外语系-英语翻译-考试资料.doc

Process of translation1 正确理解 1.1 正确理解句子 1.2 正确理解段落与篇章2 流畅表达 2.1 关键词的表达 2.2 短语的表达 2.3 句子的表达 2.4 整体表达 3 认真审校Translation and Equivalence泰特勒：翻译三原则18世纪末，爱丁堡大学历史教授亚历山大F泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler,1749-1814）在论翻译的原则一书中系统地提出了进行翻译和评判翻译标准的三条基本原则： 1. A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.译文应完全复写出原作的思想。2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。3. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.译文应和原作同样流畅。“I pay for all their learning I toil for all their ease.” (E. Jones: The Song of the Wage-Slaves)【译文】“他们读书，我付学费； 他们享受，我却劳累。” Talent Professor Smith has. Money Professor Smith has not.【译文】才能，史密斯教授有。钱，史密斯教授没有。 Contrast is the spice of life. There can be no joy without sorrow, no summer without winter, no love without hate.【译文】矛盾是生活的调味品：没有悲伤就没有快乐；没有冬就没有夏；没有恨就没有爱。1 My dogs are killing me. 我的双脚疼死我了。2 The doctor said to me, “That patient may die of cancer, for all I care.” 医生对我说，“那个病人可能会死于癌症。”3 She can speak French after a fashion. 她能说一点法语.4 We cannot pay too high a price for our national security. 为了国家的安全花再大的代价也值得。5 Everything doesnt cause cancer. 并非所有东西都致癌。6. Although our country is economically better off than ever before, it has a way to go. B. 尽管我国的经济情况比以前有所好转，但仍有待进一步发展。7. These brightly coloured stockings are all the go this summer. 这种色彩鲜艳的长筒女袜，今年夏天很流行。8. The cooking was up to the hammer. 烹调是第一流的。词义的处理“I will teach him to deceive others,” he said. 他说，“我要告诫他不要骗人。”She has given heart to him. 她鼓励了他。He didnt speak (for) long. 他说话时间不长。There is no need for you to worry; if anything goes wrong it is I who will have to face the music. 你没有必要担心，如果有什么差错，我来承担后果。1：Her grace was a delight. 她的优雅风度很讨人喜欢。2：There was a pleasant freshness of spring everywhere. 处处洋溢着春色宜人的清新气息3：They have winked at these irregularities too long. 他们对这些舞弊勾当长久视而不见。4：You might well have spared yourself the trouble. 你大可不必多此一举。1：He was described as impressed by Tengs flexibility据说他为邓灵活的态度所感动。2：At the same time, inequality has become worse, poverty has increased absolutely.同时贫富不均的现象变得更加严重，贫穷者的绝对数增加了。3：The Chinese delegation will never accept such dictation中国代表团决不同意这种独断专行的做法。4：The gathering gloom of a November evening heightened the sadness of this desolation.十一月中的一个黄昏，天色越来越幽暗，这给荒芜的景色增染上几分凄凉的色彩。1：The capacity to use a raw material depends on various factors, such as means of access, methods of extraction, and techniques of processing.使用原料的规模大小取决于各种因素，比如获取原料的手段、开采方法和加工技术。2：But besides the violence there is the kindness and courtesy of the ordinary American people.除了暴力以外，普通美国人还有和蔼可亲、彬彬有礼的一面。Janes been ill, but shes as right as rain now. 珍妮一直有病，可现在身体很好。2：Im quite well able to take care of myself. 我完全能照顾我自己。Because he has caught cold he is not at home today. 他今天感冒了，不能接见客友。He was at once a soldier and a writer. 他是一个军人，同时又是一个作家。1) The French only love arts. 法国人只爱文艺而已。