解剖学双语

Myology 肌学,山东大学医学院 解剖教研室 李振华,Myology 肌学,Morphology of skeletal muscleMuscle belly 肌腹Tendon 肌腱 aponeurosis 腱膜ClassificationLong muscle 长肌Short muscle 短肌Broad muscle 阔肌Orbicular muscle 轮匝肌,Myology 肌学,Origin 起点the fixed attachment Insertion 止点 the movable attachment Action 作用Agonist 原动肌Antagonist 拮抗肌Synergist 协同肌Fixators 固定肌Nomenclature of mucles 肌的命名:shapesize Locationtheir points of attachment,Myology 肌学,Accessory structuresFascia 筋膜Superficial fasciaDeep fascia Synovial bursa 滑膜囊,Myology 肌学,Tendinous sheath 腱鞘 Fibrous layer Synovial layer: Mesotendon 腱系膜vincula tendinum 腱纽,Synovial cyst of wrist 腕部腱鞘囊肿,Muscles of head 头肌,Facial muscles 面肌,Epicranius 颅顶肌 Frontal belly 额腹Occipital belly 枕腹Galea aponeurotica 帽状腱膜Orbicularis oculi 眼轮匝肌Buccinator 颊肌Orbicularis oris 口轮匝肌Nasalis 鼻肌,Facial muscles 面肌,Masticatory muscles 咀嚼肌,Temporalis 颞肌Masseter 咬肌lateral pterygoid 翼外肌Medial pterygoid 翼内肌, Masticatory muscles 咀嚼肌,Temporalis 颞肌Origintemporal fossaInsertioncoronoid process of mandibleActionelevates and retracts mandibleMasseter 咬肌Origininferior border and medial surface of zygomatic archInsertionlateral surface of ramus of mandible and angle of mandibleActionelevates mandible, Masticatory muscles 咀嚼肌,Lateral pterygoid 翼外肌Medial pterygoid 翼内肌,Muscles of the neck 颈肌,Muscles of the neck,Superficial groupPlatysma 颈阔肌Sternocleidomastoid 胸锁乳突肌,Muscles of the neck,Suprahyoid muscles Digastric 二腹肌Mylohyoid 下颌舌骨肌Stylohyoid 茎突舌骨肌Geniohyoid 颏舌骨肌 Elevate (raise) hyoid bone and depress mandible.,Muscles of the neck,Infrahyoid muscleSternohyoid 胸骨舌骨肌Sternothyroid 胸骨甲状肌Thyrohyoid 甲状舌骨肌Omohyoid 肩胛舌骨肌Depress hyoid or larynx after elevation,Muscles of the neck,Deep groupLateralScalenus anterior 前斜角肌Scalenus medius 中斜角肌Scalenus posterior 后斜角肌Medial longus capitis 头长肌 longus colli 颈长肌Flex the head, bends the neck forward,Major muscles of the neck, Sternocleidomastoid 胸锁乳突肌Origin: manubrium and sternal end of clavicleInsertion: mastoid process of temporal boneAction: contraction of one muscle draws head toward the same side, and turn face to opposite side; both muscles act together to draw head backward,Major muscles of the neck,Scalenus anterior 前斜角肌Origin: transverse processes of C3-C6.Insertion: tubercle for scalenus anteriorAction: unilateral, bends neck laterally; bilateral, elevate first rib, an accessory muscle of inspiration; if rib is fixed, flex neck anteriorly,Major muscles of the neck, Scalene fissure 斜角肌间隙 Above the first rib, there is a triangular space between scalenus anterior and medius.The brachial plexus and the subclavine a. emerge from this space.,Muscles of trunk 躯干肌,The Muscles of Back,Superficial groupTrapezius 斜方肌Levator scapulae 肩胛提肌Rhomboideus 菱形肌 Latissimus dorsi 背阔肌Thoracolumbar fascia 胸腰筋膜,The Muscles of Back,Deep group Splenius 夹肌Erector spinae 竖脊肌,Major Muscles of Back,Trapezius 斜方肌 Origin: superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebraeInsertion: lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapularActon: upper fibers elevate scapula, lower fibers depress scapula; if scapula is fixed, one side acting along, draws head toward the same side, and turn face to opposite side; both sides together, draw head directly backwardNerve supply: accessory nerve ( cranial nerve),Major Muscles of Back,Latissimus dorsi 背阔肌Origin: Spinous processes of lower six thoracic and all lumbar vertebraeMedian sacral crestPosterior part of iliac crestInsertion: floor of intertubercular groove of humerus.Action: trunk fixed, extends, adducts