财政学全试题英汉.doc

Chapter 1 Introduction(1) Indicate whether each of the following statement is consistent with an organic view or mechanistic view of government:答A与政府有机论一致，社会凌驾于个人之上。b. 与政府机械论一致个人主义高于一切。(2)Explain how you would expect a libertarian, a social democrat, and someone with an organic conception of the state to react to the following laws :a. A law prohibiting gambling b. A law mandating seat belt use 请你假设并解释一下自由主义者、社会民主主义者和持有国家有机观的人对下列法律会做出的反应a禁止赌博b强制使用安全带答；.a.自由主义者反对禁赌法律，社会民主主义者赞成，持国家有机观的人在这个问题上首先会考虑赌博是否会有助于实现社会目标，如果赌博抑制人们的积极性，持有机论的人将赞成禁赌法，但是如果赌博被看做是一种为社会带来更多收益的方式，那么他们就会反对禁毒法。b自由主义者反对强制使用安全带法律，社会民主主义者认为安全带能够保护生命，并且最终对个人有益。持国家有机观的人将会赞成，因为它能降低由更少的交通事故而产生的医疗成本，从而有益于社会。Chapter 2 Tools of Positive Analysis(3) In 2006,president George W.Bush proposed a cut in marginal income tax rates.Explain why it is difficult to predict the impact of such a tax cut upon labor supply on the basia of theory alone.if there were no political or legal impediments to doing so,how could you design an experimental study to estimate the impact of lower marginal tax rates on labor supply? 2006年，乔治W布什总统提议降低边际所得税率。请解释：仅基于理论为何难以预测改减税对劳动力供给的影响。如果这样做没有政治上或法律上的障碍，你会如何设计一个实验研究来估计降低边际税率对劳动力供给影响答；边际税率的变动改变了个人净工资，仅基于理论收入效应和替代效应是相反的，所以难以预测该减税对劳动力供给的影响。如果没有限制，一个人除受税率改变的因素外，不受其他任何因素的影响，从而来研究降低边际税率对劳动力供给的影响。(4)A researcher conducts a cross-sectional analysis of workers and finds a positive correlation between time spent on a computer at work and wages.The researcher concludes that computer use increases wages and advocates a policy of computer training for all children.What is a possible probiem with this analysis? 一位研究者对工人进行一项横截面分析，发现用电脑的时间与工资正相关。于是，该研究着得到结论，使用电脑会增加工资，并提出对所有儿童进行电脑培训的政策建议。这样分析会有什么问题？答；在电脑上花费更多时间的工人，可能是有技术和能力获得更高的工资，因此训练小孩用电脑不是造成他们工资上涨的潜在因素，这个研究能够表现出去判断与相关关系的困难，这个数据不能表示用电脑与高工资是因果关系，也没有其他原因导致用电脑引起工资提高。Chapter 3 Tools of Normative Analysis（5）In which of the following markets do you expect efficient outcomes?why?你认为下列哪个市场会产生效率结果？为什么？a海滨住房的防潮险b医疗答；a.海滨住房保险被认为是一个无效率的市场，由于信息的不对称引起的道德风险。B 医疗市场是个无效率市场，因为两个市场的信息不对称（6） Consider an economy with two people , Henry and Catherine ,who consume two commodities ,bread and water .suppose that ,due to a drought ,the authorities decide to allocate exactly half the available water to each person. In order to prevent one person from ”exploiting” the other ,neither person may trade away any wather to the other in exchange for more bread .set up an edgeworth box to depict this situation and explain why it is unlikely to be pareto efficient. 考察这样一个经济，在该经济中，有两个人，亨利和凯瑟琳，消费两种商品，面包和水。假定由于长期干旱，当局决定只分配给每个人需要水量的一半。为了防止一人“剥削”另一个人，谁都不许用水交换更多的面包。