2）The French love arts only. 法国人爱的只是文艺。3）Only the French love arts. 只有法国人爱好文艺4）The French love their only arts. 法国人爱好他们唯一的文艺1) They are behaving naturally. 他们举止自然。2) Naturally, they are behaving well. 当然，他们表现很好3) She is naturally gentle. （“naturally”是副词,修饰“gentle”）她天生就温柔。 I want to present everyone present a present. 我想给在场的每个人赠送一份礼物。2：That brings me to this question: What is a people?以上使我想起了下面一个问题：一个民族的含义是什么？3: Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, arrived at this theory through mathematics. 爱因斯坦创立了相对论,他是通过数学获得这一理论的Its not a good habit for a child to water anywhere. 小孩随地小便可不是一个好习惯。She is a wonderful woman, really something. 她是个很好的女人, 真的挺不错。Suddenly, something inside me turned.突然，我心里一酸。1：Every life has its roses and thorns. 生活有苦也有甜。2：Watch out for Harlow, hes full of mickey mouse ideas. 要提防着点哈洛，他满脑子的歪门邪道。1：A nice enough young fellow, you understand, nothing upstairs. 小伙子人长得是年轻英俊，脑子里却是白纸一张。1：This reminds me about Lots wife. 这引起了我的好奇心2：She is a fox. 她是位时髦迷人的女郎。3：Grammar may be his heel of Achilles. 语法是他的致命弱点。1：If you had studied harder at college, you might have become a somebody.当初上大学，如果你多用点功，说不定已经成为重要人物了。2：Common sense and good nature will do a lot to make the pilgrimage of life not too difficult to a light woman.洞达世情和心底忠厚对于一个风尘中人来说,常会使她的人生历程比较顺利。1：He has the assurance to ask me for money. 他竟然厚着脸皮向我要钱。2：They seize every opportunity to do all kinds of evils. 他们无孔不入，干尽坏事。英汉语言的主要差异英语属于印欧语系，是一种拼音文字，单词没有四声，但句子可以有不同的声调；而汉语属于汉藏语系，是一种表意文字，音节有四声变化，语调也很丰富。英语是一种逐渐从综合型向分析型发展的语言；汉语则是以分析为主的语言。所谓综合型语言是指该语言主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义（格、数、时等）从句子结构上来说，英语重形合，即主要靠语言本身的语法手段来造句，句子主干突出；而汉语重意合，构句主要靠句子内部的逻辑关系。英语句子中名词和介词占优势，每句中只能有一个作谓语的主要动词；而在汉语中则是动词占优势，一个句子中可以有很多谓语动词。英语句子的重心多在句首，而汉语句子的重心则多在句尾。英语中用被动语态的句子较多（尤其是在科技英语中更是如此）；汉语中则较少使用被动句。汉语中有众多的量词，英语中只有很少数可以做量词的名词。英语词汇有屈折变化，汉语词汇则没有；英语词义比较灵活多变，汉语词义则相对稳定。这些因素都会影响翻译。下面大家就来看看几种英汉共有的主要词类的差别（为节省篇幅，例句主要是英译汉。汉译英时道理也是一样，只是需要逆向思维）It rains everyday recently. 最近天天下雨。It rained yesterday. 昨天下了场雨。It is going to rain. 要下雨了。It is raining hard outside. 外面正下大雨呢！The window was broken. 窗户被砸碎了。The cup was broken. 杯子打了。This pot is made of stainless steel. 这个锅是用不锈钢做的。Measures have been taken. 已经采取措施了。Enough attention has been paid to that problem. 那个问题已经引起了足够的重视。10）I want to go out for a walk. 我想出去散散步。11) Being a teacher , he should love his students. 作为一位教师，他应该热爱自己的学生。12) Given more money and time , he would succeed. 如果有更多的钱和时间，他会成功的。我见他正在读书。I saw him reading books老师让他进去。The teacher let him in .真抱歉，让您久等了。 Im really sorry to have kept you waiting .大家选他当班长。We made him our monitor.1）He put his hands into his pockets. 他把手插进了口袋。2）They had their lunch at half past twelve today. 今天他们十二点半吃的午饭。3）Anna, who was here a moment ago , left this note. 安娜刚才来过，是她留下的这张条子。4）We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个零件上都有国家的标志。5）God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助之。