英语专题融合串讲学案-时态语态.doc

英语语法项目高考复习专题融合串讲学案05模块五 动词及动词的时态与语态基础知识自助餐互学释疑，举一反三！ 一、考点导航 二、考点聚焦 【基本规则、功能与用法】核心溯源 一、动词的种类动词行为动词及物动词（）不及物动词（）连系动词助动词情态动词二、动词的主要时态和语态的种类和构成现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成进行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/are asked6过去进行时was/were being asked2一般过去时was/were asked7现在完成时have/has been asked3一般将来时shall/will be asked8过去完成时had been asked4过去将来时should/would be asked9将来完成时will/would have been asked5现在进行时am/is/are being asked10含有情态动词的can/must/may be askedUnit 1 英语八种基本时态归纳复习I动词八种基本时态的概述动词时态是英语学习中一个至关重要的内容，广大中学生在实际运用时，往往对时态总是倍感棘手，下面我们就归纳复习一下这几种时态。 一、一般现在时： （经常性或习惯性的动作）【概念】经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 【基本结构】be动词；行为动词 否定形式：am/is/are+ not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 【时间状语】always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, etc.二、一般过去时： 【概念】过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 【基本结构】动词用过去式，规则变化在动词原形后加-ed; 不规则变化需要仔细记忆。be动词；行为动词 否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 【时间状语】ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 三、现在进行时： 【概念】表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 【基本结构】am/is/are+doing 否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. 一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。 【时间状语】now, at this time, these days, etc. 四、过去进行时： 【概念】表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 【基本结构】was/were +doing 否定形式：was/were + not + doing. 一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。 【时间状语】at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。五、现在完成时： 【概念】过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 【基本结构】have/has + done 否定形式：have/has + not +d one. 一般疑问句：have或has。 【时间状语】recently, lately, sincefor,in the past few years, etc. 六、过去完成时： 【概念】以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 【基本结构】had + done. 否定形式：had + not + done. 一般疑问句：had放于句首。 【时间状语】before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc. 七、一般将来时： 【概念】表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 【基本结构】am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do. 否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 【时间状语】tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc.八、过去将来时： 【概念】立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 【基本结构】was/were/going to + do；would/should + do. 否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. 一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。 【时间状语】the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc. . 几种常见时态的相互转换 英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换 在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从以来有时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看： A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League.D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换 在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看： Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换 在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看： The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon. 四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换 “be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看： We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday. We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.Unit 2 动词时态考查要点简述1、一般现在时考点分析 一般现在时除了表示现在的状态、经常性、习惯性的动作外，还有其他一些用法： 表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。Ice feels cold.We always care for each other and help each other.表示知觉感官、态度、情感、存在或某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong, seem, hope, stand/lie (表方位)，appear, remain, exist等。如：I want to see him at the moment.Smith owns a car and a house.All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般(现在)时代替将来时。We will not go to the park if it rains tomorrow.They said they would show it to you as soon as they got the result.但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。If he will go, nobody can stop him.少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.Tomorrow is Wednesday.2、一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点）。一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：I met her in the street yesterday.I once saw the famous star here.They never drank wine.I thought the film would be interesting,but it isnt.