and medially rotates arm ; arm fixed, elevates trunk.Nerve supply: thoracodorsal nerve,Thoracolumbar Fascia 胸腰筋膜,Posterior layer,Middle layer,Anterior layer,Trapezius,Deltoid,Ausculatory triangle,Latissimus dorsi,Thoracolumbar fascia,Levator scapular,Rhomboideus,Inferior lumbar triangle,Muscles of thorax,Muscles connecting the upper limb to the thoracic wallPectoralis major 胸大肌 Pectoralis minor 胸小肌 Serratus anterior 前锯肌,Muscles of thorax,Intrinsic musclesIntercostales externi 肋间外肌Intercostales interni 肋间内肌Intercostales intimi 肋间最内肌Transverses thoracis 胸横肌,Major muscles of thorax,Pectoralis Major Origin: medial half of clavicle, sternum, upper six costal cartilages.Insertion: lateral lip of the bicipital groove of humerusAction: adducts the arm and rotates it medially; the clavicular fibers also flex the arm; with the arm above the head, raise the body as in climbing Nerve supply: lateral pectoral n.,Major muscles of thorax,Intercostales externi 肋间外肌Origin: inferior border of rib aboveInsertion: superior border of rib belowReplaced anteriorly by external intercostals membrane Action: raise ribs adding in forced inspiration,Major muscles of thorax,Intercostales interni 肋间内肌Origin: superior border of rib belowInsertion: inferior border of rib above Replaced posteriorly by internal intercostals membrane.Action: depress ribs for forced expiration,Diaphragm 膈,Shape and position: dome-shaped between thorax and abdomen, consists of a peripheral muscular part and a central tendonOriginSternal part: arising from xiphoid processCostal part: arising from lower six and costal cartilagesLumbar part: arising by two crura from upper 2-3 lumbar vertebraeInsertion: central tendonWeak areas: Lumbocostal triangle Sternocostal triangle,T12,Diaphragm 膈,Openings in the diaphragmAortic hiatus 主动脉裂孔 lies anterior to the body of the 12th thoracic vertebra between the crura and transmits the aorta, thoracic ductEsophageal hiatus 食管裂孔 lies at level of T10. It transmits esophagus and vagus nerves Vena cava foramen 腔静脉孔 lies at T8 level in the central tendon. It transmits the inferior vena cava.,T8,T10,Diaphragm 膈,Action:Contraction: the dome moving downward, increases the volume of thoracic cavity which results in inspiration, at the same time the intra-abdominal pressure is increased assists in defecation, vomiting or child birth.Relaxation: the dome returns to the former position, reduces the volume to the thoracic cavity, resulting in expiration.,Muscles of abdomen,Anterolateral groupObliquus externus abdominis 腹外斜肌Obliquus internus abdominis 腹内斜肌Transversus abdominis 腹横肌Rectus abdominis 腹直肌,Obliquus externus absominis 腹外斜肌,General direction of fibers: downward, forward and medially (run down and inward),Obliquus externus absominis 腹外斜肌,StructuresInguinal ligament 腹股沟韧带Lacunar ligament 腔隙韧带Superficial inguinal ring 腹股沟管浅环 triangular-shaped defect in aponeurosis of obliquus externus abdominis above pubic tubercle,Superficial inguinal ring,Obliquus internus abdominis 腹内斜肌,Deep to obliquus externus abdominisGeneral direction of fibres: upwards, forwards and medially,Transversus abdominis 腹横肌,Deep to obliquus internusGeneral direction of fibers: run horizontally forward.,Transversus abdominis 腹横肌,Inguinal falx 腹股沟镰 Obliquus internus abdominis has a lower, free border that arches over spermatic cordInserted with transversus abdominis fiber into medial part of pecten of pubis Cremaster 提睾肌 Dirived from the lower fibers of the obliquus internus abdominis and transversus