大学四级作文评分标准及样文参考.doc

“大学英语四级考试大纲”、作文评分原则及标准1.1考试大纲（节选）大学英语教学大纲规定：大学英语教学的目的，是培养学生具有较强的阅读能力和一定的听、说、读、写、译能力，使他们能用英语交流信息。大纲还明确地规定了基础教学阶段（即四级阶段）的写作能力要求：能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时做笔记、回答问题、写提纲，能就一定的话题或提纲在半小时内写出不少于120个单词的短文，能写短信和便条，表达意思清楚，无重大语言错误。 大学英语课程教学要求（教育部高教司编写，外语教学与研究出版社2004年8月出版）对大学英语基础教学阶段的写作能力要求如下：Students should be able to complete writing tasks for general purposes, e.g., describing personal experiences, impressions, feelings, or some events, and to undertake practical writing. They should be able to write within 30 minutes a short composition of 120 words on a general topic or an outline. The composition should be basically complete in content, appropriate in diction and coherent in discourse. Students are expected to be able to have a command of basic writing strategies. 大学英语四、六级考试大纲根据大学英语教学大纲制定，考试大纲中对于写作部分详实地做了如下规定：第一部分：短文写作（Part I Writing）共一题，考试时间为30分钟。要求考生写出一篇不少于120词的短文。试卷上可能给出题目，或规定情景，或要求看图作文，或根据段首句续写，或给出关键词要求写成短文，或要求考生根据情景提示写书信或便条，以及要求考生在读完一篇较长的文章之后写出摘要或概括大意等。因而，大学英语四级考试作文部分的常考题型主要有如下8种：1（中英文）提纲（主题句）作文2情景提示作文3看图作文4段首句作文5应用文6关键词作文7命题作文8缩写和摘要作文正如大学英语课程教学要求对大学英语基础教学阶段的写作能力要求规定的那样，我们要想写出优秀的段落或短文，不能只是简单地把几个句子或几个段落拼在一起就够了，而必须遵循写作的三大原则：即思想的统一性、内容的连贯性和结构的完整性。首先，大学英语四级短文写作要求切题，全文思想统一。思想统一性指段落内的所有句子或短文内的所有段落都必须围绕中心主题展开。要保持一个段落或短文的统一性，就必须去掉那些与主题无关的句子和段落。切题是四级考试写作的最基本的要求。其次，短文写作还要做到内容连贯。内容的连贯指句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间有着自然、恰当的衔接，使用一些过渡性的词语或句子，使短文条理清晰、脉络清楚。最后，结构的完整性，就是段落或短文必须有始有终，不能缺少任何一部分。大学英语四级写作考核内容为社会、文化、历史、科技等方面的一般常识和与人们日常生活密切相关的内容。在题材上，大学英语四级考试作文可为议论文、说明文、描写文、记叙文或应用文。有时，还可能将两种文体，特别是议论文和说明文，糅合在一起进行考察。因此，考生在写作之前，必须认真审题，仔细推敲，准确判断考题的文体要求。如果一开始就将文体判断错了，后果将可想而知。1.2 作文评分原则CET作文评卷工作中，实行模拟试改，淘汰不合要求的阅卷教师，并严格要求教师遵循如下评分原则：1 CET-4是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级教学要求的考试，因此对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。2 CET-4作文题采用总体评分方法(Global Scoring)。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(Reward Scores)，而不按语言点的错误数目扣分。3 从内容和语言对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是个统一体。作文应表达作文题目所规定的内容，而内容通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，还要考虑是否用英语清楚地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。4 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括0分。一位阅卷人员在所评判的全部试卷当中不应只给中间的几个分数。1.3 评分标准1. 本题满分为15分。2. 阅卷标准通常分为五等：2分、5分、8分、11分和14分。3. 阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，则可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分），但不得加减半分。4. 评分标准：2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。5. 字数不够120个，应酌情扣分，具体标准：累计字数在110119之间，扣1分；累计字数在100109之间，扣2分；累计字数在9099之间，扣3分；累计字数在8089之间，扣4分；累计字数在7079之间，扣7分；累计字数69，扣9分。注：如题目给出主题句，祈使句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数； 只写一段者：04分；只写两端者：09分（指规定三段的作文）。6. 为了便于阅卷人员掌握评分标准，现将各档作文分相当于百分制的得分列表如下，称为得分率。其中9分的得分率为60分（相当于百分制的60分）。 作文分151413121110987654321得分率100948780746760544740342720147 1.4教师的四级作文阅卷心得1.4.1目前考生四级作文得分不理想的具体原因考生作文不理想的原因很多，总的看来主要有以下四个方面的问题：第一：英语底子太薄。底子太薄主要表现为对语法知识掌握不牢及对基本词汇记忆不清。它包括定冠词和不定冠词的滥用，主谓不一致，单复数搞不清楚（例如：a people等），时态和语态混乱及词语的各种形式掌握不牢。有的学生文章写得很长，字迹也很工整，但是读完之后只觉得思路紊乱，支离破碎，没有一个完整的句子，所以也就只能得两三分以慰劳苦。 第二：词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。除了底子太薄这个历史原因之外，学生词汇量太小也是一个不容忽视的原因。有的学生汉语功底很好，用汉语作文，他们就会思如泉涌，下笔千言，但是一到用英语作文就好像被缚住了手脚，不知如何下手。阅卷老师也给搞得云里雾里，头脑发胀，最后也只得酌情给个两三分罢了。还有的一写到纸上就是错字别字满篇，有些词汇的用法也走了样。其中最典型的就是for example写成example for , for instance写成for a instance, illegal 写成unlegle, 而such as, in spite of 等许多短语则是乱用一气。词汇的有限导致许多学生有口难言，欲说不能，对他们来说，用英语作文实在是一件很头疼的事情。 第三：缺乏思想，深度不够。考试中很大一部分学生不能得高分还有一个重要的原因，就是他们的作文缺乏思想，深度不够。很多学生虽然已是大二的学生，甚至是大三大四的学生，但是他们在作文当中所表现出的智力水平与阅历似乎只相当于一个初高中生。