英语语法——省略与替代.doc

英语语法知识精讲省略替代省略与替代省略（Ellipsis）是为了避免重复，突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种手段。省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种十分普遍的现象。在近几年的高考试题中，省略现象也尤为常见。英语中常常使用省略的形式，现总结如下：一、在情景会话中，答语常常省略不会引起歧义的主语和谓语部分。命令句、感叹句、部分第一人称的陈述句、部分问句和答句中省略最为常见。 Open the door!开门！Why not?为什么不？Why so?为什么这样？Anybody wishing to go?谁愿意去？(Im ) Afraid not.我恐怕不。 What a lovely place (it is)!多么可爱的地方！考点一各种省略答语01.You havent been to Beijing, have you? _. How I wish to go there some day. A. Yes, I haveB. Yes, I have gone there C. No, I didnt haveD. No, I havent02.What should I do with the passage? _ the main idea of each paragraph. A. Finding outB. Found outC. Find outD. To find out二、动词不定式的省略：使役动词和感觉动词后不定式作宾补时，省略不定式符号to。不定式与前面的动词重复时，常被省略，但要保留to。1、使役动词let, make, have及感觉动词see, watch, hear, notice, observe feel, witness等后面作宾语补足语的不定式要省去，但用于被动语态时不能省略。例如：I saw the boy fall from the tree. The boy was seen to fall from the tree.2、有时为了避免重复，表达相同意思的不定式to符号后面的内容常承前省略，只保留不定式符号to。系动词(be) + adj. 此类用法中常见的形容词有：afraid, ready, glad, happy, willing等。例如：Could you go shopping with me?I am glad to.(省略了go shopping with you)mean, try, want, afford, decide, refuse, wish, like, need, would like, would love等后面接不定式作宾语时，省略作宾语的不定式，只保留不定式符号to。Are you going there? Yes, Id like to. (省略了going there)【注意】若该宾语是be动词或完成时态的不定式时，则须在to后面保留be或have。例如：Are you an engineer? No, but I want to be. (be不能省略)tell, warn, order, advise, ask, expect等动词后不定式作宾补时，常省略不定式的内容，只保留不定式符号to。例如：The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to.Nothing can stop the boy from playing video games when he wants to.两个或两个以上的动词不定式由并列连词连接时，后面的不定式可省去to。若表示对比、对照时，则不省略to。Her job is to take care of the children and (to) wash clothes.Its better to laugh than to cry.3、特殊结构中的省略 would rather, had better, would sooner, do nothing but, have nothing to do but, there is nothing to do but, cant help but, rather than等后不定式符号常省略。例如：He would sooner die than surrender. Id rather look after the baby than wash dishes.三、状语从句的省略：若从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句的谓语动词中含有be动词，从句的主语连同be动词一起省略。 He wont go to the party unless (he is) invited.Country music today remains much the same as (it was) before. When (I am) in trouble I always turn to her for help. Look out for cars when (you are) crossing the street.【注意】as引导让步状语从句时，通常从句要倒装。若从句的表语是可数名词单数，将名词提前时，名词前面的冠词（a, an）须省略。 Child as he is, he knows much about the society. Though he is a child, he knows much about the society.考点二状语从句的省略03.The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. A. beginsB. having begun C. beginning D. begun 04. Though _ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 四、当见到“when（或if, where, wherever, whenever, as soon as, than等）+ possible / necessary”时，可理解中间省略了it is / was. When (it is) necessary, you can help us to do something. Answer these questions, if (it is) possible without referring to the book. Ill inform you by e-mail when (it is) necessary. He looked as if (he were) afraid of nothing.【注意】由if构成的省略结构，已属于固定短语。如：if any, if necessary, if possible, if not, if so等。如： If necessary, ring me at home. He may be busy. If so, Ill call later. If not, can I see him now.五、用so, not, neither, nor或其它手段来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句义。1、so与 not常可用来替代前面说的话，so表示肯定的替代，not表示否定的替代，即“+谓语+not”或“not+谓语+so”。So还可以和even, still, if, absolutely等连用，not可与 if, perhaps, of course, better why (not)等连用，构成缩略句。Can Emily do this work?埃米莉能做这件工作吗？I think so.我想她行。I think not.（或I dont think so.）我想她不行。Did you know anything about it?这件事你以前知道吗？Not until you told me.直到你告诉了我，我才知道。2、“So+谓语+主语”表示前面的肯定情况也适合于后者；“So+主语+谓语”强调主语的情况的确如此；“Neither/Nor +谓语+主语”表示前面的否定情况也适合于后者。He did well in this examination.So he did.She has been to the Great Wall.So have I.If you dont go to the cinema, neither will I.考点三替代性省略05. Will you be able to finish your report today? _. A. I like itB. I hope soC. Ill do soD. Id love it06.Its burning hot today, isnt it? Yes. _ yesterday. A. So was itB. So it wasC. So is itD. So it is六、定语从句与省略：1、在限制性定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词whom, which, that。