英美文学考试复习大纲.doc

一、名词解释1.Enlightenment:Withtheadventofthe18thcentury,inEngland,asinotherEuropeancountries,theresprangintolifeapublicmovementknownastheEnlightenment.TheEnlightenmentonthewhole,wasanexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisagainstfeudalism.Theyfoughtagainstinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.Theyattemptedtoplaceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankindbyconnectingthemwiththeactualdeedsandrequirementsofthepeople.（启蒙运动）2.Ode:Acomplexandoftenlengthylyricpoem,writteninadignifiedformalstyleonsomeloftyorserioussubject.Odesareoftenwrittenforaspecialoccasion,tohonorapersonoraseasonortocommemorateanevent.（赋；颂歌；颂诗）3.Romanticism:Amovementthatflourishedinliterature,philosophy,music,andartinWesterncultureduringmostofthe19thcentury,beginningasarevoltagainstclassicism.（浪漫主义）4.Epic:Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.Manyepicsweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.（史诗）5.Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandthatdealswithaheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvillainsormonsters.（冒险故事；传奇）6.Sonnet:Afourteen-linelyricpoem,usuallywritteninrhymediambicpentameter.Asonnetgenerallyexpressesasinglethemeoridea.（十四行诗）7.Iambicpentameter:Apoeticlineconsistingoffiveversefeet,witheachfootaniambthatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.IambicpentameteristhemostcommonverselineinEnglishpoetry.（抑扬格五音步）8.Couplet:Twoconsecutivelinesofpoetrythatrhyme.Aheroiccoupletisaniambicpentametercouplet.（两行诗；对句）9.Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlinglydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovidestheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectualkindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.（奇喻）10.Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.（头韵）二、考试大纲PartITheAnglo-SaxonPeriod(4491066)1.LiteraturecharacteristicsLiterarydivisions:pagan&Christian2.RepresentativeachievementofAnglo-SaxonperiodTheSongofBeowulf(了解Beowulf的文学地位，主题，故事梗概等内容。)（1）Literaryposition:anationalepicoftheEnglishpeople.ThefirstmajorpoeminaEuropeanvernacularlanguage;（2）MajorThemes：Goodnessconquersevil.MenagainstnatureTojudgethegreatnessofahumanbeingbythegreatnessofhisdeedsandhisnobleancestry.Helpyourneighbor.Forcesofalwaysatworkinsociety.（3）故事内容：第一部分描叙丹麦霍格国王宏伟的宫殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的妖怪格兰戴每晚出没捉食霍格的战士。此时恰巧瑞典南部济兹王子贝奥武夫率家臣来访，协助除害。国王当晚设宴款待，孰料妖怪格兰戴又复出现，捉食一名济兹战士，贝奥武夫与之格斗，贝奥武夫扭断其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重伤致死。第二天晚上，格兰戴的母亲前来为其子复仇，其后贝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中杀死。第二部分描叙贝奥武夫返国，被拥为王，前后五十年，举国大治。最后贝奥武夫以垂老之年，杀一喷火巨龙，但其个人亦因而身受重创，终於身死。诗末叙其葬礼，并有挽歌。（Content of the story: the first part describes the hogwarts Denmark grand palace, the king in the before and after 12 years, half-human magic genie grant wear hogwarts infested every night to catch food fighters.Just at this time in southern Sweden aziz Wang Zibei took Beowulf visit rate retainer, assist the pesticides.King feasted on the night, what the devil teh wear again appear, catch a aziz warrior, Beowulf and combat, Beowulf twist off the arm, the monster be defeated and flee, because of the seriously wounded to death.The next night, grand mother came to avenge his son, followed by bayesian kill her cave in a lake.The second part describe Beowulf returned, as king and before and after fifty years, the country rectification.Last year of Beowulf in arthritic, kill a fire-breathing dragon, but its individual is so badly injured, finally died.His funeral at the end of the poem, and a dirge.）3.definetheterms:epic,alliterationPartIITheAnglo-NormanPeriod（定义条款:史诗,头韵第二部分盎格鲁）1.