浅谈虚拟语气的特殊用法.doc

浅谈虚拟语气的特殊用法1. 当虚拟条件从句中的谓语动词和主句中的谓语动词发生的时间不一致时，主句和从句的谓语动词应根据实际的时间选用适当的动词形式。如：If you had earned enough money，you would live a happy life in the future.如果你已挣了足够的钱，你今后就会过上幸福的生活。（从句与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时；主句与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“ would/should/could/might+ 动词原形”。）2. 在虚拟语气中，有时假设的情况并不是以条件状语从句的形式表示，而是通过相应的介词或连词来表示，如 without， but for， or， but， otherwise 等。如：But for your help，we couldnt have finished the task in time. （= If you hadnt helped us tomorrow）要不是你的帮助，我们就不会按时完成任务。3. 在 if 引导的虚拟条件句中，如果条件状语从句位于句首，且从句中含有 were， had 或 should ，则可以省略 if ，并用倒装结构。如：Should it rain tomorrow，we would have to stay at home. （= If it should rain tomorrow）如果明天下雨，我们就得呆在家里。4. 如果主句中含有 would rather， would as soon， would sooner 或 would prefer ，则从句要用过去时表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表达希望或婉转的责备。如：I would prefer he worked hard.我倒希望他能够努力学习。I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。5. 在“ Its （high/ about） time + that 从句”中， that 从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，表示“是该的时候了”，其形式为一般过去时或“ should + 动词原形”，但 should 不能省略。如：Its time that we began our meeting.是该开会的时候了。It is high time that we should tell him the truth.是我们该告诉他真相的时候了。6. 在表示建议、命令、要求、坚持（ suggest ， order ， demand ， propose ， request ， command ， insist ）等相关的名词性从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“ （should） + 动词原形”。如：The order that we should reach the small village before daybreak came just now.要求我们在天亮之前赶到小村庄的命令刚刚下达。（同位语从句）The suggestion is that we （should） recite a passage each day.建议是我们每天应背诵一篇短文。（表语从句）It is demanded that we （should） get everything ready by tonight.我们被要求今晚之前把一切都准备好。（主语从句）7. 在“ It is + 形容词 + that 从句”中，从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气“ （should） + 动词原形”。这类形容词有 necessary， important， essential， strange， natural 等。如：It is necessary that he （should）be sent to the hospital at once.立刻送他进医院是非常必要的。8. 由 wish 引起的表示愿望的宾语从句，其谓语要用虚拟语气。当 wish 表示的是与现在或当时事实相反的愿望时，它所引起宾语从句的谓语动词要用一般过去时或过去进行时；当 wish 表示的是与过去事实相反的愿望时，它所引起宾语从句的谓语动词要用过去完成时；当 wish 表示的是将来难以实现的愿望时，它所引起宾语从句的谓语动词要用“ would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形”。如：I wish I had enough money to buy a car.我希望能有足够的钱来买一辆小汽车。（表示的是现在）He whishes he had not lost the chance.他真希望没有失去机会。（表示的是过去）I wish I would join the army when I grow up.我希望长大后能够参军。（表示的是将来）9. 在 insist 和 suggest 后的宾语从句中常用虚拟语气表示建议、要求或命令。但当 insist 表示“坚称；主张”时，宾语从句要用陈述语气；当 suggest 表示“表明；暗示”时，宾语从句也要用陈述语气。如：She insisted that she had seen a thief climb into the house through the window.她坚持说她曾看见一个小偷从窗口爬进了房间。The smile on his face suggested that he had passed the exam.他脸上的微笑表明他已通过了考试。10. 在 as if / as though 引导的状语从句表示的是非真实情况时，从句的谓语动词要用过去时或过去完成时。如：She talked about the film as if she had really seen it.她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。浅谈高中英语中虚拟语气的用法(The Subjunctive Mood) 在我们汉语中因为没有虚拟语气这一概念，因此当高中学生遇到这一语法点时，他们往往因为没有母语作为参照，在理解时，存在或多或少的问题, 虚拟语气指的是: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。现在笔者从三个方面对这一语法进行论述：一、条件句中的虚拟语气1.非真实条件句中 条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。例如: If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。例如:If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。) 在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:虚拟情况从句主句与现在事实相反动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形与过去事实相反had + 过去分词would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词与将来事实相反动词过去式should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形例句1. If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。例句2. If you had taken my advice，you wouldnthave failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。例句3.If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶奶。例句4.If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。