研究生综合英语翻译答案.doc

Unit 11. Through language we can share experiences, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture.1. 通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识和传承文化。2. Metaphor is an implicit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common.2. 暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些共同之处的事物联系在一起。3. In fact, the skillful use of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one.3. 实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。4. To be more effective, though, the examples you cite for your speech should be vivid and richly textured.4. 为了使表达更加富有效果，你演说中的举例应该生动活泼，丰富多彩。5. Extended examples often called illustrations, narratives, or anecdotes are longer and more detailed.5. 扩展性的例子描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事通常长一些，但更具体。6. Hypothetical examples describe imaginary situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience.6. 虚拟性的例子描述想像中的情形，能够十分有效地将演说者的思想传达给听众。7. Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message, as long as you use them sparingly and explain them so they are meaningful to your audience.7. 只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释，这些数据将有助于有效地传达信息，听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。8. Citing the views of people who are experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible.8. 引用那些权威的观点对于增加演说者观点的可信度来说是一种好方法。9. Words are the tools of a speakers craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession.9. 语言是演说者展示才能的工具。对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样，语言也有特殊的功用。10. There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking with PowerPoint, and speaking extemporaneously or impromptu.10. 演说的表达方式基本上有四种：通读手稿中的段落，复述背诵过的一段文章，幻灯片辅助的演说，即兴发挥的演说。Unit 21. The costs of energy including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts detract from human well-being.1. 人类为利用能源所付出的代价却削弱了能源为其带来的利益，这种代价不但包括为获取和利用能源所投入的资金和其他资源，而且包含了能源开发和利用所产生的环境影响和社会政治影响。2. Inadequacy of energy resources or (more often) of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth.2. 能源资源不足或者（更经常）开采、加工和分配这些资源所需技术与机构不足，会影响能源给人类带来利益，并意味着能源生产增长遭到干扰、损害或限制。3. One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of unprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth in per capita demand of industrial energy forms.3. 回答这个问题的一个关键因素是过去100年以来前所未有的人口增长所带来的对能源需求的激增以及相同规模的人均工业能源需求的增长。4. But they all require elaborate and expensive transformation into electricity or liquid fuels in order to meet societys needs.4. 但这些资源转化成电力或液体燃料，以满足社会需求，均需经过技术复杂、成本昂贵的转化过程。5. In the case of air pollution from fossil fuels, in which the dominant threat to public health is thought to be particulates formed from sulfur dioxide emissions, a consensus on the number of deaths caused by exposure has proved impossible.5. 以矿物燃料造成的空气污染为例，一般认为其对大众健康的主要危害是由排放的二氧化硫形成的微粒，但接触这种污染空气究竟会导致多少人死亡，却无法取得一致意见。6. For both resources, the very size of the uncertainty is itself a significant liability.6. 无论是核电还是火电，其对人类的危害都无法确定，这本身就是一大憾事。7. Nevertheless, enough is known to suggest they portend even larger damage to human well-being.7. 然而，根据已有认识足以判断这种威胁对人类利益造成的损失将会更大。8. Energy supply, both industrial and traditional, is responsible for a striking share of the environmental impacts of human activity.8. 无论是工业形式还是传统家庭的能源利用，在人类活动破坏环境的过程中均占有很大比重。9. Of all environmental problems, the most threatening, and in many respects the most intractable, is global climate change.9. 在诸多环境问题中，对人类威胁最大、在许多情况下却又最让人类无计可施的是全球气候变化。10. The only other external cost that might match the devastating impact of global climate change is the risk of causing or aggravating large-scale military conflict.10. 其他唯一能够同全球气候变化所造成的灾难性影响相提并论的外化成本是日益恶化的大规模军事冲突。Unit 31. Hes the last guy you want to see in your rear-view mirror when youre speeding down the highway.1. 他是你在高速公路上疾驰时最不愿意在后视镜里看见的人。2. The bottom line, according to the research published in the June 28 issue of The Lancet, is that traffic tickets save lives.2. 根据6月28日发表在柳叶刀上的研究，最根本的一点就是交通罚单能救命。3. Their 1998 study caused a stir when they linked cell phone usage to traffic accidents.3. 他们俩1998年的研究引起了轰动，当时他们认为打手机与交通事故有关联。