了解中世纪文学特点：传奇文学（romance）特点及其题材（Understand the characteristics of the medieval literature: the epic literature (American) characteristics and subject matter）（1）Specialfeaturesofromance：A).Tosingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeedsinverseorprose.B).Motifsofthequest,challenge,test,andmeetingwiththeevilgiant.C).Theheroistheknight,settingoutonajourneytoaccomplishsomegoal-toprotectthechurchandthepoor,toattackinfidelity,torescueamaiden,tomeetachallenge,ortoobeyaknightlycommand.D).Mysteriesandfantasies(improbable,supernatural)E).RomanticloveF).StandardizedcharacterizationHeroes,heroinesandwickedstewardscanbeeasilymovedfromoneromancetoanother.G).LooseandepisodicstructureH).Thelanguageandstylearesimpleandstraightforward.I).Theromancereflectsachivalricage.（2）Thethreemajorsubjects:A.TheMatterofFrance(aboutCharlemagneandhispeers)B.TheMatterofGreece&Rome(storiesabouttheancientRomans,andtheGreeks)C.TheMatterofBritain(aboutKingArthurandhisround-tableknights（浪漫的特点:)为了唱骑士的冒险或其他的英雄事迹在诗或散文。B)。追求的主题,挑战,测试,与邪恶的巨人。C)。英雄是骑士,启程来完成一些目标保护教堂和穷人,攻击不忠,拯救一个少女,迎接挑战,或遵守骑士的命令。D)。奥秘和幻想(不可能,超自然的)E),浪漫的爱情F)。标准化描述英雄,女主人公和邪恶的管理员可以轻松地从一个浪漫转移到另一个。G),松和情节结构H),语言和风格是简单和直接,我浪漫,反映了骑士的时代。(2)三大主题:答:法国的问题(关于查理曼大帝和他的同行)希腊罗马的问题(古罗马人的故事和希腊人)c .英国的问题(关于亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）2.了解SirGawainandtheGreenKnight的故事梗概、写作特点、主题。（1）高文爵士和绿衣骑士故事梗概：某年圣诞节，亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行宴会。一位绿衣骑士前来向圆桌骑士挑战：有谁敢当场砍下他的头，并让他一年后回敬一斧。高文接受挑战，砍下了绿衣骑士的头。那具依然活着的躯体捡起头颅，回到绿色的教堂。一年以后，高文践约去寻找绿衣骑士，来到一座城堡。城堡女主人趁丈夫外出狩猎耍尽花招引诱高文；高文不为所动。最后高文在向导的陪同下离开城堡前往绿色教堂。绿衣骑士原来就是城堡的男主人，他举斧向高文进攻三次，前两次落空，第三次在他的脖子上划出轻伤。绿衣骑士向他解释：落空的两斧是对他两次不受女主人诱惑并如实交换所得之物的回报，第三斧则是对高文隐瞒女主人送他腰带的惩罚。高文辞别绿衣骑士返回亚瑟王的宫廷，将自己的历险告诉众人，骑士们一致认为他为圆桌骑士争了光。那根女主人送他的腰带成了纯洁的道德的象征。(Sir Gawain and the green knight story synopsis: one Christmas, held in the court of king Arthur in his own party.One of the green knight to challenge the knights of the round table: who dares to cut off his head, and on the spot and let him back a year later a hatchet.Gawain challenge, cut the green knights head.That is still alive body to pick up the head, back to the green of the church.A year later, gawain keeping to look for the green knight, came to a castle.Castle hostess while her husband went hunting ver do lure gawain;Gawain unimpressed.Finally, gawain, accompanied by the wizard, left the castle for the green church.The green knight was the master of the castle, he attacked gawain three axes, two previous failed, the third time in his neck out minor injuries.The green knight explained to him: one of two axes was not a mistress and temptation for him twice exchange income returns, according to the facts right third axes is gawains punishment to hide the hostess send belt.Gawain farewell the green knight to return to the court of king Arthur and his adventure told the crowd to the knights agreed that his glory for the knights of the round table.The root the hostess gave his belt became the symbol of moral purity.)