第十四节：巴赫.docx

第七单元：宗教复调音乐的顶峰巴赫一：巴赫的生平了解 约翰塞巴斯蒂安巴赫（Johann Sebastian Bach，1685年3月21日1750年7月28日），巴洛克时期的德国作曲家，杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家，被普遍认为是音乐史上最重要的作曲家之一，并被尊称为“西方近代音乐之父”，也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。巴赫出生于德国中部图林根州小城艾森纳赫的一个音乐世家，在有生之年是一位著名的宫廷乐长，在德国莱比锡圣多马教堂度过了最后27年的时间。巴赫把西欧不同民族的音乐风格融为一体。他集意大利、法国和德国传统音乐中的精华，曲尽其妙，珠联璧合，天衣无缝。巴赫自己在一生中并未享有盛名，而且在死后五十年中就已被世人遗忘。但是在近一个半世纪中他的名气却在不断地增长，一般认为他是西方音乐史中最伟大的两三位作曲家之一，而且有些人认为他是其中最伟大的作曲家。二：什么是复调音乐概念：复调音乐（polyphony music）【复调音乐】“主调音乐”的对称。多声部音乐的一种，旧称对位。它是以两个、三个或四个在艺术上有同等意义的各自独立的曲调，前后叠置起来，同时协调地进行为基础。在横的关系上，各声部的节奏、力度、强音、高潮、终止、起讫以及旋律线的起伏等，不尽相同而且各自有其独立性；在纵的关系上，各声部又彼此形成良好的和声关系。原指由几个声部构成的多声部音乐，相对于单声部音乐而言；后指按照对位法则结合在一起的多个旋律性声部的音乐，相对于主调音乐而言。复调音乐注重每个声部的旋律性，声部间形成对比或相互补充，没有主次之分。复调音乐最早产生于9世纪的西欧，奥尔加农为其最早形式发展至15世纪后半期16世纪达到高峰，可谓其黄金时代，杰出代表为帕莱斯特里纳的无伴奏合唱；到18世纪，在复调音乐创作在结构、技法上趋于完善的情况下，JS巴赫将器乐赋格曲形式发展至极，树立了器乐复调音乐技术的典范；进入18世纪后半叶，复调音乐的主导地位开始逐渐被主调音乐代替。重要的复调音乐体裁有经文歌、轮唱曲、复调弥撒曲、卡农、复调尚松、坎佐纳、赋格曲等。分类：用对比方法所写的复调音乐称“对位音乐”，简称“对位”，即对位式的复调音乐。如钢琴独奏曲牧童短笛；以模仿的方式为基础所写的复调音乐，通称“卡农”，即二部、三部、四部的轮唱或轮奏。如黄河大合唱中的四部轮唱曲保卫黄河；德国作曲家，管风琴大师帕赫贝尔（JohannPachelbel，1653-1706）脍炙人口的D大调卡农。用衬托的方法所写的复调音乐，称“支声复调”或“衬腔式复调”。在民族民间音乐中，常用衬托、填充、呼应、加花等手法，使音乐更为丰富多彩。最著名的作品集是巴赫的赋格的艺术，这套作品可以称为赋格曲的圣经。我国的作品有侗族民歌向阳花开朵朵红，女声二重唱遵义会议放光辉等。三：宗教音乐的起源宗教音乐，又称圣乐。它既传达上帝给人们的启示，又表现信徒对上帝的崇敬、赞美、信靠和祈求。宗教音乐是欧洲艺术音乐的源头。在18世纪以前，欧洲音乐主要以教会音乐为主，而教会音乐则以圣咏为主。圣咏是指单声调，没有固定节拍的基督教歌曲，分东方圣咏和西方圣咏，前者例如亚美尼亚圣咏，拜占庭圣咏等，后者例如安布罗西圣咏，格里高利圣咏等。18世纪启蒙时期以后，音乐开始向世俗化发展，进入蓬勃发展的时期。但教会音乐仍然占据着中心地位。从巴洛克时期、古典时期到浪漫时期，众多的音乐大师们给我们留下了极其丰富的宗教音乐遗产。四：巴赫作品赏析巴赫的作品的目录中，使用的BWV，是德文“Bach Werke Verzeichnis”的缩写，意译即“巴赫作品目录”。这个分类体系由沃尔夫冈-史密德（Wolfgang Schmieder）完成于1950年。此分类法依据是体裁，而非作品的创作年代。TitleBWVOp.No.Inst.Type Overture in the French style in B Minor, BWV 831831- Piano SoloOverture Partita No. 1 in B Major, BWV 825825- Piano SoloPartita Partita No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 826826- Piano SoloPartita Partita No. 3 in A Minor, BWV 827827- Piano SoloPartita Prelude and Fugue No. 5 in D Major, BWV 850850- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 12 in F Minor, BWV 857857- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 1 in C Major, BWV 846846- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 847847- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in C Major, BWV 848848- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 4 in C Minor, BWV 849849- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 6 in D Minor, BWV 851851- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 7 in E Major, BWV 852852- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 8 in E Minor, BWV 853853- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 9 in E Major, BWV 854854- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 10 in E Minor, BWV 855855- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 11 in F Major, BWV 856856- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 13 in F Minor, BWV 858858- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 14 in F Minor, BWV 859859- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 15 in G Major, BWV 860860- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G Minor, BWV 861861- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 17 in A Major, BWV 862862- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 18 in G Minor, BWV 863863- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 19 in A Major, BWV 864864- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 20 in A Minor, BWV 865865- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 21 in B Major, BWV 866866- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 22 in B Minor, BWV 867867- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B Major, BWV 868868- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 24 in B Minor, BWV 869869- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 1 in C Major, BWV 