用埃奇沃思框图描述这种情况，并解释为什么它不可能是帕累托效率的原因答；帕累托最大特点是：在没有使任何人境况变坏的前提下，使得至少一个人变得更好，从a点到b点，凯瑟琳的效用显著增加，但是亨利的效用并没有改变。（7）.(this problem is for readers who know some calculus)suppose that there are only two people in society, mark and judy,who must split a fixed amount of income of $300.marks utility function is Um=100I12m and Uj=200*I1/2jlet the social welfare function be W=Um+Uj what distribution of the total income between mark and judy maximizes social welfare?假定社会中只有两个人马克和朱迪，瓜分固定的300美元收入。马克的效用函数是Um他的收入是Im,朱迪的效用函数是Uj她的收入是Ij假定Um=100I12m and Uj=200*I1/2j令社会福利函数是W=Um+Uj总收入在马克和朱迪之间如何分配能使社会福利最大化答；MU1=50/L1/2MU2=100/L1/2MU1=MU2 L1=4L2U1+U2=300L1=240L2=60（8）The aircraft company Airbus receives much of its funding from European governments. Airbus recently decided to build a new 550-seat mega-jetliner, with duty-free shopping courts and restaurants on board. The project has experienced production delays as well as cost overruns, and it now appears that there will be very few buyers. An industry expert says the idea from the start was “nonsense”Aboulafia, 2006. Is public sector production of aircraft ever justified? Explain why it could lead to the apparently ill-advised decision to build the mega-jetliner.空客航空公司的大部分资金来自欧洲国家的政府。空壳公司最近决定建造一种550座位的新型超大型喷气式飞机，机上配有免税商店和快餐店。该计划已经出现生产延期、成本超支现象，而且现在看来买主很少。行业专家一开始就说这种想法是“胡闹”（Aboulafia,2006）。公共部门生产飞机究竟又没有道理？请解释他为什么可能导致建造超大型本期是飞机这种显然不明智的决定？答；飞机是竞争性和排他性的商品，所以不支持公共部门生产飞机。如果飞机的制造者认为超大型飞机的需求是公共需求，在寻找效率水平是就会按照公共产品的需求纵向相加，决定它的需求量，则它的作用被显著提高了，而且会花费很高的成本。（9）.It has been estimated that private prisons are about 10 percent cheaper, on a per prisoner basis, than public prisons Hart, Shleifer, and Vishny,1997. On this basis, would you recommend that prisons be privatized? If not, what other information would you require?据统计，私立监狱比公立监狱每一犯人平均减少费用10%(Hart，Shleifer and Vishny，1997)。这样的话，你会主张监狱要私有化吗？如果不是，你还需要其他信息吗？答；这次辩论是类似的辩论关于私人与公众教育。经常与公共部门的生产成本较高（学校和监狱），但可能还有其他的原因，社会，宁愿到私人提供公共。这些原因通常涉及到公平的考虑。为学校，主要论点是，以确保每个人的孩子有一个良好的教育机会。监狱，有可能是一个根本的利害冲突之间的公平和人道的囚犯和饲养成本低的治疗。例如，可能需要股权囚犯被送入营养餐，但每一餐的面包和水给他们可能会更便宜。这个问题问学生提供有关监狱私有化个人意见，所以没有单一的“正确答案”（10）In India，a drug used to treat sick cows is leading to the death of many vultures that feed off of dead cattle. Before the decrease in the number of vultures，they sometimes used to smash into the engines of jets taking off from New Delhis airport，posing a serious threat to air travelers. However，the decline of the vulture population has led to a sharp increase in the populations of rats and feral dogs，which are now the main scavengers of rotting meatGentleman,2006,p.A4. There have been calls for a ban on the drug used to treat the cows. Identify the externalities that are present in this situation. Comment on the efficiency of banning the drug. How would you design an incentive-based regulation to attain an efficient outcome?