（2）写作特点：故事的结构极为完整而集中，形成一个有机整体。第三部分故事双管齐下，有条不紊，而不显重复。作者善于运用悬念，善于烘托气氛，尤其是四季的景色、宫廷的华丽、奇异的冒险,富于浪漫主义色彩。对话流畅自然,尤其高文与城堡主妇的对话，有攻有守，十分生动。从结构、叙事、心理描写、对话等方面看，已有点象近代小说。从诗歌形式讲，它和珍珠篇等诗有异曲同工之妙,全诗共分101段,每段20、30行不等，都是双声体,但每段结尾都有“轮”，指用两个音节作一行打住，下面是四短行押韵诗，非常工整。(Writing characteristics: the structure of the story is very complete and concentrated, form an organic whole.The third part of the story both, in an orderly way, and not repeat.The author is good at using suspense, is good at foil atmosphere, especially the four seasons scenery, magnificent palace, singular adventure, full of romantic.Natural and fluent dialogue, especially with gawain castle housewifes dialogue, have kept for some time, is very vivid.From structure, narrative, psychologically, dialogue, etc, have been a bit like the modern novel.In poetry form, it and pearls poems have the same effect, such as the poem is divided into 101 segments, each line 20, 30, is double body, but every ending has round, refers to make a line stop with two syllables, here are four short lines of rhyming, very neat)（3）Majorthemes：A.Naturevs.humansocietyB.ThefutilityofhumanconstructionsC.TheviabilityofchivalricvaluesD.ThefallofmanandlossofinnocenceE.FaithinGodF.CelticPaganSourcesandChristianoverlay3.definetheterm:romancePartIIIGeoffreyChaucer(自然与人类社会b .人类建筑的徒劳骑士的值的可行性d .的男人和失去的纯真大肠对上帝的信仰f .凯尔特人异教徒和基督教叠加来源3.定义术语:浪漫第三部分杰弗里乔叟)1.了解Chaucer文学地位、文学贡献，掌握其写作特点及代表作。（1）乔叟地位与贡献：founderofEnglishpoetry.founderofEnglishrealism.thefirstgreatpoetwritingintheEroduced(fromFrance)therhymedstanzaofvarioustypesesp.therhymedcoupletof5accentsiniambicmeter(heroiccouplet)insteadoftheoldalliterativeverse.（五音步抑扬格的双行押韵体;英雄双韵体）establishedEnglishastheliterarylanguageofthecountry.madethedialectofLondonthestandardforthemodernEnglishspeech. (英语诗歌的创始人。英语现实主义的创始人。第一个伟大的诗人写的英语。介绍(法国)各种类型的押韵节特别是5口音的押韵对联抑扬格米(英雄偶句诗)代替旧的头韵的诗行建立英语作为这个国家的文学语言。使伦敦方言的现代英语演讲的标准。)（2）ArtisticFeatures：(艺术特点)1 MessengerofHumanism Affirmmansrighttopursueearthlyhappiness Praisemansenergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife Exposeandsatirizethesocialvices,includingreligiousabusesThefirstimportantrealisticwriterPresentacomprehensiverealisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyCreateawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflifeExplorethethemeoftheindividualsrelationtothesociety“Father”ofEnglishpoetryIntroducetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetry(e.g.heroiccouplet)Develophisartofpoetry MasteroftheEnglishlanguage（信使的人文主义肯定人的权利追求世俗的幸福赞美人的能源、智慧、敏锐的才思和对生命的爱 揭露和讽刺社会恶习,包括宗教虐待第一重要的现实的作家提供一个全面真实的照片整个英国社会创造生动的人物画廊各界探讨个人与社会的关系的主题“英国诗歌之父”介绍各种类型的英语诗歌的押韵节(如英雄偶句诗)他的诗歌的艺术发展掌握英语的）（3）代表作TheCanterburyTales坎特伯雷故事集、BookoftheDuchess公爵夫人之书、TheHouseofFame声誉之宫2.掌握TheCanterburyTales的故事梗概、写作特点、主题。熟悉、掌握并学会分析GeneralPrologue的内容及结构特点。（1）故事梗概：叙述朝圣者一行30人会聚在泰巴旅店，这些朝圣者有骑士、僧尼、商人、手工艺者、医生、律师、学者、农夫、家庭主妇等当时英国社会各个阶层的人士，他们准备前往坎特伯雷去朝拜圣托马斯。店主爱热闹，自告奋勇为他们担任向导，并提议在往返圣地的途中每人来回讲两个故事，以解旅途中的寂寥，并由店主做裁判，选出讲故事最好的人，回到旅店后大家合起来请他吃饭。众人接受了店主的建议，于是次日一同踏上朝圣之途，并开始讲故事。