4. The full driving record of every licensed driver there was made available to them, warts and all, giving the researchers a huge database of more than 10 million licensed drivers.4. 他们在那儿能看到每个有驾照的人的全部记录，这样他们就有了一个良莠具存的超过一千万个持照司机的巨大数据库。5. What we found was that there were fewer tickets in the month before a fatal accident than there were a year before, and that suggests theres a protective effect of having a ticket.5. “我们发现出严重事故前一个月的罚单要比前一年同一个月的罚单少，这说明罚单有保护作用。”6. They also found that the relative risk reduction associated with traffic convictions was remarkably consistent among subgroups of licensed drivers, .6. 他们还发现“在有驾照的那组司机中拿到罚单后的事故减少率的持续性是显著的，”7. The researchers also addressed the commonly held belief that traffic citations cause more accidents than they prevent because so many people are killed during police chases.7. 研究者们还澄清了一种普遍的看法：交通罚单引起的交通事故比防止的多，因为很多人是在警察追他们时丧生的。8. The statistics do not include Ontario drivers who may have been involved in a fatal accident somewhere outside that province.8. 统计数字不包括有可能在省外某地出严重交通事故的安大略省司机。9. But the statistics suggest a correlation between the number of citations and the number of fatalities.9. 但是数据显示交通罚单的数量和死亡率之间呈相关性。10. Most crashes are unintended, unexpected, and could have been prevented by a small difference in driver behavior.10. 大多数事故是无意的，意料之外的，只要司机在驾驶上稍有不同就能避免。Unit 41. The labeling of womens language as powerless language reflects the view of womens behavior through the lens of mens.1. 视“女性的语言”为“低微无能者的语言”反映出男性看女性行为的角度。2. This ambiguity accounts for much misinterpretation by experts as well as nonexperts, by which womens ways of thinking, uttered in a spirit of rapport, are branded powerless.2. 这种歧义的存在解释了为什么专家和非专家常常把女性以友善语言表达出来的思维方式曲解为无能的表现。3. Nowhere is this inherent ambiguity clearer than in a brief comment in a newspaper article.3. 一篇报刊文章里的简评最能清楚地让我们看到这种固有歧义的存在。4. Whether women or men are direct or indirect differs; what remains constant is that the womens style is negatively valuated seen as lower in status than the mens.4. 关于男性或女性谁直接谁间接在不同地域有不同情况，不变的是女性风格总被人贬低，其地位被视为低于男性。5. The womans style is called covert, a term suggesting negative qualities like being sneaky and underhanded.5. 女性风格被称为“隐蔽的”，该词含有“鬼祟”和“秘密”等贬义。6. The explanation for a womans indirectness could just as well be her seeking connection.6. 女性偏好间接方式很可能是因为她们想寻找某种关系。7. Youre neither one-up nor one-down by being happily connected to others whose wants are the same as yours.7. 当你和与你需求相同的人交往时，你既不高人一等，也不低人一等。8. Calling an indirect communication covert reflects the view of someone for whom the direct style seems natural and logical a view more common among men.8. 称间接的沟通方式为隐蔽反映出那些视直接沟通方式为“自然的”和“合乎逻辑的”的人的观点，这种观点在男性中更普遍。9. The mutual indirectness in a Japanese lunch invitation may strike Americans as excessive.9. 日本人在午餐邀请时双方所做的间接交流在美国人看来是过分了。10. Only modern Western societies place a priority on direct communication, and even for Americans it is more a value than a practice.10. 唯有现代西方社会看重直接沟通方式，而且即使对美国人来讲，这种方式更是一种价值观，而不是实践。Unit 51. International financial agencies, notably the World Bank, have announced programs aimed at ensuring fair and open contracting for their projects and stopping misappropriation by government officials.1. 一些国际金融机构，尤其是世界银行，宣布了多个方案，旨在确保其项目承包的公正和公开性，杜绝政府官员侵吞私占。2. Underlying these changes in rules, rhetoric, and awareness is the growing recognition that bribery and extortion have demonstrably deleterious consequences.2. 之所以出现了这些新的规章、反腐誓言和觉悟的提高，其根本原因就在于人们越来越清晰地认识到收受贿赂和勒索钱财的行为带来了显而易见的恶果。3. Gone is the day when some pundits seriously argued that corruption was an efficient corrective for overregulated economies or that it should be tolerated as an inevitable byproduct of intractable forces.3. 曾几何时一些博学之士一本正经地说：腐败是对过度调控经济体制的一种有效的矫正行为，或者说，腐败作为不可驾驭的力量的一种副产品，它是不可避免的，我们应该包容它。如今这样说的日子一去不复返了。4. And the drumbeat of scandals continues, with events in China, Indonesia, Kenya, Russia, and the United States leading the news during the past year.4. 频频不断的丑闻此起彼伏，一直没有消停。过去一年，中国、印尼、肯尼亚、俄国和美国的爆料占据着新闻的榜首。5. Given vast, continuing problems, the anticorruption movement will maintain its credibility and momentum only if it can translate its rhetoric into action and prevent and punish misbehavior in a more focused and systematic manner.5. 考虑到这些问题范围之广且层出不穷，只有当我们以更加集中和系统的方式把反腐誓言付诸行动、预防和惩罚不端行为时，反腐运动才能保持其可信度和强劲势头。