1)This magazine is more interesting. 这本杂志有意思一些。2） This book is the best one . 这本书是最好的。1）a cup of tea一杯茶2) an English book一本英语书3) He is a student in our class. 他是我们班的学生。4) The end does not justify the means. 即使目的正当，也不能不择手段。5) I like the red one.我喜欢那个红的。1）She was so excited that tears came to her eyes. 她激动得热泪盈眶。2）你不走我也不走。If you dont leave, I wont leave either.Nothing has happened since we parted. 自我们别后没发生什么事情。I went out for a walk after I had my dinner. 晚饭后我出去散步。He has to stay at home because he is ill. 他病了只得呆在家里。His chief contribution was making me realize how much more than knowledge I had been petting from him.他使我认识到，我从他那里学到的，远远不只是知识，这是他最大的贡献。The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms, and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.小国人民只要敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器并掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能打败大国的侵略。翻译技巧的定义翻译的具体手法，即翻译SL时在某些场合需要对TL作哪些相应的调整和改变翻译技巧的依据就是SL和TL在语言语法及表达方式上的异同。改变词类选词用字词序调整省略增词重复反译法分译法改变词类通过汉英语法对比我们了解到汉语一个词类能充当的句子成分较多,充当不同成分时无需改变词类,英语一个词能充当的句子成分较少,充当不同成分时常常要改变词类。因此,将 SL 中的某 种词类译成 TL 时不一定也要译成这个词类,有时根据 TL 的需 要应转译为另一种词类。My shock and embarrassment at finding Mother in tears on Wednesday was a perfect index of how little I understood the pressures on her我星期三发现妈妈在流眼泪而感到震惊、尴尬，这就表明我对妈妈所承受的压力知道的多么少。As a boy and then as an adult， I never lost my wonder at the personality that was Einstein. 不论是在儿时还是长大以后，我一直都对爱因斯坦的人格感到很好奇。It is wise of him to deal with the delicate problem with care and with calmness. 他很明智，在处理这一敏感问题时及尽仔细和谨慎。Einstein watched it in delight ， trying to deduce the operating principle. 爱因斯坦很欣喜地看着它，想推断出其中的操作原理。A well-dressed man， who looked and talked like a millionaire ， turned out to penniless。 那个穿着讲究，外表和谈吐都象百万富翁的人却身无分文。The speech presented by the visiting scholar left considerable excitement in his mind那位到访学者的演讲着实让他感到很激动。选词用字由于构词时联想不同,表达方式不同,两种语言表达同一种思想常常用词不同。因而翻译时必须在理解原意的基础上,考虑表达这个意思 TL 要用什么词最为恰当。选词用字是否恰当是翻译 中的一个十分重要的问题。Before Hugo could protest,he and the other were led away. 雨果还未来得及分辩,他和其他几个人便被带走了。Daniel Defoe wrote the story of Robinson Crusoe suggested by the experience of Alexander Selkirkl,a Scotish sailor.但尼尔笛福是受到苏格兰水手亚历山大塞尔柯克经历的启发,而写出鲁滨逊漂流记的Put a teaspoon of tea in the pot and then you just add the boiling water to it and let it stand.在茶壶内放一茶匙茶叶,冲上开水后待一会儿再喝。Its a crime you didnt finish schoo1.你上学没有毕业真是个憾事。词序调整一个句子里词和分句的顺序,英汉两种语言往往不尽相同。 英汉互译时的时间顺序对比：如表示时间和地点,汉语常常是先大后小,而英语则是先小后大。 翻译时应根据 TL 的表达方式作一些必要的调整。The old-fashioned general store is fast disappearing.This is， perhaps， a pity ，because shopping today seems to lack that personal element which existed when shop keeper knew all his regular customers personally. 旧时的百货店很快就消失了。过去，店主私下里都认识他的老主顾们，而在今天这种事情再也不复存在了，这实在是太可惜了。My uncle passed away at2.30a.m.on September 12, 1988. 我的伯父于 1988 年 9 月 12 日凌晨 2 点 30 分去世。Dont hesitate to come when you need help. 