在印度，治疗病牛的用药导致大量食死牛的秃鹫死亡。秃鹫数量减少之前，他们有时迎面撞进从新德里机场起飞的喷气式飞机的发动机里，严重威胁到飞机乘客的安全。可是，秃鹫种群的数量减少导致老鼠和野狗的数量急剧增加，他们现在成了主要的食腐动（Gentleman,2006,p.A4）。要求颁布关于治疗病牛的用药禁令。识别这种情况存在的外部性。谈谈禁止这种药物的效率。你将如何设计一种激励性管制达到效率结果？答；使用的药物来治疗患病奶牛，导致了正外部性及负外部性。禁止的药物可能会提高或降低效率，这取决于正外部性和负外部性的大小，有许多方法来设计基于激励的规定。决策者能够确定药物的使用效率水平，然后分配或出售使用权的患病奶牛的药物。 （11）The private marginal benefit for commodity X is given by 10-X，where X is the number of units consumed. The private marginal cost of producing X is constant at $5. For each unit of X produced, an external cost of $2 is imposed on members of society. In the absence of any government intervention, how much X is produced? What is the gain to society involved in moving from the inefficient to the efficient level of production? Suggest a Pigouvian tax that would lead to the efficient level. How much revenue would the tax raise?成本保持在5美元。每生产1单位X，给社会成员带来的外部成本是2美元。在没有任何政府干预的情况下，会有多少X被生产出来？X生产的效率水平是多少？产量从无效率水平变为效率水平的社会收益是多少？提出一个能使产量达到效率水平的庇谷税。这种税能筹措到多少收入？答；在没有政府干预的情况下，PMB=PMC 10-X=5 X=5PMC=SMC=2+5 10-X=2+5 X=3(5-3)(7-5)(1/2)=2 2$*3units=6$（12）.According to one account of the congressional debate on a tax bill in 2004，“the over all tax bill has provisions sought by so many different lawmakers that it has almost assured of final passage”Andrews，2004.Which of our models of political decis ion-making best explains this scenario?有关2004年税收法案的国会辩论的一项报道说，“整个税收法案包含了众多不同立法者所寻求的条款”（Andrews，2004）在我们的政治决策模型中，哪一个模型最能解释这种情形？答互投赞成票模型（13）In the aftermath of September 11 there were fears that terrorists would attempt to sabotage the countrys food supply. Food safety is under the jurisdiction of the Food and Drug administration(FDA).Use the Niskanen model of bureaucracy to predict how new concerns over food safety would affect the optimal number of FDA employees and the actual number of employees.在“911”之后，人们担心恐怖分子蓄意破坏美国的食品供应。食品安全由食品与药品管理局（Food and Drug Administration, FDA）统辖，利用尼斯卡宁的官僚模型，预测食品安全这项新事务对食品与药品管理局的雇员最优数量和现实数量会产生怎样的影响。答；。the optimal number of FDA employees and the actual number of employees are likely to rise (将会上升)（14）Suppose that the government is debating whether to spend $100 billion today to address climate change. It is estimated that $700 billion of damage will be averted, but these benefits will accrue 100 years from now. A critic of the proposal says that it would be far better to invest the $100 billion, earning an average real return of 5 percent per year, and then use the proceeds in 100 years to repair the damage from climate change. Is this critic correct?假定政府正在讨论现今是否要花1000亿美元解决气候变化问题。