6. But their legal, political, and economic systems vary greatly they are failed or failing, fragile or rising and so anticorruption initiatives in the developing world will have to be a part of, and dependent on, each countrys broad, complex, and often lengthy state-building process.6. 但由于这些国家的法律、政治和经济体系差异很大它们要么不成功，要么眼看就要失败；要么不堪一击，要么正在兴起因此发展中国家的反腐运动将不得不是各国广泛、复杂且往往是历时长久的国家建设过程的一部分，而且取决于这个国家建设的过程。7. Tackling this multifaceted problem, and understanding how near-term priorities fit into long-term approaches, requires pursuing four types of measures.7. 要攻克这个牵涉到多层面的问题，并明确近期的工作重点如何与长期的应对方法相符，我们就该采取四种措施。8. Second is prevention: the enactment and implementation of legislation and administrative regulations that choke off corrupt practices (such measures should include ombudsman systems, whistleblower protection laws, transparent rules of procurement and accounting, freedom-of-information laws, auditing and internal-control requirements for public and private entities, and anti-money-laundering regimes).8. 第二是预防，即制定和实施遏制各种腐败行为的法规及行政体例（这些措施必须包含政府检察官巡视制度、举报人保护法、采购和财会透明规章制度、信息自由法、要求对公共和私营实体实施审计和内部监控以及反洗钱制度等）。9. To make financial discipline operational, international financial institutions must change the perspective of those staff members who, eager to push money out the door, oppose conditioning loans or grants on securing commitments from beneficiaries to fight corruption.9. 为了使金融纪律得到有效实施，国际金融机构必须改变那些业内人士的观念，这些人一心只想放贷出门，因而反对以承诺打击腐败为前提向贷款受益人提供贷款和补助。10. Finally, MNCs must overcome short-term economic pressures and old ways of doing business so as to create and sustain an anticorruption culture and effective corporate compliance procedures.10. 最后跨国公司必须克服短期经济压力，改变老一套经营方式，以便创建和保持一种反腐的理念以及一套有效步骤，使公司上下都自觉遵守这一理念。Unit 61. But before New Yorkers become too full of themselves, it might be worthwhile to glance at dilapidated Kaifeng in central China.1. 然而趁纽约人还没过度踌躇满志之前，不妨对华夏中原那座破落的开封城回眸一瞥。2. As expressed in this columns headline translated from Chinese, a language of the future that more Americans should start learning glory is as ephemeral as smoke and clouds.2. 以广大的美国人民都应学习的未来的语言表达出来，一如前面的中文标题说所示：“辉煌如过眼烟云。”3. But if you look back at the sweep of history, its striking how fleeting supremacy is, particularly for individual cities.3. 然而当我们对历史的洪流稍作回顾，便会惊觉世界的霸权是多么短暂，尤其是对各个城市而言。4. An ancient painted scroll, now in the Palace Museum in Beijing, shows the bustle and prosperity of ancient Kaifeng.4. 目前珍藏在北京故宫博物院的一幅古老卷轴，上面画的是古都开封的热闹与繁荣。5. Many local people insisted that China is on course to bounce back and recover its historic role as world leader.5. 许多当地百姓却都强调中国正在复兴，而且很快就能恢复它世界领导者的历史角色。6. The United States has had the biggest economy in the world for more than a century, but most projections show that China will surpass it in about 15 years, as measured by purchasing power parity.6. 美国作为全世界最大的经济体已经超过一个世纪了，然而大多数的预测都显示：如果用购买力比率来估计，中国将在大约十五年之内超越美国。7. But then China came to scorn trade and commerce, and per capita income stagnated for 600 years.7. 但是后来中国却鄙弃了贸易与商业，国民平均所得因而停滞了六百年。8. A second lesson is the danger of hubris, for China concluded it had nothing to learn from the rest of the world and that was the beginning of the end.8. 第二个教训就是傲慢自大的危险。由于当初中国断定它不可能从别国学到任何东西，它的衰败从此开始了。9. And Americans lack of interest in the world contrasts with the restlessness, drive and determination that are again pushing China to the forefront.9. 而美国人民对外部世界没什么兴趣，这又与凭借着自强不息、冲劲与决心而逐渐向世界舞台中央挺进的中国形成了对比。10. For if they rest on their laurels, even a city as great as New York may end up as Kaifeng-on-the-Hudson.10. 因为如果他们只是一味沉醉于既有的成就而裹足不前的话，即使伟大如纽约市也可能有朝一日沦为哈德逊河上的开封城。Unit 71. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature the jig was up.1.当一位同事发现同一个数据图表出现在两篇不同的论文中而且恰恰分别出现在世界上两家最为知名的科学期刊科学与自然杂志上时把戏被戳穿了。2. Scientific scandals, which are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of hubris and comeuppance.2.科学丑闻与科学本身的发展亦步亦趋，而且往往逃不了狂妄自恃、必遭罪有应得的现世报的规律。3. Science is built on the honor system; the method of peer review, in which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the field, is not meant to catch cheats.3.科学杂志是建立在诚信制度之上的；同行评审的办法，即由同一领域专家对论文原稿进行评审的方法，并非旨在抓骗子。4. Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from met