Schools Wise up to Ways of High中英翻译.doc

Unit 6 Text1 Schools Wise up to Ways of High-tech Cheats George Mason University instructor Anne Marchant calls them “patchwork plagiarists”the students who copy and paste together passages from articles theyve found on the Internet, then turn in the work as their own. She catches at least one such student every semester in their computer-science class, she said. She even discovered such plagiarism in her computer ethics course. “Certainly, cheating is persavise,” Marchant said. “Its usually deadly obvious. The introduction will be written in broken English; then it will have this flawlessly written, almost doctoral-quality body, then a conclusion that goes back to broken English.”乔治梅森大学讲师安妮马钱特所谓的“拼凑剽窃者”-是指学生从因特网上找到文章，经过复制、粘贴，然后把它当作自己的作业上交，她每个学期在她的计算机课上至少抓住一名这样的学生，她说，甚至在计算机道德教育课上也发现这样的“剽窃者”。“当然，作弊是太多太滥了”马钱特说：“非常明显，作业开头介绍写得非常蹩角，它的主体写得没有任何错误，几乎是博士水平的，结论又回到它的蹩角英语。” Teachers and administrators at several Washington-area colleges agree that cheating is on the risebecause the computer has made cheating so easy. High-tech offenses include using information from the Internet without proper attribution, buying term papers from online paper mills, and sharing answers and course work via e-mail or diskette. Dozens of Websites are dedicated to helping students cheat more easily and successfully.华盛顿地区的几所大学中的教师们和管理者都认为，作弊行为在上升-因为计算机使作弊变得容易，高科技犯罪包括使用因特网上的信息而没有注明出处，在线购买学期论文，通过伊妹儿或光盘共享答案或课文。不少站点致力于帮助学生作弊，使之变得容易和成功。 Professors are using the computer to fight back -launching Internet searches to find the source of purloined materials and installing software that detects similarities in students papers.教授们使用计算机进行反击-利用因特网搜寻去查找材料来源，并且安装软件探测学生们相似的论文。 The computer has made cheats out of students who otherwise would never have considered such trickery, some educator say. At Virginia Tech, the number of cheating complaints made to the schools Honor Court rose from 136 during the 19961997 school year to 280 last year. Most of the cases involved computer-aided cheating, said Leon Geyer, a Virginia Tech professor and an adviser to the schools student-run undergraduate honor system.要不是学生作弊的话，计算机就不会把它算作是诡计花招。许多教育者说，在弗吉尼亚工学院，提供给由学生组成的道德法庭的作弊申诉，从19961997学年的136起，到去年已是280起，大多数的申诉事件与利用计算机作弊有关，里昂盖耶说，他是弗吉尼亚工学院教授和由学校未毕业的学生运作的荣誉法庭顾问。 Last spring, for example, dozens of students in different sections of one computer-science course were caught electronically sharing work on an end-of-year assignment, In another case, four students in one science class turned in the same paper. The students hadnt copied off each other or shared their workthey had all surfed the Web looking for a research paper to steal and, coincidentally, had chosen the same one.例如，去年春天，一些学生在学习计算机课不同的音节时被抓住了，他们通过电子共享做年终作业。在另一个事例中，科学课上4个学生上交了同样的论文，他们并没有互相抄袭或共享-他们都到网上冲浪寻找论文，碰巧得很，他们选择的竞是同一篇论文。 Penalties for offenses such as plagiarism and sharing answers tend to be harsh. And they should be, said Virginia Techs Geyer. “It matters whether the guy who built the bridge cheated his way through engineering school,” he said. “Id worry about that.” But Geyer said he does believe in giving cheats a second chance. At Virginia Tech, the typical punishment for a first-time offender is a double-weighted zerowhich often results in a failing grade for the courseenrolment in an ethics class and 50 hours of on-campus community service., A student who completes his punishment can have the offense removed from his record.对违反者如剽窃或共享答案等的处罚相当严厉，这是应该的。弗吉尼亚工学院的盖耶说，“重要的是这些小伙子们建立起了作弊的桥梁，遍及整个工程学院”他说，“我对些非常担心”。但盖耶也说应该给作弊者第二次机会，在弗吉尼亚工学院，典型的初犯惩罚是双零分-那样常常导致这门课程的降级-并在道德教育课上登记注册，和50个小时的校园社区服务。一个学生只有完成了这些惩罚，才能取消记录。 Sam Miller, an assistant to the vice president for student affairs at the University of Virginia, where the mandatory penalty for cheating is expulsion, acknowledges that school officials might be getting relatively few cheating complaints from teachers because they are reluctant to subject students to such strong punishment. Miller serves on an Internet abuse response team that looks into computer-related misbehavior at the university. The team handles about three cases a day, compared with about five cases a month three years ago, he said, But most of them involve floods of junk e-mail harassment, rather than students copying from the Internet or from each other.