你什么时候需要帮助,只管来找我。英汉互译时逻辑思维顺序上的差异：如上所述，如果一个句子里既有叙事的部分，又有表态的部分，在汉语里往往是叙事在前，表态在后，叙事部分可以很长，表态部分一般都很短。而在英语里则往往相反，表态在前，叙事在后。I am very happy and grateful to receive your message of greetings.接到你们的贺函，我十分愉快和感谢。The two sides agreed that it is desirable to broaden the understanding between the two peoples.双方同意，扩大两国人民之间的了解是可取的。One can never succeed without making great effort. 译文：不努力就不会成功。Young as he is， he works hard. 尽管他很年轻，可他工作很卖力。 Large numbers of talented persons have come to the fore in todays education circle.在当今的教育界，已经涌现出了大批的优秀人才。Little is known about the effect of life-long drinking.人们关于终生饮酒的效果却知道的很少There was rising in him a dreadful uneasiness ； something very precious that he wanted to hold seemed close to destruction.他心里涌起一种难言的焦灼，因为他原来一直想保住的东西现在好象要毁灭了。 It suddenly dawned on me that this express was not roaring down the line at ninety miles an hour ， but barely chugging along at thirty. 后来，我才突然明白，这次快车并非以90英里的时速疾弛而下，而只不过是以30英里的时速慢慢向前行驶。翻译时对原文内容不应该作任何删节或增补。但由于两种语言表达方式不同,把原文信息译成译文信息时,常常需要删去或增 添一些词。这样做并不损害原意,反而可以使译文更为通顺,意思 更为清楚。这种省略和增添不仅是许可的,而且常常看作是一种翻译技巧。汉语没有冠词,代词、连词、介词用得也远比英语为少。上述词类汉译时往往可以省略不译,省略后意思并不含混反而更为简练明白。如:You cannot build a ship, a bridge or a house if you dont know how to make a design or how to read it. 不会制图或看不懂图纸,就不可能造船、架桥或盖房子。It took him a long time to reach the bottom and to crouch behind a little dwarf palm.他费了很长时间才从山上爬下来,蹲到一棵矮小的棕榈树后面。我们必须培养分析问题解决问题的能力。We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems增词I could knit when I was seven. 我七岁时就会织毛衣。Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected.如果对自己的错误都不认识,怎么能悔恨和改正呢 ?Steel and iron products are often coated less they should rust . 钢铁制品常常涂上油漆以免生锈重复Practically every river has its upper, a middle and a lower part.事实上每条河都有上游、中游和下游。All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms.一切物体都由分子所组成,分子又是由原子所组成。If an atom contains three protons, it must have three electrons to be electrically neutral.如果一个原子含有三个质子,这个原子必然有三个电子,使之不带电荷。Whoever drives through the red light should be fined.谁开车闯红灯谁就要被罚款。I dont like chocolate icecream, I prefer vanilla.我不喜欢巧克力冰淇淋,我更喜欢香草冰淇淋。反译法The administration was free corruption. 这届政府没有腐败现象I remained confused about the problem. 这个问题我还是不懂They are dependent on each other. 他们谁也离不开谁He is far from what I expected. 他远不是我想象的那样。let bygones be bygones. 既往不咎She came into the room without shoes on. 她光脚走进了房间。The doctor lost no tune in getting the sick man to hospital. 医生立即把病人送往医院。I have no doubt that you will succeed. 我相信你会成功。Its no distance at all to the school ， only a short walk. 从这到学校很近，只需要很短一段路。分译法It was a real challenge that those who had learned from us now excelled us.过去向我们学习的人,现在反而超过了我们。这对我们确实是一个鞭策。Other students of the brain, noting that disease and physical damage can change personality and distort the mind, believe the brain to be nothing more than a fantastically complex computer.