如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如：He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.He bought a watch but lost it.常用一般过去时的句型：Why didnt you / I think of that?I didnt notice it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.I didnt recognize him.3、一般将来时考点分析。表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。表示一种趋向或习惯动作。Well die without air or water.表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：a)be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。b)be going to 表将来，不能用在条件、时间状语从句的主句中；而will则能（此时用will），表意愿。如：If it is fine, well go fishing.(正确)；If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)Shell tell you if you ask her.c)单纯表示的未来的情况，不用be going to，要用will。 There will be standing room only for each of us in 600 years.Could you tell me what the world will be like in 2010?d)当谈到一连串的事情时，不用be going to，要用will。 Ill put on my best clothes, drives my new car and visit him. They will go to some places of interest and visit some friends when they are in Beijing.e)be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon.f)be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。Autumn harvest is about to start.4、现在进行时考点分析。表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：It is raining now. He is teaching English and learning Chinese.I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight. We are leaving on Friday.At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。always, often等频度副词与进行时连用表示经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩，如：赞叹、不满、厌烦等。 You too are always talking in class. She is always thinking of others.The girl is always talking loud in public.5、过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）。常用过去完成时的几种情况：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/ thought / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned + to have done。（C）“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.（D）表示“一就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed.6、过去将来时考点分析。参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来；come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。7、过去进行时考点分析。过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。8、现在完成时考点分析。现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。下列句型中常用现在完成时It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句This(That / It)is the first(second)time that + 完成时This(That / It)is the only + that + 完成时This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting + that 从句 + 完成时在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.9、注意几组时态的区别和时态中的特殊注意事项：（技巧性理解）一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。总之，现在完成时和过去、现在都有关系，一般过去时单纯表示过去某时发生的动作，与现在没有任何关系。如：What did she say about it?What has she said to make you so angry?过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。瞬间动词（点动词）可以用于现在完成时，但不能和表示持续的时间状语连用。如：buy, leave, begin, become, arrive, get up等。如果要与表示持续的时间状语连用时，把它们换为表示状态的相应的词。die- be dead; get up- be up; arrive, come, begin, become be ;buyhave; leavebe away from; joinbe in/be a member in; borrowkeep. He has already come.He has come for half an hour.He has been here for half an hour.在没有时间状语的情况下，如果表示一次性动作行为用过去时。如： I attended his wedding party. I picked it up and handed it to the policeman. Why did you tell her about that?注意主从复合句的时态要保持一致。注意下列固定句型中的时态运用： “was/were doing / was /were about to / had just done when.” “have done since; Its +一段时间+since .” “had doneby +过去时间” “have donein / during the last/past.” “No sooner had done than; hardly had done when.”即时巩固练习 1 用所给的动词的适当形式填空Unit 2 被动语态考查要点简述被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。（1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long(by the boss)短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。The children were taken good care of (by her).Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：People say he is a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy.People know paper was made in China first.It is known that paper was made in China first.Paper was known to be made in China first.类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that （2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。（3）主动形式表被动意义。