated with laughter . Unnoticed by others, I lifted the curtain and peeped from my small room at the hustling kaleidoscope down in the garden. My older brothers and sisters, as well as my cousins, were shuttling joyfully back and forth among the guests. I was overwhelmed by a bitter sense of being abandoned and forgotten by people and just couldn.t help but cried my eyes out. (2) Before I fell ill, I could have my way at home , since my parents doted on me a lot. Once I was isolated and confined in a chamber on the hillside of the garden, I suddenly felt I was neglected and became very depressed . One a spring evening, my parents held a banquet in the garden, where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom. For a time, guests gathered there , chatting and laughing . Quietly lifting the curtain of the chamber, I caught a glimpse of the hustling and exciting scene in the garden. I saw my brothers, sisters and cousins were all there, full of joy . All of a sudden, I was caught by the feeling of being abandoned . With grief and indignation welling up inside me , I couldnt help crying bitterly. 1 ）措辞讲究分寸，没有望文生义（粗斜体） 2 ）语义逻辑层次清楚，主次分明（底线处） 两种译文，孰仁孰智，各有道理。 再看英译汉。一般而言，英语八级考试中的英语原文结构都不太复杂，但要真正理解词义，用准确地道的译文表达出原文的实际意义，则需结合整个篇章仔细琢磨推敲。有趣的是，相对汉译英而言，有些英译汉的文章，其难点并不在理解，而在其“意会”之后却难以“言传”，例如： 例 3 （ 02 年 全 真题） Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be , rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance , maintaining pretence and manipulating （操纵） others . They are awere that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving , between being stupid and acting stupid , between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable . Winners do not need to hide behind a mask . Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge . They can separate facts from opinions and dont pretend to have all the answers . They listen to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined , demolished , bound , or awed by them. Winners do not play”helpless” , nor do they play the blaming game , the assure responsibility for their own lives. 这段文字尽管意思都懂，但要把斜体部分的字句真正用贴切地汉语表达出来，可能要费点工夫。当然，考场上短短的 30 分钟“短兵相接”时，下面的译文可算是相当不错： (1) 让 自己成为想象中的那种人，这不是成功者一生所追寻的目标，相反，他们活得自由自在。因此，他们不会耗费精力在人前演戏，也不会装腔作势，更不会操纵他人。他们明白真心关爱与虚情假意、真傻与装傻、真才实学与佯装有才学之间的区别，他们不需要带假面具。 成功者不怕独立思考，也不怕运用自己的知识。他们能把事实与观点区分开来，也不装做无所不知。他们倾听别人的意见，评价别人的观点，但却有自己的结论。 尽管他们也崇拜他人，但决不为别人所限制、所束缚、所吓倒。 成功者不会现出无助的样子，也不会怨天尤人。相反，他们对自己的生活负责。 已经很不错了，也较通顺达意，但若时间充裕，排除应试因素，译文还可仔细斟酌，进一步润色： (2) 试译，仅供参考 ：赢家 ( 成功者 ) 不会刻意追求那种想象中的自我良好形象 ，相反，他们会 保持真我的本色 。正因为此，他们不愿在 人前做秀 与 装腔作势 ， 也不想摆布别人 。他们明了 真爱与虚情 、 真傻与装傻 、 真学问与假学问 之间的区别，他们 无需面具掩藏真我 。 赢家 ( 成功者 ) 勇于独立思考 ，也 敢于展示才华 。他们能区分 客观事实 与 主观意愿 的不同，从不 装做通晓一切 。他们 听取别人意见 ， 能权衡斟酌，然而却有自己的结论 。 尽管他们也崇拜他人，但决不 受其左右 、 为之倾倒而丧失自我 。 赢家 ( 成功者 ) 不会 摆出 无助的样子 ，也决不会 怨天尤人 。相反，他们 对自己的生活尽职尽责 。 例 4. The most sensible people to be met with in society are men of business and of the world , who argue from what they see and know, instead of spinning cobwet distinctions of what things ought to be.Women have often more of what is called good sense than men. They have fewer pretensions; are less implicated in theories, and judge of objects more from their immediate and involuntary impression on the mind, and, therefore, more truly and naturally. They cannot reason wrong, for they do not reason at all. They do not think or speak by rule, and they have in general more eloquence and wit as well as sense, on that account . By their wit, sense, and eloquence together, they generally contrive to govern their husbands. Their style, when they write to their friends, is better than that of most authors. Uneducated people have most exuberance of invention . 