萨姆米勒，是弗吉尼亚大学学生事务部事副部长助理，这个大学的强制惩罚是开除，他承认，学校行政人员很少从老师那里得到有关的作弊抱怨，是因为老师们不愿意看到学生遭受如此严厉的惩罚，米勒供职于因特网滥用反应调查队伍，主要是调查大学内与计算机有关的不规行为，这个队伍每天处理3起事件，相对于3年前每月处理5起，他说，大多数是与垃圾邮件骚扰泛滥有关，而不是学生从网上或相互间复制文件。 The Internet offers a wealth of resources for prospective cheats. In addition to the Websites that offer thousands of research papers and book reports, there are sites where students can submit math homework problems to a resident math whiz and online message boards where students with very specific needs can help each other.因特网为潜在的作弊提供了丰富的资源，另外还有很多站点提供数千种研究论文和读书报告，有许多站点，学生可以把自己的数学家庭作业提交给驻留网上的数学天才或在线电子公告板，那儿有特别需要的学生可以互相帮助。 Among the recent messages posted at one such site was a students plea for a three-paragraph description of a favorite animal“using lots of adjectives, please.” Another student asked for help in interpreting “The Second Coming,” by Yeats, which brought this reply:” I just completed an essay for English 102 on it. Nailed the meaning quite well. If interested, I can email you the whole thing.”最近，出现在一个站点上的是学生的恳求，需要一个3张纸的最喜爱动物的描写-“要多用形容词”。另一个学生寻找解释“The second coming by yeats”是什么？下面也有回复，“我刚刚完成了英语102页上小短文，解释得相当好，如果你感兴趣，我可以用伊妹儿把整个事情发给你。” Ironically , the same technology that is making it easier for students to cheat is making it easier for professors to catch them.具有讽刺意味的是，使学生作弊变得很容易的技术，同样，也使教授们逮住他们变得很容易。P85 英译汉 Although ethics has always been viewed as a branch of philosophy, its all-embracing practical nature pinks it with manly other areas of study, including anthropology, biology, economics, history, politics, sociology, and theology. Yet, ethics remains distinct from such disciplines because it is not a matter of factual knowledge in the way that the sciences and other branches of inquiry are. Rather, it has to do with determining the nature of normative theories and applying these sets of principles to practical moral problems.虽然人们总把伦理学看作是哲学的一个分支，但伦理学包罗万象的实践的本质使它与其他许多学科领域联系起来，这些学科包括人类学、生物学、经济学、历史学、政治学、社会学和神学。然而，伦理学又与这些学科不同，因为它不像科学和其他学问那样涉及实在的知识，而是涉及确定规范理论的本质以及将这些原则应用于实际的道德问题。P86汉译英 It is important for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy- a capacity to understand the minds and feelings of other people. Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant-not of what is wrong, but of the immaturity of his students. It is essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest. It means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths and limitations, and will have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided.重要的是教师要有真正的同情心，能对他人表示理解。同时教师还要宽容，不是宽容学生的错误，而是宽容他们的不成熟。教师必须在知识上和道德上诚实，这是至关重要的。教师要明白自己智力上的优势和局限，要认真考虑并待定指导自己一生的道德准则。Text 2 Plagiarism What is plagiarism? In minor cases, it can be the quotation of a sentence or two, without quotation marks and without a citation to the true author. In the most serious cases, a significant fraction of the entire work was written by someone else: the plagiarist removed the true author name. And fractioned the plagiarists name. Perhaps did some re-formatting of the text, then submitted the work for credit in a class or as part of the requirements for a degree.什么是剽窃者？往小处说，它可能是一两个句子的引用，但没有引号，也没有对原创作者的引用。说得严重点，那就是整个作品的重要片断都是别人写的，剽窃者把真实作者的名字去掉，写上剽窃者自己的名字，或许对原文作一些调整。然后就当作作业提交，为了挣得学分，或作为取得学位的一个必备部分。 When using another persons words, to avoid plagiarism one must always do both of the following (1)provide a citation, either in the text or in a footnote, and (2)either enclose their words inside quotation marks or put their words in a block of indented, single-spaced text. I define these two things as indicia of a quotation . Plagiarism is the act of quoting material without including the indicia of a quotation. Note that the intent of a plagiarist is irrelevant. The act of quotation material without including the indicia of a quotation is sufficient to convict someone of plagiarism. It is no defense for the plagiarist to say “I forgot” or “ It is only a rough draft” or “I did not know it was plagiarism.”当用另一个人的话时，要避免剽窃，一个人必须做到以下两点：（1）提供一个引用，或在正文或在页脚。（2）既可把他们的话放在引号内，也可把他们的话首行缩进，成为单独的文本。我认为这两种情况都可作为引用的标记。剽窃者是这样一种行为-引用材料但没有引用标记。做不做首行缩进对剽窃者来说是无关紧要的，引用别人的材料没有添加引用标记，这一点行为就足以证明某人是剽窃者，剽窃者往往找借口还击，“我忘了，”“它是个草稿”“我真不知道这就是剽窃”。 