（Narrative pilgrims line of 30 people gather in the hotel, the pilgrims have knight, the monks and nuns, businessmen, crafters, doctors, lawyers, scholars, farmers, housewives, etc. At that time the British society people of all ranks and classes, they are prepared to Canterbury to visit st Thomas.The shopkeeper love lively, volunteered as a guide for them, and proposed in the holy land back and forth on the way back and forth two story, each with solution in the lonely journey, and by the owner to do the referee, choose the best stories, back to the hotel after we could eat together and ask him.They accept the advice of the owner, so the pilgim road trip together, and began to tell a story.）（2）features特点:Alltalesbuttwoarewritteninverse(poetry);Connectedintwoways:thehostscriticizing;intimateconnectionbetweenthetalesandthePrologue.inordertogetabetterunderstandingofeachtale,readershavetoreadbackthecorrespondingportionofthePrologue.（所有的故事,但两个都写在诗(诗歌);连接在两个方面:主机的批评;亲密的连接之间的故事和序言。为了得到更好地了解每个故事,读者阅读相应部分的序言。）（3）ThethemesofTheCanterburyTales,andincludetopicssuchascourtlylove,treachery,andavarice.Religiousmalpracticeisamajortheme.Also,focusingonthedivisionofthethreeestates(nobility,clergy,andcommoners)areabigpartofthetales.（坎特伯雷故事集的主题,主题包括宫廷爱情,背叛和贪婪。宗教医疗事故是一个重大的主题。同时,关注部门的三个庄园(高贵、神职人员和平民)是一个大故事的一部分。）（4）InTheGeneralPrologue（开场白）,Chaucersetsupthegeneralstructureofthetalesandintroduceseachofthecharacterswhowilltellthetales.Thecharacterswhotelleachofthetalesareasimportantasthecharactersinthetalesthattheytell;asignificantportionoftheactionofTheCanterburyTalestakesplacewithintheprologuetoeachofthetales.TheGeneralPrologueinessenceservesasaguide.Chauceronlylivedtowrite24tales.Someofthestoriesthatremainareonlyfragmentswhichhaveeitherbeenlostorwerenevercompletedbytheauthor.（乔叟设置的总体结构,介绍了每个人物的故事将告诉故事。故事的人物告诉每个故事中的人物一样重要,他们告诉,很大一部分的坎特伯雷故事集序言中发生的故事。一般开场白本质上仅作为指南。乔叟生活写24故事。的一些故事,仍只是片段的丢失或被作者从未完成。）3.掌握英雄双韵体（heroiccouplet）的特点。Inprosody,Chaucermostlyusedtheten-syllablelineinrhymedcouplets(laterdevelopedintothemostfashionableheroiccouplet”ofthe18thcentury).Itreferstolinesofiambicpentameterwhichrhymeinpairs:aa,bb,cc,andsoon.。英雄双韵体是一种英国古典诗体，由十音节双韵诗体演化而来，每行五个音步，每个音步有两个音节，第一个是轻音，第二个是重音。句式均衡、整齐、准确、简洁、考究。4.了解大众民谣（popularballads）特点，题材。（1）Ballad:literatureofEnglishpeople(peasants),notwrittenbutoral.vanarrativepoemthattellsastory.vastorytoldinsong,usu.In4-linestanzas,withthe2ndandthe4thlinesrhymed.（2）Subjects:youngloversstruggleagainstfeudal-mindedfamilies;conflictbetweenloveandwealth;crueltyofjealousy;criticismofthecivilwar(13371377betweenEnglandandFrance.);mattersofclassstruggle.（1)民谣:文学英语的人(农民),没有写,但口服。叙事诗,讲述了一个故事。v歌的故事,一般。在4线节,第二和第四行押韵。v(2)主题:年轻的恋人的斗争feudal-minded家庭;冲突爱和财富,嫉妒的残酷,批评的内战(1337 1377年在英国和法国之间。);阶级斗争的问题。）PartIVTheRenaissanceEnglishLiterature（ca.1485-1603）1了解文艺复兴及人文思想的内涵；了解文艺复兴英国文学的发展概况；掌握这一时期诗歌、戏剧及散文的特征及代表作家及作品。（1）HumanismisthekeynoteoftheRenaissance.Feature1:athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.ThereroseacurrentofthestudyofGreekandLatinauthors,indoingwhichpeoplecaughtsomethinginspiritverydifferentfromthemedievalCatholicdogma.TheloveofclassicswasbutanexpressionofthegeneraldissatisfactionattheCatholicandfeudalideas.Feature2:akeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.PeopledidntthinktheyshouldliveonlyforGod.Thinkers,artistsandpoetsarosetoadmirehumanbeautyandhumanachievement,whichraninoddwiththeology.HencearosethethoughtofHumanism.HumanismisthekeynoteoftheRenaissance.