商人和 见过世面的人 是我们在社会上见到的最 通达事理的人 。他们讨论问题时从自己的所见所闻出发，而不 纠缠于事物的是非曲直 。和男人相比，女人通常有更好的所谓直觉。她们很少自命不凡；她们也不大 深究 理论，她们判断事物更多地是从头脑中 下意识的第一印象 出发，因此她们的判断也就更真实和自然。她们不可能有推理错误，因为她们根本就不推理。她们思考或讲话时也不遵循什么规则； 正因为如此 ，她们一般更善辩，更机智，直觉更好。集机智、善辩与出色的直觉于一身，她们通常都有办法 支配 自己的丈夫。在给朋友的书信中，她们的文笔会令大多数作家自愧不如。 没读过多少书的人往往点子最多 。 上述译文斜体部分的字句都是结合整个段落从字里行间推敲出来的。可见，选词用字既受整体语篇的启发，又受整体语篇的约束，特别是作者的语气不易表达，要做到准确、贴切、不失分寸的确不太容易。 Class-work 1 ( 2006 年八级考试汉译英试题 ) 中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切，在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万物占着一个比例较为恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。因此我们的苦闷，基本上比西方人为少为小，因为苦闷的强弱原是随欲望与野心的大小而转移的。农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多，况中国古代素来以不滞于物、不为物役为最主要的人生哲学 。并非我们没有守财奴，但比起莫利哀与巴尔扎克笔下的守财奴与野心家，就小巫见大巫了。中国民族多数是性情中正平和、淡泊、朴实，比西方人容易满足。（ 翻译划线部分 ） 讨论稿 1. ( 仅供参考 !) ： From the ancient times(Since time immemorial) the Chinese people have never viewed the human beings as superior in the world, which is completely reflected in what theyve done in their philosophy and art, showing that a human being has the status quite appropriately in proportion to other things on earth, rather than an absolute ruler in the world. Therefore, what weve suffered is much less and smaller compared with the westerners, for the depressions vary with the different desires and the ambitions the people have. People in the agricultural society have much less enjoyment than those in the industrial society, thus their desire much less. Whats more, in ancient China , Chinese people always took the concept/notion of “Never addict oneself as a slave to material wealth” mainly as their philosophy in life. 语言通俗、结构连贯 讨论稿 2.The Chinese nation has never believed in human supremacy. And the nation finds full expression in the philosophy, literature and art that human coexist with other species in nature with a proportionally proper rather than an absolutely dominant position. Therefore we generally suffer less depression than Westerners, as the degree of the suffering varies with that of our desire and ambition. People in the agricultural society have much less enjoyment than those in the industrial society, and hence less desire. Moreover, the main Chinese ancient philosophy of life is always to be free from the encumbrance or enslavement of the outside world. Certainly there are among us misers （守财奴） and careerists （野心家） depicted （描述） by Moliere and Balzac. In comparison with Westerners, the Chinese people, easier to be satisfied, are mostly unbiased （无偏见） , peaceful, unworldly and guileless （厚道） .( 邵志洪译 ) 用词更讲究 5 2 语篇翻译常见问题及其对策 5 2 1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 主要表现为摆不脱原文字面的束缚，跟着原文亦步亦趋， 斤斤于分寸不失 。 一句一句看，似乎与原文相差无几，但就是读来别扭生硬，“翻译腔”十足，其 结果往往是有字无篇，使作者的本义和原文意脉大打折扣 ： 例 1. Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the exten t to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶 ) -in this respect Ive slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever . If I feel like it , I eat with my fingers , or out of a can , or standing up-in other words, whichever is easiest . (1) 孤独是一个很好的实验室， 在其中观察礼貌和习惯受别人制约所达到的程度 。