写出的文章着眼点低，视野狭窄。第四：缺乏应试技巧。缺乏应试技巧，主要表现为有些学生在篇首或篇尾有喊口号倾向（如Dear Friends, lets not hesitate to sayNo）,或画蛇添足,本来文章该结束了，却偏要罗罗嗦嗦再来两句多余的话；另外一些学生字数把握不准，不是写得太短就是写得太长，写得太短的会因为字数不够而失分，太长的又因为阅卷老师任务繁重，时间窘迫，不能因为一篇文章乱了整个阅卷节奏。还有一些学生的笔迹（尤其是用纯蓝墨水钢笔和出水太浅的圆珠笔写的），让阅卷老师怎么也看不清楚。以上是四级英语考试中常见的几个问题，更是我们平时英语作文当中应该注意的几个方面。要写好一篇英语文章，关键要在平时下功夫，打好牢固的基础，但是如果这一功夫在使用的时候不讲技巧，不但不能事半功倍地发挥出最高技巧，取得最佳成绩，甚至可能出现与实际水平相去甚远的低成绩。因此，上面讲到的四个问题应该是相辅相成，缺一不可的，做到了这几点，写出一篇好的大学英语四级作文应该是不难的。1.4.2 写好四级作文的妙招（一）如何写好四级作文首先，卷面一定要清晰、干净、整洁。不要乱涂乱画，若有删节，在文字的中间 画一道横线。第二，段落按要求写，要求写几段就写几段。一般情况下，中间一段长，开首段和结尾段较短，让人第一感觉就是内容充实。第三，开好头，结好尾。第四，按要求的字数写，可以比要求的字数稍微多一点。字数少了给人的感觉是缺乏内容，字数太多了，文章显得繁琐，你的分数也会受影响。第五，内容要充实，每一段落一般从两到三个方面展开，内容的每一个层面一定要清晰，讲清楚一件事后再讲另外一件事。第六，内容要新异，不要人云亦云，只谈论大路边上的。也不要目光短浅，只看到身边的，要放眼全球，放眼未来。第七，语言方面取决于自己的语言水平，语言水平较差的同学，要保守一点，多用一些简单句，和并列句。语言水平好一点的同学，可多考虑复合句。要想作文取得高分，所用的句子必须多样，词汇方面要多用些词组、短语、习惯用法或谚语、名句等。第八，要学会使用连接词，如：表转折：but, however, nevertheless等，连接词的使用使文章连贯，读者阅读起来思路清晰，感觉良好，在考试中容易得高分。（二）句子的写作写好句子应避免两种倾向（1）句子不完整。如 I writing a letter home every week.（2）句子杂糅。如There are many students think computer is very important.很明显这是一个典型的中文式的句子。句式变化是写作的一个非常重要的原则。它常从以下二个方面体现：1句子开头变化。写作不要总是用过于平常的句子，可尝试以下八种方法：以介词短语开头，如On hearing the news, they broke into loud cheers.独立主格结构：The sun having set, we sat quietly in the darkness.动词短语（不定式或分词）To prevent the plaster from falling, we stick paper on the ceiling.动名词。After watching the sunset, we left the beach for home.副词。Softly, the boy spoke to her.倒装。Rap, rap, rap, came the knock on the door.以分句开头。What he said proves to be true.以同位语开头。Normally a timid girl, Linda argued heatedly with them about the air pollution.当然，变换句式还有许多形式，这里只是简要叙述。2改变句子的长度四级作文的句子长度经许多专家论证，以8-17个字为宜。太短显示不出水平，太长读起来费劲，最好长短句结合，有时可将一个看上去笨重的长句分成若干个短句；有时将几个结构松散，支离破碎的短句合为一个表达完整的长句。一个好句子最好涉及到人。如：Failure often happens in our lives. 最好用些具体、清楚而不是模糊的句子，多用动词，多用主动态，少用被动态，多用简单句，少用复合句，多注重谓语，当然这些只是相对的。简洁是句子的灵魂。如下面有一段：We can know not only civil news, but also international news. So we can know many important affairs that had happened and that are happening all over the world.这句话可改成：From newspaper, we obtain news, both civil and international, telling us what has happened and what is happening globally.修改后的这句话，因为使用了介词、连接词及动词ing 形式等，比原句全部使用陈述句平铺直叙要好得多，更重要的是，它剔除了多余的字，变得更加简洁。（三）段落的写作段落是由主题句，支撑句和结论句组成，当然它还应包含切题与连贯，我们俗称这五要素为3+2模式。段落的写作一定要重视主题句的写作，主题句是段落的中心大意句，它常常位于句首，有时也在句中、句末。写出主题句后，可让读者对段落的大意一目了然。四级作文可用一个倒三角形来表示，通常由一个表概括的主题句，二、三个支撑句及一个具体的结论句组成。 总括 具体其实三段式的作文，大致可以这样分成十句：The first partS1 introduction: general talk of the topic S2 thesis: the writers attitude to itThe second partS3 topic sentences: the writers reasons to have this attitudeS4 support 1S5 detail 1S6 detail 2S7 support 2S8 detail 1S9 detail 2The third partS10 conclusion: restate the thesis虽然这种模式使四级作文看起来象“洋八股文”，但这种写作模式却十分有效。段落的切题指在写作过程中，作者要按一个主题进行叙述，而不要走题，同时要注意人称与时态的一致。句与句，段与段之间如果加上一些过渡词，将会使行文更连贯。如表顺序的：first, second, meanwhile, finally;表转折的：however, nevertheless, instead, yet;表递进的：furthermore, moreover, addition;表原因的：accordingly, thus, therefore;表总结的：in brief, in short, in conclusion等汉语讲求“起”，“承”，“转”，“合”，英语作文也有“at present”,“at the same time”, “however”,“ at length”等与之对应的短语和句子。另外，多读，多背一些作文模板对写作有立竿见影的效果，限于篇幅，这里把开篇句、扩展句、结尾句各举三例：1开篇句a. When it comes to some people think thatothers think that the opposite is true. There is probably some true in both arguments but.b. Now, it is commonly believed thatThey claim thatBut I wonder whetherc. With the prompt/rapid development, more and more people believe that2扩展句a. Everything has two sides and is not an exception; it has both advantages and disadvantages.b. The answer to this problem involves many complex factors. For one thing for another,still anotherc. My reason may be expressed as follows:3结尾句a. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that b. From what has been discussed above, we may safely arrive at the conclusion thatc. In conclusion, I would like to say thatis a question that deserves special attention from the public.总之，四级作文要注意平时的积累，多看模板，多背名句，多写。同时，避免写一些中文式的句子，多写简单句，少写复杂句，如果碰到自己不会写的东西，可以换一种方式表达，写作前可先写个提纲，写作过程中一般不打草稿，特别注重第一段的写作，因为这是你给评阅老师第一印象的时候，也是他给你定档次的时候。写作最好有主题句，多检查谓语是否准确，对写出的句子要问一句：“这是地道的英语吗？”等。所以，经过较系统的训练，四级作文也就不攻自破了。1.4.3 历年来四级真题作文评分范文与错误范例2003/1作文试题Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.1. 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象。2. 诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。实例1: 14分It Pays to Be HonestNowadays there are many dishonest phenomena in our society. To illustrate, some people fabricate false diploma for the purpose of finding a good job; some businessman sell fake commodities to their customers in pursuit of commercial interest; some students cheat in the exam in order to get a high mark. As a matter of fact, the dishonest people only focus on the short-term interests. Once their falsities were exposed, they will lose others trust, lose their fortune, even be sent to prison. In contrast, honest people gain a lot. Those who always tell truth or keep their promise not only make others trust them, but also gain respect from them as well. Its no doubt such people can hold a lot of friends because they are reliable and venerable. Moreover, its facile for an honest people to find a good job since every employer long for honest employees. Those honest behaviors will be rendered back at last.Therefore, we should advocate the spirit of being honest for it can help us to win trust, respect and admiration from others. In other words, it pays to be honest. 评语：这篇文章紧紧围绕主题行文，不仅切合题意，语言表达上也十分通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错，除了 “since every employer long for honest employees”这句中的long 应该为longs之外，其余的地方几乎没有错误。因此可以归入第一档14分。实例2：11分It Pays to Be HonestIn modern society there exist a lot of dishonest phenomenons. For example, in order to catch the customers attention, many advertisements make up exaggerated propaganda; in order to earn more money, some people sell false medicine, sometimes damaged the customers health seriously, and even deprived their lives. Although it helps them gain the short profits, itll destroy the reputation of the company in the long sight.In my opinion, honest is beneficial to us. For one thing, we can gain others respect and trust, so that we can have more chances to make friends. For another, it can make our society more beautiful and every person friendly to each other.In a word, I think everyone should start to be honest and everyone should have the idea that our society can not do without honesty. 评语：这篇文章内容切题，文字连贯，表达思想也比较清楚，但第二段在描述诚实利人利己时，可以写得更详实一些，也可补充些简单的例子，这样就会使文章的内容显得更加地充实。此外，文中还存在着少量的用词错误，如：1) 第一句 “In modern society there exist a lot of dishonest phenomenons” 当中的phenomenons属于比较明显的错误，这个词的复数形式应该是 “phenomena”。2) 第一段当中的 “even deprived their lives”, deprive后面应该加上介词of。3) 还有第一段的最后一句 “Although it helps them gain the short profits, itll destroy the reputation of the company in the long sight”中的 “the short profits”应该是 “the short-term profits”，还有后面的 “in the long sight”应该是 “in the long term”。因此，这篇文章比上一篇略逊一筹，定为11分。 