abdominisAround the spermatic cord and testis,Rectus abdominis 腹直肌,Position: lie on to either of midlineOrigin: pubic crest and symphysisInsertion: xiphoid and 5th-7th costal cartilagesTendinous intersections 腱划 3-4 linea semiluaris 半月线,Similar functions for above four pairs of muscles,Support and compress the abdominal visceraIncrease intra-abdominal pressure, aid in expulsive efforts-vomiting, coughing, sneezing, defecation, urination and childbirth.Depress ribs, assist in (the act of force(4)expiration.Flex, lateral flex, and rotate vertebral column,Sheath of rectus abdominis 腹直肌鞘,Anterior layerFormed by fusion of aponeurosis of obliquus externus abdominis and anterior leaf of aponeurosis of obliquus internus abdominis,Sheath of rectus abdominis 腹直肌鞘,Posterior layer Formed by fusion of posterion leaf of aponeurosis of obliquus internus abdominis and aponeurosis of transversus abdominisAbsent in about 4-5cm below the umbilicus, where aponeuroses of all three muscles form anterior layer the lower free border named arcuate line 弓状线Below this line rectus abdominis in contact with transverse fascia,Muscles of abdomen,Linea alba 白线 tendinous raphe between right and left recti from xiphoid to pubic symphysis,Landmarks and surface anatomy,Linea alba Rectus abdominisTendinous intersectionsLinea semilunarisUmbilicus: at the level of L3 L4Inguinal ligament,Muscles of abdomen,Posterior group Quadratus lumborum 腰方肌Psoas major 腰大肌,Muscles of upper limb 上肢肌,Muscles of shoulder,Deltoid 三角肌Supraspinatus 冈上肌Infraspinatus 冈下肌Teres minor 小圆肌Teres major 大圆肌Subscapularis 肩胛下肌,Muscles of arm,Antererior groupBiceps brachii 肱二头肌Coracobrachialis 喙肱肌Brachialis 肱肌Posterior group Triceps brachii 肱三头肌,Muscles of forearm,Antererior group (9)Superficial layer (5)Brachioradialis 肱桡肌Pronator teres 旋前圆肌Flexor carpi radialis 桡侧腕屈肌Palmaris longus 掌长肌Flexor carpi ulnaris 尺侧腕屈肌,Muscles of forearm,Antererior group (9)Second layer (1) Flexor digitorum superficialis 指浅屈肌Third layer (2)Flexor digitorum profundus 指深屈肌Flexor pollicis longus 拇长屈肌Fourth layer (1)Pronator quadratus 旋前方肌Action: flex radiocarpal joint and fingers, pronate forearm,Muscles of forearm,Posterior group (10)Superficial layer (5)Extensor carpi radialis longus 桡侧腕长伸肌Extensor carpi radialis brevis 桡侧腕短伸肌Extensor digitorum 指伸肌Extensor digiti minimi 小指伸肌Extensor carpi ulnaris 尺侧腕伸肌,Muscles of forearm,Posterior group (10)Deep layer (5)Supinator 旋后肌Abductor pollicis longus 拇长展肌Extensor pollicis brevis 拇短伸肌Extensor pollicis longus 拇长伸肌Extensor indicis 示指伸肌Action: extend radiocapral joint and fingers, and supinate forearm,Muscles of hand,Lateral groupthenar 鱼际 (4)Abductor pollicis brevis 拇短展肌Flexor pollicis brevis 拇短屈肌Opponens pollicis 拇对掌肌Adductor pollicis 拇收肌Action: flex, abduct, adduct and oppose thumbMedial grouphypothenar 小鱼际（3）Abductor digiti minimi 小指展肌Flexor digiti minimi brevis 小指短屈肌Opponens digiti minimi 小指对掌肌Action: flex, abduct , and oppose little finger,Muscles of hand,Intermedial groupLumbricales (4) 蚓状肌 flex fingers at MP joints; extend fingers at IP jointsPalmar interossei (3) 骨间掌侧肌 adduct fingers towards middle finger at MP jointsDorsal interossei (4) 骨间背侧肌 abduct fingers away from middle finger at MP joints,Major muscles of upper limb,Deltoid 三角肌Origin: lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapulaInsertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus Action: abducts the arm，anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm; posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate arm,Major muscles of upper limb,Teres major 大圆肌Origin: dorsal surface of inferior angle of scapulaInsertion: crest of lesser tubercle of humerusAction: medially rotates and adducts arm,Major muscles of upper limb,Trilateral and quadrilateral foramina 三边孔和四边孔Between the subscapularis and teres major, there is a long triangular space whose lateral side is surgical neck of humerus. The long head of triceps brachii subdivides this space into a medial trilateral foramen and a lateral quadrilateral foramen.,Major muscles of upper limb,Biceps brachii 肱二头肌Origin: long head, supraglenoid tubercle; short head, coracoid processInsertion: radical tuberosityAction: supinator of forearm, flexor of elbow joint, weak flexor of should jointNerve supply: Musculocutaneous n.,Major muscles of upper limb,Triceps brachii 肱三头肌Origin: long head, infraglenoid tubercle; lateral head, above groove for radical n., medical head, below groove for radical n.Insertion: olecranon of ulnaAction: extends elbow joint, long head can extend and adduct shoulder joint,Major muscles of upper limb,Pronator teres 旋前圆肌Origin: medical epicondyle of humerus and deep fascia of forearmInsertion: middle of lateral surface of radiusAction: pronation of forearm and flexion of elbowNerve supply: median n.,Major muscles of upper limb,Supinator 旋后肌Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus and upper part of lateral border of ulnaInsertion: upper third of anterior surface of radiusAction: supination of forearm,Muscles of lower limb 下肢肌,Muscles of lower limb,The muscles of lower limb are divided into: Muscles of hipMuscles of thighMuscles of leg Muscles of foot,Muscles of hip,Anterior groupIliopsoas 髂腰肌Iliacus 髂肌Psoas major 腰大肌Psoas minor 腰小肌Tensor fasciae latae 阔筋膜张肌,Muscles of hip,Posterior groupGluteus maximus 臀大肌Gluteus medius 臀中肌Gluteus minimus 臀小肌Piriformis 梨状肌Obturator internus 闭孔内肌Obturator externus 闭孔外肌Quadratus femoris 股方肌,Muscles of thigh,Anterior groupSartorius 缝匠肌Quadricep 股四头肌Rectus femoris 股直肌Vastus lateralis 股外侧肌Vastus intermedius 股中间肌Vastus medialis 股内侧肌Blood supply: femoral arteryNerve supply: femoral nerve,Muscles of thigh,Medial groupPectineus 耻骨肌Adductor longus 长收肌Adductor brevis 短收肌Adductor magnus 大收肌Gracilis 股薄肌Action: adduct thigh at hip jointBlood supply: Deep femoral a. Obturator a. Nerves supply: obturator n.,Muscles of thigh,Posterior groupBiceps femoris 股二头肌Semitendinosus 半腱肌 Semimembranosus 半膜肌 ActionFlex the leg at knee joint Extend the thigh at hip joint,Muscles of leg,Anterior groupTibialis anterior 胫骨前肌Extensor hallucis longus 拇长伸肌Extensor digitorum longus 趾长伸肌Peroneus tertius 第三腓骨肌Blood supply: Anterior tibial a.Nerve supply: Deep peroneal n.,Muscles of leg,Lateral groupPeroneus longus 腓骨长肌 Peroneus brevis 腓骨短肌 Action: plantar flex and evert the footBlood supply: branches from the peroneal arteyNerve supply: superficial peroneal n.,Muscles of leg,Posterior group Superficial lagertriceps surae 小腿三头肌 Gastrocnemius 腓肠肌Soleus 比目鱼肌,Muscles of leg,Posterior group Deep layer Popliteus 腘肌Flexor digitorum longus 趾长屈肌Tibialis posterior 胫骨后肌Flexor hallucis longus 拇长屈肌Nerve supply: tibial n.,Muscles of foot,Muscles on dorsum: extensor digitorum brevisMuscles in sole: medial, lateral and intermediate groups,Muscles of hip,Iliopsoas 髂腰肌Origin: Psoas major: transverse processes and lateral surface of bodies of lumbar vertebraeIliacus: iliac fossaInsertion: lesser trochanter of femurAction: flexes thigh on trunkNerve supply: lumbar plexus,Muscles of hip,Gluteus maximus