我的 餐桌举止十分恶劣 这方面我已倒退了数百年；事实上我没有任何规矩，如果我觉得喜欢，我就 用手指吃 ，或 用罐头吃 ，或站着吃换句话说， 看那种吃法最容易 。 （ 打不破字面的束缚，语气生硬 ） (2) 孤独 是一块极好的试金石 ， 利于观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约 。 我的吃相实在不雅 ，这方面 一下 就倒退了几百年， 实在是一点规矩也没有 。 只要觉得合适 ， 我可用手抓着吃 ， 直接拿着罐头吃 ，或是站着吃： 反正怎么省事就怎么吃 。 （ 深究字里行间内涵，语气较自然 ） 例 2 Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far being answered . It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance , the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted. (1) 既然我们已经认真开始探索，我们就已瞥见问题多么巨大、答案多么遥远。如果你完全无知，这种无知还不坏，困难的事情就是较为详尽地了解无知的现实，最坏的地方和这儿那儿不太坏的地方，但是既没有通道尽头真理的灯光，甚至还没有可以信赖的通道。 明显有逻辑缺失，不合汉语事理顺序 (2) 我们既已认真开始了探索， 那么，就已窥见冰山一角，看到问题数量之庞大、答案寻求之遥远 。假若你完全无知，这还不太难办， 难就难在要具体了解无知的现状哪些是最糟糕的，那些是夹在其中又不太糟糕的而这一切 ， 却没有 通道尽头 灯光的正确指引 ， 甚至连 可信赖的通道 都没有 。 例 3. “ 我叫阿毛，没有应。出去一看，只见 豆 撒得一地，没有我们的阿毛了。他是不到别人家去玩的； 各处去一问，果然没有 。我急了，央人出去寻，直到下半天， 寻来寻去 寻到山坳里，看见刺柴上挂着他的一只小鞋。 大家都说， 糟了 ，怕是遭了狼了 。 再进去 ，他 果然 躺在草巢里，肚里的 五脏 已经 都给吃空了 ， 手上还紧紧地捏着那只小 篮 呢。 ” 这是文学作品，也是八级考试的选材内容之一，典型的口头叙述，应该不难。那么，是不是可以逐字直译呢？答案是否定的，不信请看： (1)“I called Amao but no answer. I went out to have a look, only finding that the beans scattered over the ground, but our Amao could not be found.He never went to other peoples houses for playing. I went everywhere to ask, he was not there as expected . I got worried and asked some people to look for him. Not until in the afternoon, after searched everywhere , did they find a small shoe of his hanging on the bramble. Everybody said that it was too bad! He was likely to meet with a wolf! They then came in . He was indeed lying in the grass nest. His five internal organs were all eaten up . His hand still held tight that small basket!”. 除了感觉有点松散之外，似乎没有其它毛病。但仔细对照一下原文打底线处的文字，不会觉得有点语气不对吗？若还看不出问题，不妨对照下面的译文斟酌一下，看是否改得有道理： (2) 试译，仅供参考！ “I called Amao but no answer. I went out to look for him , only finding the beans scattered over the ground but no Amao . Although I knew that he would never play in neighbours houses, I still went there to try but, with no surprise, failed to find him . I got worried and sent people for him . Not until that afternoon, after trying anywhere possible in the mountains , did they find a small shoe of his hanging on the bramble. When seeing this , everybody there realized that something bad must have happened - he was killed by a wolf! They went closer and found him, as expected , lying in the wolfs den , all his innards gone , with his hand still holding tight that small basket!”. 译文 (2) 似乎比译文 (1) 强一点，强就强在没有死扣原文字面和结构，将原文语篇内字里行间隐含的语气引申了出来，既合理保留了口语体的特色，逻辑层次似乎也清楚一些，措辞也更贴切一些。这些字与句的变化符合语篇情景（ textual situation ）尽管是口述形式，但作为小说却是让人读的，因此文法和修辞同样不容忽视。 5 2 2 结构松散，表达过于口语化 主要表现为译文（特别是汉译英）单句成串，结构散乱，语义层次不清，行文方式过分口语化。要知道，笔译和口译毕竟不是一回事，口译好未见得就笔译好。口译要求的是快速与直接，有时零散断续的表达甚至只字片言都能在特定的场合进行现场交流，但用于笔译却不行。尤其是在汉译英方面，口语化的表达尽管简短直接，但作为书面语，会使译文显得松散零碎，读来近似 school English ，特别是在篇章翻译中，毕竟还是要讲究一下文法和修辞，注意一下篇章结构，顾及一下读者的审美期待，不宜一味按口语体行事。因为，“ 英语有英语的文采；汉语有汉语的文采”，“英语的文采主要表现在盘根错节、欲罢不能的绵长句型；表现在那易如反掌、新意闪烁的词的转义”（毛荣贵），篇章或段落不是一色的简单句的罗列。当然，这又牵涉到翻译中的文体问题，牵涉到源种与译语间的文化差异。而具体到篇章翻译，就要从“大语篇”的角度来审视整个语篇，分清文体及其风格，从整体上把握住篇章的基调和语气。当然，在考场的特殊条件下，实在译不出来时，能用口语化的简单句将原文意思罗列出来，要比乱七八糟的译文好，但说到底，这毕竟不是我们翻译追求的目标。例如： 例 1 有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。 （庄绎传， 英汉翻译教程 ， 1999 ：练习 3 ） 这明显是一篇新闻报道，文字浅显