实例3：8分It Pays to Be HonestHonesty is one of the Chinese conventional morals. But at present, there are more and more dishonest things in the society. For example, salesmen cheat people, advertisement cheat people; even your close friends cheat you. When you are at school, you will find many students copy others papers in the final exam. These are the bad things in our society. If you are not honest to other people, they will give you back. In other words, to be honest not only benefit for you but also good for others. For a company, honesty and credit should be the primary thing, dishonest will make it lose his customer; it is horrible to think that if everyone tells lies to others. So whatever we do, we will not believe others. Then our life will be unhappy!Taking all the things to consideration, we can come to the result that honest is beneficial for ourselves and others. We should honest whenever we are, those who are not dishonest will be punished in some day. 评语：这篇文章的内容基本切题，文字上还比较连贯，但有些地方表达思想不够清楚，语法错误也较多，其中有一些严重的语言错误。存在的主要问题如下：1) 词语使用不当：如第一句中的morals这个词使用不当，应该改为virtues；第一段第二句以及第二段第一句中的dishonest things最好改为dishonest phenomena；第二段后面的 “to be honest not only benefit for you but also good for others” benefit 后的for该去掉；最后一段当中的 “we can come to the result that honest is beneficial for ourselves and others”和beneficial搭配的介词应该为to。2) 主谓一致出现错误，如第一段中的 “advertisement cheat people”, advertisement应改为复数；“ to be honest not only benefit for you but also good for others”中的benefit和good都应该改成第三人称单数。3) 第二段中的honesty and credit should be the primary thing中的thing应改为复数；“dishonest will make it lose his customer”中的customer应改为复数。4) 第二段中的 “If you are not honest to other people, they will give you back”词组give back使用不正确，应该改为 “they will give it back to you”。5) 最后一段当中的首句 “Taking all the things to consideration”，应改为 “Taking all the things into consideration”。6) 最后一句 “We should honest whenever we are” 应改为 “We should be honest whatever we do”。基于以上存在的问题，这篇文章只能评8分。实例4：5分It Pays to Be HonestHonest is a good moral in china. Nowadays, our society is full of unhonest things. The honest was little time think of by people. Since person dependent on deceive is up to himselfs aim. However, some people was think that it is all right, all of this aim at to make a lot of money.But, we were college students, we must have an good moral. We should be honest. As time past, honest is more important in our life. For example, you will buy something false, others who sell it to you are not be honest. You borrow something to somebody, but he deny it. But, as a fact, if everyone is not honest, our life will not normal, and our country will not normal too. Honest is helpful to yourself and others. So we should be honest for being a human. Maybe it is more harmonious in our society. 评语：这篇文章表达思想不清楚，很多句子意思不明，不知道作者想要表达的具体思想，特别是第一段当中有多处严重语言错误，如 “The honest was little time think of by people. Since person dependent on deceive is up to himselfs aim. However, some people was think that it is all right, all of this aim at to make a lot of money.”这几句，没有一句是完全正确的句子。后面两段当中虽然错误较多，但还可以勉强猜出作者想要表达的意图。此外，还有许多用词不当的地方，如最后一段中的normal 这个词，以及一些其他的语法错误，这里就不一一列举了。综上所述，这篇文章只能定为5分档。实例5：2分It Pays to Be HonestHonest is a good moral, but in the moeden world, most of people are not honest. Now in the school, this phenomenon is so serious. Many students have chest in the exam just want pass to the exam but they dont think it is very bad for him. Now in the world, honest is very improtent, because people and peoples commitment are more and more, if the deceived is most in the person, the world will full of black. You should think the life is very bad and not happy in live. But when you do help the other people, the people is help you. You are happy everyday. 