据估计，这笔开支可避免价值达7000亿美元的损害，但这些收益是在今后100年内陆续出现的。这项议案的批评意见认为，把这1000亿美元进行投资可能更好，每年赚取平均实际收益率5%，然后在这100年中用这些收益补救气候变化的损害。这种批评意见正确吗？答；$ 100亿，100年在每年5的投资将超过13万亿美元，超过两倍，由气候变化造成的损失在700亿美元多一点。有可能是评估这项建议时提供的其他因素，但评论家从金融角度看是正确的。期中考试之后的内容Chapter 9（15）in her novel sense and sensibility, Jane Austen wrote ,”if you observe, people always live forever when there is any annuity to be paid them,” Relate this quotation to the issue of adverse selection in annuity markets.简*奥斯汀在她的小说理智和情感中写道：“你是否看到，人们只要得到年金就总是长生不老，”请把这句引语与年金市场的逆向选择问题联系在一起。答：奥斯汀的引语似乎能与逆向选择相联系，但也许更可能是道德风险。“你是否看到，人们只要得到年金就总是长生不老”，这句引语从某种意义上听起来像是他们的年金被支付时的行为又有所不同（如良好的饮食，更多的运动等），这是道德风险的观点。相反，逆向选择表明寿命长的人是购买年金的人。Finkelstein和Poterba在最近的研究发现“死亡模型与信息不对称模型是一致的”，并且年金保险市场的特点是逆向选择。Chapter 10 Social Insurance II: Health Care（16）consider carefully the following quotation:”E conomists seem always to talk about the cost of medical care, as if that kind of spending were a bad thing .After all, where does the money go? To doctors , nurses and the makers of medical supplies. Dont they buy diapers and pasta and cars? Would the nation be better off with more boom boxes and less penicillin, more nail polish and less antibacterial ointment? What difference does it make how money is spent, as long as it changes hands and results in employment ?”A Do economists view spending on health care as a“bad thing”？B The last sentence in the quotation suggests a criterion for evaluating spending on health care. What criterion would an economist use? 仔细阅读下列这段引文：“经济学家似乎总要谈论医疗保健的成本，好像这种开支是件坏事似的，这些钱都到哪里去了？给了医生、护士和医疗用品的生产者，他们难道不买尿布、通心粉和汽车？拥有较多的轻便型收录机和较少的抗生素，该国的情况就会更好吗？只要钱能转手并生产就业，还管钱时怎么花出去的吗？”A 经济学家把保健支出看做是一件“坏事”吗？B 引文的最后一句暗示出评价保健支出的一种标准，经济学家会用什么标准？ 答；首先，对医疗保健成本的关注并不意味着卫生保健是一个“坏事”。经济学家不关心保健本身的成本。相反，问题在于市场是否存在扭曲，这种扭曲导致的更多有效数量的消费。其次，关于医疗保健支出有很多种。一种就是通过雇佣员工来创造就业，并让他们就业，但是在商品和服务上并没有用。因此，在医疗保健行业的就业本身并不理想。在某种程度上，他与医疗保健服务的有效数量的产生有联系。Chapter 13（17）Suppose there are only two people ,Simon and Charity, who must split a fixed income of $100. For Simon, the marginal utility of income is MUs=400-2Is,While for Charity, marginal utility is MUc=400-6IcWhere Ic, Is are the amount of income to Charity and Simon, respectively.a. What is the optimal distribution of income if the social welfare function is additive?b. What is the optimal distribution if society value only the utilityof Charity? What if the reverse is true?common on your answer?c. Finally, comment on how your ansers change if the marginal utility of income for both Simon and Charity is constant: MUc=400 Mus=400假定只有两个人西蒙与夏丽蒂，分割10美元的固定收入，对西蒙而言，收入的边际效用为 MU1=400-2I1. 对夏丽蒂而言，收入的边际效用为 MU2=400-6I2 式中，I1 I2分别是西蒙和夏丽蒂的收入额A 如果社会福利函数是可加的，最优收入分配是什么？