870870- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 19 in A Major, BWV 888888- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 20 in A Minor, BWV 889889- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 21 in B Major, BWV 890890- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 22 in B Minor, BWV 891891- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B Major, BWV 892892- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 24 in B Minor, BWV 893893- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 18 in G Minor, BWV 887887- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 17 in A Major, BWV 886886- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G Minor, BWV 885885- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 15 in G Major, BWV 884884- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 14 in F Minor, BWV 883883- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 13 in F Major, BWV 882882- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 12 in F Minor, BWV 881881- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 11 in F Major, BWV 880880- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 10 in E Minor, BWV 879879- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 9 in E Major, BWV 878878- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 8 in D Minor, BWV 877877- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 7 in E Major, BWV 876876- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 6 in D Minor, BWV 875875- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 5 in D Major, BWV 874874- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 4 in C Minor, BWV 873873- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in C Major, BWV 872872- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Prelude and Fugue No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 871871- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue Partita No. 4 in D Major, BWV 828828- Piano SoloPartita Partita No. 5 in G Major, BWV 829829- Piano SoloPartita Partita No. 6 in E Minor, BWV 830830- Piano SoloPartita Invention No. 14 in B Major, BWV 785, No. 14785-14- Piano SoloInvention Toccata No. 1, BWV 910910- Piano SoloToccata Toccata No. 2, BWV 911911- Piano SoloToccata Toccata No. 3, BWV 912912- Piano SoloToccata Toccata No. 4, BWV 913913- Piano SoloToccata Toccata No. 5, BWV 914914- Piano SoloToccata Toccata No. 6, BWV 915915- Piano SoloToccata Toccata No. 7, BWV 916916- Piano SoloToccata Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue in D Minor, BWV 903903- Piano SoloFantasy Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 939, No. 1939-1- Piano SoloPrlude Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 941, No. 3941-3- Piano SoloPrlude Invention No. 1 in C Major, BWV 772, No. 1772-1- Piano SoloInvention Invention No. 13 in A Minor, BWV 784, No. 13784-13- Piano SoloInvention Little Prelude in D Major, BWV 925925- Piano SoloPrlude Sinfonia No. 6 in E Major, BWV 792, No. 6792-6- Piano SoloInvention Sinfonia No. 7 in E Minor, BWV 793, No. 7793-7- Piano SoloInvention English Suite, BWV 806, No. 1806-1- Piano SoloSuite English Suite, BWV 807, No. 2807-2- Piano SoloSuite English Suite, BWV 808, No. 3808-3- Piano SoloSuite English Suite, BWV 810, No. 5810-5- Piano SoloSuite English Suite, BWV 809, No. 4809-4- Piano SoloSuite English Suite, BWV 811, No. 6811-6- Piano SoloSuite Fantasia and Fugue in A Minor, BWV 904904- Piano Solo Italian Concerto, BWV 971971- Piano SoloConcerto Suite in A minor, BWV 818818- Piano SoloSuite French Suite in E Major, BWV 817, No. 6817-6- Piano SoloSuite French Suite in G Major, BWV 816, No. 5816-5- Piano SoloSuite French Suite in E Major, BWV 815, No. 4815-4- Piano SoloSuite French Suite in B Minor, BWV 814, No. 3814-3- Piano SoloSuite French Suite in C Minor, BWV 813, No. 2813-2- Piano SoloSuite French Suite