当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。These novels wont sell well.这些小说不畅销。My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。The door wont lock.门锁不上。The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。The plan worked out successfully.The lamps on the wall turn off.want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。This kind of water isnt fit to drink.The girl isnt easy to get along with.另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。（4）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。be seated坐着He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。be hidden躲藏He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。be lost迷路,迷失be drunk喝醉be dressed穿着The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.（5）被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)The book is well sold.(系表结构)即时巩固练习 1 即时巩固练习 2 填入the，或不填（划 “”）。 即时巩固练习 3 翻译下列短语 即时巩固练习 4 翻译下列短语或句子 三、考点体悟【经典名题回放导解】命题考点1 命题考点2 名词作定语命题考点3 名词可数性的判断；单数可数名词是否用冠词和复数的变化【特别提示】单数可数名词不用冠词的7种情况：命题考点4 不定冠词的特殊位置变化 命题考点5 特殊名词作主语与谓语的关系；主谓一致的各种形式理解. 解析：名词、代词与介词短语连用作主语时，谓语动词形式由前面的名词、代词决定。答案【A】【注意】 四、考点突破基础巩固+能力提升 答案：120: CADCB DDCDC AADBB CDCBDs师生总结，自我反思s【知识思维】_If you shed tears when you miss the sun, you also miss the stars. 如果你因错过太阳而流泪，那么你也將错过群星。 泰戈尔一、考点聚焦 综观近年来的高考单项填空题,动词成为考查的热点,在15个单项选择中，考查动词时态的题一般不少于2道，动词的时态常和语态、主谓一致结合在一起进行考查。然而,英语时态多达16种,常用的也有8种之多,且近几年的高考在考查时态时,形式灵活多样,多体现在上下文语境中,且融多个考点于一题,这样无形中增加了试题的难度。其实，纵观近几年的时态语态题，我们不难发现其命题的三个角度：一是直接给定时间状语，考生可直接根据所给时间状语作出选择；二是给定时间状语，但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性和迷惑性，考生不能直接根据时间状语进行选择；三是题干中不提供任何时间状语，而给出一个上下文情景或一个结构较为复杂的句子，考生必须仔细分析语境，才能作出判断并选择最佳答案。二、真题再现与技巧点播 答题时，研读题干，搜索出尽可能多的“时间参考信息”，如：havent said, was doing等，这些表达中都含有时间信息，发现和有效利用这些信息是解决问题的关键。解决时态和语态问题，要遵循如下解题思路： 这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干句中可参照的时间信息有那些？ 这个动作处于什么时态，是进行中，还是已经结束（完成）？限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些？ 这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？ 只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题的答案，试题的正确答案也就水落石出了。具体技巧如下：（一）根据题干中的时间标志词选择时态1-The window is dirty. - I know. It _ for weeks. (04全国卷III)Ahasnt clean Bdidnt clean Cwasnt cleaned Dhasnt been cleaned答案：D 根据时间状语for weeks可知道用现在完成时，表示已经有好几周没擦窗了。并且主语It (即the window)与clean 是被动关系，故选D2Scientists think that the continents _ always where they _ today. （05北京） Aarent; are Barent; were Cwerent; are Dwerent; were 本题考查时态。由第二个空后的时间状语today可知第二个空应使用现在时态，故淘汰B、D两项，又因为句子内容是在不同时期的continents的位置进行对比，因此，应选择C项。答案：C 3They _ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _ on it as no good results have come out so far. （05江苏） Ahad been working; are still working Bhad worked; were still working Chave worked; were still working Dhave worked; are still working 此题考查的是时态问题。从before引导的从句中的过去时态可知主句的时态应为过去完成时。故排除C、D。now一词提示用现在进行时，表示“他们一直工作了一周”，强调动作的连续。故答案为A。4The country life he was used to _ greatly since 1992. （05山东） Achange Bhas changed Cchanging Dhave changed答案：B句中有since引导时间状语，这说明主句应为完成时，淘汰A、C。又因主语life为单数，淘汰D项，故选B。5With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _ each year. （05山东） Ais washing away Bis being washed away Care washing away Dare being washed away答案：D句意为“随着更多森林被毁，每年有许多良田被冲”。本题考查主谓一致及被动语态问题。a large quantity of /large quantities of 后既可以加不可数名词也可以加复数名词，其谓语动词与quantity的数保持一致。6-_David and Vicky _married? -For about three years(2003北京) AHow long were；being BHow long have；got CHow long have；been DHow long did；get答案C 从答语For about three years判断，该题问的是动作持续了多久，用现在完成时，排除A、D选项。get married强调的是结婚这一动作，不能延续，排除B。be married表示已婚的状态，可以延续。 【命题角度】动词时态须与句中时间状语一致。高考题常在题干中加入具体情景,以测试考生对动词时态知识的实际运用能力。 【应对策略】敏锐捕捉时间标志词,并结合具体的语境,选择出正确的动词时态。（二）根据主从句时态呼应的原则选择时态7When the old man _ to walk back to his house, the sun _ itself behind the mountain. （05湖北） Astarted; had already hidden Bhad started; had already hidden Chad started; was hiding Dwas starting; hid此题考查的是时态问题。此题句意为“当老人开始往家走时，太阳已经下山了”。太阳落山的动作发生在开始往家走之前，即从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时。故选A。答案：A 8- What would you do if it _ tomorrow? （05全国） - We have to carry it on , since weve got everything ready . Arain Brains Cwill rain Dis raining在条件状语从句（if，as long as，even if）、时间状语从句（when，until，before，the moment）中往往用一般现在时表示将来。答案：B 9They _ on the program for almos