B 如果社会只重视夏丽蒂的效用，最优收入分配是什么？如果只重视西蒙的效用，最优收入是什么？请评论你的答案C 最后，如果西蒙和夏丽蒂收入的边际效用都是常数 MU1=400 MU2=400 你的答案会如何改变？请对此惊醒评论答:设MUs=MUc,则 Is+Ic=100,400-2Is=400-6Is 则 Is=75.Ic=25 如果只重视夏丽蒂的效用，把钱给夏丽蒂知道MUc=0，则有400-6Ic=0，Ic=66.67,若给更多的钱给夏丽蒂，会导致她边际效用函数变成负数，这是不理想的，注意，是不考虑剩下33.33美元是否给西蒙。若只重视西蒙效用，此时把所有钱即100美元都给西蒙，是最理想分配。事实上，我们可以给他200美元。若MUs=MUc=400,那么，社会在所有收入分配中是不起作用的。Chapter 13 Income redistribution: conceptual issues（18） In California, a welfare recipient can earn $225 per month without having her benefits reduced. Beyond $225, benefits are reduced by 50 cents for every dollar of earnings. Consider Elizabeth, a resident of carifornia, who can earn $10 per hour. If she does not work at all, she is eligible for welfare benefits of $645.a. If she works 10 hours,how much are her earnings, how much is her welfare benefit,and how much is her income?b. After Elizabeth works a certain number of hours, she does not receive any benefit at all. What is that number of hours?c. Use your answer to part a and b to plot her budget constraint.c. Sketch a set of indifference curves consistent with Elizabeths participating in the labor market. 在加利福尼亚，福利受益者在不减少其补助的情况下，每月可以挣到225美元，超过225美元，收入每增加1美元，补助额就会减少50美分，以加利福尼亚的一位居民伊丽莎白为例：他每小时能挣10美元，如果她完全不工作，她能得到福利补助645美元A 如果她工作10小时，她的劳动收入是多少？她的福利补助是多少？她的总收入是多少？B 伊丽莎白工作某一特定数量的小时后，她不会得到任何补助，这时的工作小时数是多少？C 根据前两个问题的答案，画出她的预算约束线D 画出一组与伊丽莎白参与劳动市场相一致的无差异曲线假如你想用计量经济学方法研究参加良好开端计划对未来收入的影响，你决定把参加良好开端计划儿童作为处理组，把家庭背景相同但未参加良好开端计划儿童作为控制组，这种分析为什么也许得到令人误解的结果？估计这种影响的更可靠方法是什么？3 假定政府针对低收入者实施收入维持计划答；10*10=100，没超过225美元，他可获得645美元的补助，则他的总收入是100+645=745美元。一个人收集的实际福利利益等于B = G-T（盈利 - D），B=实际收益，G=福利补助，t=收入的税率，D=扣除标准的福利和补助。因此，（盈利-D）是G减少形式征税的净盈利。当收益=0,0=G-t（盈利-D）。其中，盈利=G/t+D,称为“盈亏平衡”公式，在加利福尼亚范围内，表达式为盈利=645/0.5+225 盈利=1515$,用每小时10$工资率，这相当于每月工作151.5小时。C。该图显示了正确的形状预算约束，但应与“22.5”取代“577”的数字应与“645”和“9”时更换。D。上面的图表显示了一种可能性 - 在这种情况下，伊丽莎白是工作和福利 - 但她收集了在这种情况下，减少福利。Chapter 13 Taxation and Efficiency（19）Under legislation passed in 2001,the marginal tax rate on the wages of individuals in the highest income category (over a million dollars annually)will decrease from 39.9 percent to 34.0 percent .Use Equation (13.4)to approximate the proportion by which this change will reduce the excess burden on individuals in this income group.根据2001年通过的法律，在最高收入分类（年收入百万美元以上）的个人工资边际税率将从39.9%下降到34%。请用公式13.4（wL1t2）估计这种变化对该类群体减少超额负担的比重。答：方程（13.4）计算的劳动，这等于1/2wL1t2税的超额负担。因此，当税从39.9调低至34，多余的负担，三角形的比例不同，只有通过的最后期限，税率的平方。因此，（34/39.9）2= 0.726。因此，根据新的制度，超额负担是在旧制度下只有72.6的超额负担。Chapter 14 Efficient and Equitable Taxation（20）According to Fisman and Wei2001,importers in China respond to high tariffs by evasive behavior .For example ,when they are importing a commodity with