Some colleges have expanded the definition of plagiarism to include copying ideas without providing a citation to the original source. I argue that such deliberate copying is misconduct that should be treated separately from plagiarism. Perhaps the authorities that include ideas in their definition of plagiarism really intended to say that a close paraphrase of another authors work is plagiarism. Paraphrasing without a citation is plagiarism. Suppose one reads a book by Smith and encounters the short sentence: If the solution turns pink, it is worthless, and should be discarded. When the liquid becomes light red, it is spoiled, and should be poured down the sink. 许多大学把剽窃者的定义延伸为：包括复制原意而没有提供对来源的引用。我极力认为像这样的故意的复制行为是一种不同于剽窃者的不规范行为。也许是管理当局把包括原意定义为剽窃者的真正意图就是说，对原作者相似的解释就是剽窃。意译而没有引用也是剽窃。假如一个读史密斯的书碰到这样的短句：“如果溶液变成粉红，就没有了，应丢弃。”我认为对这个句子这样的意译就是剽窃者。“当溶液变得微微发红，它补破坏了，应该倒掉”。 Note that most of the words have been changed, yet the sentencein a very real wayhas been copied, As will be noted later in this essay, copying, even with “original” alterations, can be copyright infringement. That is why I believe that such copying is also plagiarism. However, to prove this kind of plagiarism, one needs to prove that the alleged plagiarist had the work in mindif not actually next to the computer or typewriter keyboardwhen he/she paraphrased it.虽然大多数的词语已经变了，但这个句子真正的原意还是复制的，以后写这样的短文，复制甚至是“原创”改变，都可能遇到侵犯版权的麻烦。这也正说明了为什么我把上述复制认定为剽窃者，然而，要证实这类剽窃，就需要证实他/她在解释文章时只要有这个意思即算作是剽窃（而不是等用计算机或打字机打在键盘上才去证实。） The proper way to avoid such plagiarism is to cite the source in the text, or in a footnote, as in: Smith citation/footnote numberhas reported that when the liquid becomes light red, it is spoiled, and should be poured down the sink. No quotation marks are needed ,because these are not Smiths exact words, but only a paraphrase. But a citation to Smith is still required. Note that the short sentence y Smith is just a terse, contrived example for this essay, not an actual instance from plagiarized text. In most cases of this type of plagiarism, many sentencesprobably whole paragraphswill have been paraphrased.要避免这种剽窃的正确方法是在文章中或脚注中作引用，比如：史密斯【3】报告，当液体微微发红，它被破坏了，应该倒掉。不加引号也可，因为这不是史密斯的原话。虽然是意译，但对史密斯的引用仍然是必须的。写下史密斯的这几个短句子仅仅是为这篇文章设计筹划的简短例子，并不是真实剽窃者的文章，在大多数剽窃案例中，很多句子（可能是一整段）都是经过意译的。 One might wish to concisely summarize a long passage-a direct quotation would be too long. Hence, one paraphrases the original author. One can properly write one paragraph that summarizes a book, published paper, opinion of a court, etc. using a paraphrase of the publication, with just one citation to that source at either the beginning or end of ones paragraph. The context makes it clear to the reader that one is describing someone elses publication. One should be careful not to include ones original thoughts in a paragraph that is summarizing another persons thoughts, as such mixing could mislead the reader about the scope of ones work.有人希望简明扼要总结一篇长文章-直接引用太长，那么他就可以对原作者的意译，正确地总结写一段（即一本书，已发表论文，法院鉴定书等）的总结.使用这些作品的意译需要一个引用，或放在该段开头，或放在末尾。这些内容让读者很明白，那就是某人某作品的描述。一个人应该注意的是，在一段文章内不能把自己的原创思想和对别人思想的总结混合在一起，因为这种混合对读者弄清该作品的范围是一种误导。 Note that the amount of citations is a matter of style. Some scholarly journals, particularly law reviews, sometimes have a footnote for each consecutive sentence, maybe even two footnotes attached at different places in one sentence. In such writing, a printed page can easily contain more space devoted to fine-print footnotes than to text. If most of these footnotes are Id. The footnotes seem excessive to me. If these copious footnotes are to different sources, the page can be difficult to read, as full understanding may require the reader to consider all of the citations. Such copious footnotes are sometimes seen as scholarship run amok. I emphasize that the appropriate style varies among different intellectual disciplines professors of law tend to use more footnotes than either physicists or electrical engineers.写下大量的引用是件麻烦事。一些学术性杂志，尤其是法律评论，每一个连续句子就有一个脚注，甚至有两个脚注附在一个句子不同的地方。都这样写的话，打印纸用于写脚注的地方要比正文多。如果每一个脚注都有ID号，那么脚注也太过分了。如果不同的材料含有大量的脚注，那么这些文章就太难读了。要想全部了解的话，就要考虑所有引用，如此多的大量脚注有时被看作是“学术引用狂”。我强调的是，不同的学科要有正确的引用方式，法学教授使用脚注要比物理学家、电子机械师多。 In my view, a proper paraphrase can even use a few isolated words from the original source without including quotation marks. When concisely summarizing a long passage, one also wants to summarize accurately, so using the identical-but isolated-words ma