（(1)人文主义是文艺复兴的关键。Feature1:有好奇心对古典文学的渴望。玫瑰有当前希腊语和拉丁语作家的研究,在人们被一些精神不同于中世纪的天主教教条。经典的爱不过是一种不满的情绪的表达天主教和封建思想。Feature2:人类的活动兴趣浓厚。人们没有认为他们应该只活神。思想家,艺术家和诗人起来欣赏人体美和人类的成就,在奇怪的神学,因此出现了人文主义的思想,人文主义是文艺复兴的关键）（2）Englishliterature：drama：JohnLyly,ThomasKyd,GeorgePeele,RobertGreene,ChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeareandBenJonson.LyricalPoetry.：ThomasWyatt,HenryHoward,PhilipSidneyandEdmundSsewriters：ThomasMore,wrotehisfamousproseworkUtopia,whichmaybethoughtofasthefirstliterarymasterpieceoftheEnglishRenaissance.FrancisBaconwrotemorethanfiftyexcellentessays,whichmakehimoneofthebestessayistsinEnglishliterature.（英国文学:戏剧:约翰莱尔托马斯基德,乔治Peele罗伯特格林克里斯托弗马洛、莎士比亚和本琼森。抒情诗歌:托马斯怀亚特,亨利霍华德,菲利普西德尼和埃德蒙斯宾塞。散文作家:托马斯,写了他著名的散文“乌托邦”工作,这可能被认为是第一个英国文艺复兴时期的文学杰作。弗朗西斯培根写了五十多个优秀的文章,使他在英国文学最好的散文家之一。）（3）Elementsofdrama：Plot Thestructureofaplaysaction,theorderoftheincidents,theirarrangementandformCharacterThevitalcenterofaplayHowtheylook,whattheysayandinwhatmannerstheysay;whattheydoandhowtheiractionsrevealwhotheyareandwhattheyrepresentThehumanqualitiesarethemostengagingfeature.DialogueDramaisdescribedas“personsmovingaboutonstageusingwordsloveandwealth;crueltyofjealousy;criticismofthecivilwar(13371377betweenEnglandandFrance.);mattersofclassstruggle.（(3)戏剧的元素:情节的结构游戏”行动,事件的顺序,他们安排和形式性格一出戏的重要中心他们如何看,他们说用什么方式和他们说,他们所做的事情,以及他们的行为揭示他们是谁以及他们代表人类的素质是最迷人的特性。对话戏剧舞台上被描述为“移动的人usingwords 爱和财富,嫉妒的残酷,批评的内战(1337 1377年在英国和法国之间。);阶级斗争的问题。）PartIVTheRenaissanceEnglishLiterature（ca.1485-1603）第四部分文艺复兴时期英国文学(ca.1485 - 1603)MajorfunctionsofDialogue:toadvancetheplot,toestablishsetting,andtorevealcharacter.anqualitiesarethemostengagingfeature.StagingThingslikepositionsofactors,nonverbalgesturesandmovements,scenicbackground,propsandcostumes,lightingandsoundeffectsThemeItisthecentralideaoftheplay.对话的主要功能:推进情节,建立设置,并揭示character.一个品质是最迷人的特性。登台演员的位置,非语言手势和动作,风景背景、道具、服装、灯光和音效主题它的中心思想是游戏。（4）SomeKeyDramaticTerms：一些关键的戏剧性的术语:Script脚本StageDirections舞台指示Spectacle奇观Monologue独白Soliloquy独自一人独白Aside旁白ActScene场景Set设置1.ThethreegreatrepresentativeachievementsinliteratureEdmundSpencersTheShepherdsCalendarandFaerieQueenFrancisBaconsEssays WilliamShakespearesdramas2了解莎士比亚的生平，文学地位。 Oneofthemostremarkableplaywrightsandpoetsintheworld. Hisgreatnessdependsonhispenetratingexpositionofhumannature,livelypaintingsofhumanlifeandtruthfulreflectionsofhumanreality.Heisfamousforhischaracterportrayalandplotconstruction.HeisamasterofEnglishlanguage. Heexertsagreatinfluencesonthewritersafterhim.一个世界上最引人注目的剧作家和诗人。他的伟大取决于他穿透博览会的人性,人类生活的生动的画作和真实的反映了人类现实。他以他的性格刻画和情节结构。他是一个英语的主人。他施加影响的作家。 3.了解莎士比亚的主要作品及创作特点，重点掌握Hamlet,Sonnet18的内容、艺术特点、主题，PrinceHamlet的性格特征。 （1）38plays+154sonnets+2longpoems. HisGreatComedies:“AMidsummerNightsDream”“TheMerchantofVenice”“AsYouLikeIt”“TwelfthNight” （仲夏夜之梦、威尼斯商人、皆大欢喜、第十二夜） HisGreatTragedies:“Othello”“KingLear”“MacBeth”“Hamlet”（奥赛罗、李尔王、麦克白、哈姆雷特）（2）他的戏剧的特点:。现实主义b方法的适应性,广泛的借鉴。（3）Hamlet Thefirstofhisgreattragedies,whichisarevengestory. Thehypocrisyandtreacheryandgeneralcorruptionattheroyalcour