另外,有一些脑科学家注意到疾病和身体损伤能够改变人的 秉性,歪曲人的心灵。他们认为人脑仅仅是一个神奇复杂的计算机而已。It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.这个局势对国际安全是个威胁,这样的说法是完全正确的。翻译的准则我们翻译时不管使用什么技巧,必须遵循一条原则,这就是: 必须符合原意。即不管使用任何技巧手法,必须把原文的意义表达出来,如果与原意相悖,译得再通顺,文字再漂亮,也只能算是失败。这就是翻译三要素的头一条,传意性。被动语态的翻译1. 被动语态有强调受事者，使其位置鲜明、突出。例如：1)The happy man cannot be harried.吉人自有天相。（注意汉语用主动）2)In an adversary spots are soon seen.对手的缺点最易发现。（注意汉语主动）2. 当不必要说出主动者或无法说出主动者时。例如：1) New electronic devices are often shown to the students.常给同学门看新的电子装置。2) For a long time aluminium has been thought as an effective material for preventing metal corrosion.长期以来，铝被当作一种有效防止金属腐蚀的材料。3. 为更好地连接上下文。例如：Vulcanized rubber was a perfect insulating material; on the railway it was used for shock-absorbers and cushions.硫化橡胶是一种很好的绝缘材料，在铁路上可用来做减震器和减震垫。4. 被动语态可在特定的语境中表达对主语的尊敬和说话者的谦恭。例如：1) Where can you be reached?在什么地方可以找到您？（请问您住在什么地方？）2) When will I be interviewed? 我什么时候来参加面试呢？5. 被动语态常用以表示说话者对所提出的话题（或人或事或物）持有某种客观态度，因而比较婉转。例如：1) He is said to be the most respected teacher in our Department. 据说他是我们系上最受尊敬的老师。2) It is suggested that each speaker is allotted five minutes.以上两句都暗示说话者力求避免主观、武断。如第2)句的意思是：“建议每位发言者讲话不要超过五分钟”，言下之意是：“不是我个人的规定”。1) The company was enjoined from using false advertising.这家商号被禁止使用虚假广告。2) The words “work” and “power” are often confused or interchanged in colloquial use.在日常口语中，“功”和“功率”是常被混淆或相互代用的两个词。3) Up to now, sulphur dioxide has been regarded as one of the most serious of these pollutants.到目前为止，二氧化硫一直被看作是这些污染物中最严重的一种。1) Its use is therefore restricted to articles in which lightness is a prime essential.因此，它的用途限于制造首先要求重量小的对象。2) Accompanying the visible light, a great deal of invisible radiation, or radiant heat, is emitted.大量的不可见的辐射热，伴随着可见光释放出来。1) All around, the hill were black with oil, and some were hidden by gas and drifting oil spray.四周，由于蒙上了一层油，山峦是黑色的，有的山峦则被天然气和在风中飘洒的喷油遮挡住了。2) The thrust force of an airplane is produced by the propeller. 飞机的推力由螺旋桨所产生。3) The R-rays are not affected by an electric field.R射线不受电场的影响。4) Pure oxygen must be given patients in certain circumstances.在某些情况下必须给病人吸纯氧。1) Poets are born, but orators are made.诗人是天生的，而演说家则是后天造就的。2) Footprints on the sands of time are not made by sitting down.沙滩上的足迹是走出来的。（喻“不身体力行不足以成事”）3) In his late thirties he was almost knocked down in his despondency of the unsuccessful career.近四十岁时，由于事业上的挫折，他几乎为失意所毁。5. 使用“加以”、“予以”字样1) The laws of motion will be discussed in the next articles.运动定律将在下文中予以讨论。2) The details of the facade will be further fitted up to match the interior.铺面将进一步加以装修，使之与室内装饰浑然一体1) His pride must be pinched.他这股傲气应该打下去。2) Increased rate of reaction, in the presence of catalyzers, is called catalysis, or catalytic action.有催化剂时，反应速度的加快叫做催化作用。1) The result of the invention of the stream engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.蒸汽机发明的结果是，机械力代替了人力。2) Even when the pressure stays the same, great changes in air density are caused by changes in temperature. 