评语：这篇文章条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。字数也没有达到基本要求的120个词，因此归为最后一档。2003/6四级作文Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:假设你在某日某时目击一场车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书包括以下几点：1车祸发生的时间及地点2你所见到的车祸情况3你对车祸原因的分析实例1：14 分An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic AccidentIt was the morning of April 6th, 2003. At about 7:30, I went to school by bike as usual. It was a rainy day and the road was slippery. On the way, I noticed a boy riding in front of me, talking loudly with his friends. He didnt wear a raincoat; instead he held an umbrella in one hand, the rode with another hand. As he turned left to Guangming Road, he failed to see a car coming from behind a truck parked on the corner. Suddenly I heard a big noise and saw an umbrella thrown away. The boy was knocked down by the car. I was completely shocked.I think the boys absent-mindedness accounted much for the accident. He was talking all the time and dangerously used an umbrella while riding a bike. The weather also played a role in the tragedy. The third cause was the unproperly parked truck, which was big enough to make the road conditions invisible to the students who were going to make a turn. All these contributed to the accident.评语：该作文内容切题。思想表达清楚，连贯性较好：首段指出交通事故发生的时间，接着回顾了该次交通事故的前前后后。作者在第二段分析这次车祸的可能原因。整篇作文用词准确，文字通顺，句式变化多样，过渡自然；文中基本没有语言错误。实例2：11 分An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic AccidentIt was last Friday morning. The accident happened when I was on my way to school. It was so terrible that I would never forget it.I was walking along the road, and there are not so many cars on the road. Then, with a big sound, the accident happened. The red car stoped suddenly on the road so that the driver of following car couldnt respond immeditely. The back of the red car was badly damaged, but fortunately there was no people injured in this accident.I think the main reasons are as follows: First of all, the red car shouldnt stop suddenly without any signals. Secondly, the following car should keep a certain distance from the front car so that the driver could have enough time to take measurs when any badly situation. Finally, these two drivers were careless. If they had paid more attention to driving, this accdent wouldnt have happened.评语：内容切题，条理较清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。第一段介绍，引入正题。第二段着重描述交通事故。第三段简要评述了这场车祸，并有First of all ,Secondly ,Finally等过渡词。实例3：8 分An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic AccidentThe traffic accident was taken place at the junction of two highways when I was driving my car home at about 4 oclock.The yellow car involved in the accident was running at a high speed along the right-hand when it happened. Hardly it reached the junction when it cracked with a truck running from another direction. There was no time for the drivers to change the directions.I think the accident mostly attributed to such reasons: Firstly and the foremost, it was the carelessness of both of the drivers that mostly made the accidents happen. It was not too careful for them when running a car. Secondly, the weather also should be responsible for it. The fog made the vision of drivers vague. Last but not the least, the constructure of the roads was unreasonable. The trafic lights are needed at any junctions.评语：内容基本切题。有些地方思想表达得不够清楚，文字勉强连贯