注意： .在正式文体中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装，另外主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。 . if= on condition that, suppose that, supposing that, provided that和providing that.2.错综时间条件句 条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间如果不一致，这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整,具体分为三种情况。过去 + 现在， 现在 +过去，现在 + 将来例句1. If he had followed the doctors advice, he would be all right now.例句2. If I were you, I would have taken his advice.例句3. If he were here now, he would go there with us.3.含蓄条件句 指用介词短语或连词引导的虚拟语气，包括without, but for/that, with, but ,otherwise, or, or else, though, although。例句1. But for your help, we couldnt have finished the work in time.例句2. Without music, the world would be a dull place.例句3. He would have given you more help, but he has been busy.例句4. He would gain weight but he doesnt eat enough.例句5. With better equipment, we could have done it better.例句6. He was very busy doing his experiments in physics, otherwise he would have given you much help.例句7. Einstein had little concern for money, though he could have been an very rich man.4.省去条件从句或主句 表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。. 省去条件从句。例如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了 If you had wanted to (事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)。. 省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。例如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)。二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用1. 虚拟语气用在表示命令，要求和建议的名词性从句中，从句谓语动词用should/do的形式。.用在动词insist, suggest, propose, demand, recommend和require 等后面的宾语从句中。例如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately.（我要求他立刻答复我。）.用在名词insistence, suggestion, order, proposal和demand等后面的表语从句和同位语从句中。例如: The order he gave was that everyone should stay at home. （他当时发布的命令是每个人都应该呆在家里。）例如: The suggestion that we should save water every day has been adopted. （我们应该每天节约用水的建议已经被采纳了。）. 用在由It+ be+ natural, necessary, strange, important, insisted, suggested和ordered+ that引导的主语从句中。例如. It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. (重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。)2.用在 wish +（that）引导的宾语从句中。. 表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。例如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案(可惜不知道)。. 表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用had+过去分词。例如: I wish (wished) I hadnt spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱(实际上已经花掉)。. 表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为would+动词原形。例如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。4. 用在if only引导的宾语从句中例句1. If only he knew how we miss him!例句2. If only she had not left.例句3. If only he would succeed.5. 用在would rather, would prefer, would as soon, would sooner之后的宾语从句：主语过去式表示与现在和将来的事实相反；主语had+动词过去分词表示与过去事实相反。例句1. Id rather he didnt go now.例句2. Id just as soon you had been here yesterday.三、虚拟语气在状语从句中的使用1. 用在in case, lest, for fear that(以防)引导的状语从句中。例句1. He put his coat over the child for fear that he should catch cold.例句2. Heres some money in case you should need it.2. 用在as if, as though引导的方式状语从句中。从句动作与主句动作同时发生，从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)，例如He treated me as if I were a stranger. （他那样对待我，好像我是陌。）从句动作在主句动作之前发生，从句谓语形式为had+过去分词，例如: She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。主句动作发生时，从句动作正在进行，从句谓语形式为were+现在分词，例如: He feels as if he were wearing a beautiful dress. (他感觉自己好像穿了一件漂亮的衣服。)从句动作在主句动作之后发生，从句谓语形式为would+ 动词原形，例如: He talks as if he would be a billionaire soon. (他说话的样子就好像他很快就要成为亿万富翁了。)注意: 如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。例如: It looks as if it is going to rain. (看起来田块下雨了。)3. 用在even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，