即使压力不变，气温的变化也能引起空气密度的巨大变化。1）With the development of modern electrical engineering, power can be transmitted to wherever it is needed.随着现代化电气工程的发展，人们能把电力输送到所需要的任何地方。2）But Japan spent roughly $3 billion, and is considered the international leader in most optic fields.但日本却花费了约30亿美元，人们认为它在光学的大多数领域居国际领先地位。1）There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.某些金属不但能导电，而且能磁化。2）Six medical scientists were honored in 1973 by the Gairdner Foundation of Toronto, Canada, for outstanding research.由于杰出的研究工作，六位医学科学家荣获了加拿大多伦多盖尔德纳基金会的奖金。1) Power would be gotten if there were money to get it with.有了钱，就会以钱谋权。2) Nearly 400 tons of accumulated refuse and dregs were removed altogether in five days. 五天内运走了近四百吨堆积的垃圾与渣土。1) If water is heated, the molecules move more quickly.如果把水加热，水分子就运动得更快。2) Gasoline may be separated from other components of crude oil by distillation. 用蒸馏方法可使汽油与原油的其它组成部分分离开来。1) Use is made of an automatic elemental analyser.利用了自动元素分析仪。2) Care should be taken at all time to protect the instrument from dust and damp. 应当始终注意保护仪器，不使沾染灰尘，不使受潮。1）Its believed that her plans for a movie career had all been merely a pipe dream.有人说她那些当明星的计划全都是些非非遐想罢了。2）It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago.我们将予记录在案的是：从日本到夏威夷之间的距离清楚地表明了，日本这次袭击是在许多天甚至许多星期以前就仔细计划好的。3）It is believed that the loans will be repaid by exporting some of the new products back to the West.It is estimated that Americans spend up to five years of their lives in that tedious, stressful but unavoidable process known as waiting.据估计，美国人一生中, 在乏味而令人厌烦, 却又躲避不掉的等待上所耗费的时间,竟达五年之多。长句翻译英语长句的特点 (Features of Long Sentences) 1 结构错综复杂2 并列复合穿插3 语序变化难辨 4 同位插入省略混杂英语长句的翻译方法 (Methods of Translating Long Sentences) 1 顺译法（Translation in Original Order）2 逆译法 (Translation in Reverse Order)3 分译法 (Splitting Translation)4 变序译法 (Recasting Translation)It was originally surmised that different bodies fell to the ground at rates proportional to their respective weights, but, towards the end sixteenth century, Galileo contended that the rate of fall was the same for all bodiesprovided gravity were the only force actingand he attributed the slower rate of fall observed on the case of a light body to the resistance of the air, which exerted a relatively greater effect on a light body than on a heavy body of the same size and shape. 【译文】原先人们曾猜测，不同的物体落到地面上的速度是与各自的重量成正比的。但是到了十六世纪末，伽利略坚决主张，若重力是唯一的作用力，则所有物体的降落速度都是相同的，他还认为，人们观察到的轻物体降落速度较慢是由于空气的阻力引起的，因为空气阻力对轻物体的影响要比对同样大小同样形状的重物体的影响大得多。 He returned with his citation for gallantry from the hand of General Lee to a ruined plantation, where for a year now his daughter had subsisted partially on the meager bounty of the man to whom fifteen years ago he had granted permission to live in that tumbledown fishing camp whose very existence he had at the time forgotten. 【译文】他带着李将军颁发