in D Minor, BWV 812, No. 1812-1- Piano SoloSuite Invention No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 773, No. 2773-2- Piano SoloInvention Invention No. 3 in D Major, BWV 774, No. 3774-3- Piano SoloInvention Invention No. 4 in D Minor, BWV 775, No. 4775-4- Piano SoloInvention Invention No. 5 in E Major, BWV 776, No. 5776-5- Piano SoloInvention Invention No. 6 in E Major, BWV 777, No. 6777-6- Piano SoloInvention Invention No. 7 in E Minor, BWV 778, No. 7778-7- Piano SoloInvention Invention No. 8 in F Major, BWV 779, No. 8779-8- Piano SoloInvention Invention No. 9 in F Minor, BWV 780, No. 9780-9- Piano SoloInvention Invention No. 10 in G Major, BWV 781, No. 10781-10- Piano SoloInvention Invention No. 12 in A Major, BWV 783, No. 12783-12- Piano SoloInvention Invention No. 15 in B Minor, BWV 786, No. 15786-15- Piano SoloInvention Invention No. 11 in G Minor, BWV 782, No. 11782-11- Piano SoloInvention Sinfonia No. 15 in B Minor, BWV 801, No. 15801-15- Piano SoloInvention Sinfonia No. 12 in A Major, BWV 798, No. 12798-12- Piano SoloInvention Sinfonia No. 14 in B Major, BWV 800, No. 14800-14- Piano SoloInvention Sinfonia No. 13 in A Minor, BWV 799, No. 13799-13- Piano SoloInvention Sinfonia No. 11 in G Minor, BWV 797, No. 11797-11- Piano SoloInvention Sinfonia No. 10 in G Major, BWV 796, No. 10796-10- Piano SoloInvention Sinfonia No. 8 in F Major, BWV 794, No. 8794-8- Piano SoloInvention Sinfonia No. 9 in F Minor, BWV 795, No. 9795-9- Piano SoloInvention Sinfonia No. 5 in E Major, BWV 791, No. 5791-5- Piano SoloInvention Sinfonia No. 4 in D Minor, BWV 790, No. 4790-4- Piano SoloInvention Sinfonia No. 3 in D Major, BWV 789, No. 3789-3- Piano SoloInvention Sinfonia No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 788, No. 2788-2- Piano SoloInvention Sinfonia No. 1 in C Major, BWV 787, No. 1787-1- Piano SoloInvention Little Prelude in D Minor, BWV 940, No. 2940-2- Piano SoloPrlude Little Prelude in A Minor, BWV 942, No. 4942-4- Piano SoloPrlude Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 943, No. 5943-5- Piano SoloPrlude Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 938938- Piano SoloPrlude Little Prelude in E Major, BWV 937937- Piano SoloPrlude Little Prelude in D Major, BWV 936936- Piano SoloPrlude Little Prelude in F Major, BWV 928928- Piano SoloPrlude Little Prelude in C Minor, BWV 934934- Piano SoloPrlude Little Prelude in D Minor, BWV 926926- Piano SoloPrlude Capriccio sopra la lontananza del suo fratello dilettissimo (Capriccio on the Departure of his Beloved Brother), BWV 992992- Piano SoloCaprice Fugue in C Major, BWV 952952- Piano SoloFugue Fugue in C Major, BWV 953953- Piano SoloFugue Fantasia and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 906906- Piano Solo Little Prelude in F Major, BWV 927927- Piano SoloPrlude Little Prelude in G Minor, BWV 929929- Piano SoloPrlude Little Prelude in G Minor, BWV 930930- Piano SoloPrlude Little Prelude in A Minor, BWV 931931- Piano SoloPrlude Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 932932- Piano SoloPrlude Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 924924- Piano SoloPrlude Suite for Orchestra No. 1 in C Major, BWV 10661066-OrchestraSuite Violin Concerto in A Minor, BWV 10411041-Violin & OrchestraConcerto Violin Sonata No. 1 in G Minor, BWV 10011001-Violin SoloSonata Violin Partita No. 1 in B Minor, BWV 10021002-Violin SoloPartita Violin Sonata No. 2 in A Minor, BWV 10031003-Violin SoloSonata Violin Partita No. 2 in D Minor, BWV 10041004-Violin SoloPartita Violin Sonata No. 3 in C Major, BWV 10051005-Violin SoloSonata Violin Partita No. 3 in E Major, BWV 10061006-Violin SoloPartita Violin Sonata in E Minor, BWV 10231023-Violin & PianoSonata Concerto for Violin and Oboe in C Minor-Concerto Great Fantasia and Fugue in G Minor, BWV 542542-OrganPrelude and Fugue Suite for Cello No. 3, BWV 1009