That is the naughty boy (whom/that) we talked about last week.Is this the museum (that/which) you visited yesterday?2、在direction（方向），way（方式），distance（距离），place（地点），time（时间），times（倍数）等后面所接的定语从句中，that可取代when，where，why，介词+which，常常省略。His father died the year (that/in which/when) he was born.The direction (in which) we move a body can be changed.3、以there be开头的句子，其主语的定语从句常可省略关联词；而there be结构作定语从句时，省略作主语的关系代词。There is a chance Dr. Li will be able to be back for May Day.We have to make a list of all the books there are on the subject.考点四定语从句中的省略07. Do you have anything to say for yourself? Yes, there is one point _ we must insist on. A. whyB. whereC. howD. /08. What surprised me most was not what he said but _ he did it. A. the wayB. in the way thatC. in the wayD. the way which七、虚拟语气与省略：1、当if引导的假设条件从句有were，had，should，可以省略if，把它们提到句首，形成倒装句。Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided.Should you require anything, just ring me up.2、含有建议、要求、命令等意思的名词性从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。 He suggested that she (should) go there at once. It is desired that the bridge (should) be built in two years.考点五虚拟语气中的省略09. _ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. A. Would you beB. Should you be C. Could you beD. Might you be10. Dont you think it necessary that he _ to Miami but to New York? I agree, but the problem is _ he has refused to. A. will not be sent, thatB. not be sent, that C. should not be sent, whatD. should not send, what八、宾语从句与省略：1、当that引导宾语从句时，常常可以省略that，但引导第二个宾语从句的that不可省略。 We believe (that) he is an honest boy. We believe he is an honest boy and that he never lies.2、以which，when，where，how和why引导的宾语从句在其谓语与主句谓语相同时，可省略全部谓语，甚至主语也省略，仅仅保留一个WH词。 She will go to Beijing, but I dont know when (she will go to Beijing). She cant come, but I dont know why (she cant come)九、介词短语与省略：1、注意在一些固定短语中某些介词的省略。I spent too much time (in) watching television yesterday. There is no use (in) explaining it to her any more. We had no difficulty (in) finishing that task. They are (of) the same age.2、某些形容词要求后面接一个固定的介词短语，若接从句，则只用that或疑问词直接引出从句，从而省略原有的介词。 We are certain (省去of) that air is a mixture. She is doubled (省去about) whether she can complete it in time.十、其他情形的省略：1、新闻标题要求简练醒目。 American President to Fly to London美国总统将飞往伦敦。 (American President is to fly to London.) Boy 14, Rescue from Cliff Face从峭壁上营救下14岁的男孩。 (A boy of 14 has been rescued from cliff face.)2、并列句中某些相同成分的省略。 This beeper works well, but that one doesnt. (work well) My brother is an English teacher and my sister a singer.3、含有补足语的复合结构中省略to be或being的情况。 This conclusion proved (to be) correct. 4、强调句型强调疑问词，常省略句型中的that。 When was it (that) you received his e-mail? We dont know who it was (that) called the doctor?5、有形式主语it的主语从句可省略that。Its a pity (that) you cant operate a computer. It is the third time (that) I have come to London. It is an honor (that) I was invited to your birthday party.6、简单句中的省略（主语、谓语、宾语等）(It) Sounds like a good idea.(I) Beg your pardon?(Is there) Anything you want?Do you like the film? Oh, (I like it) Very much.省略现象专项练习30题01. Michael was late for Mr. Smiths oral class this morning. _? As far as I know, he never came late to class. A. How comeB. So whatC. Why notD. What for02. He hasnt gone to the office up to now. Well, he _. A. shouldB. ought toC. ought to haveD. ought to go03. The war is likely to break out in the near future. I _, if the situation goes as it is. A. hope soB. hope notC. am afraid notD. am afraid so04. How are you getting on with your work? Oh, Im sorry. Things arent going so well as _. A. plansB. plannedC. planningD. to plan05. Are you a teacher? No, but I _. I worked in a middle school for three years. A. amB. willC. do D. was06. How many poor counties will there be in our province by 2010? There will be only a few, if _. A. anyB. someC. manyD. much07. My father is a doctor and my mother _. A. a nurseB. nurseC. be a nurseD. is nurse08. Doctors have said that as many as 50% of patients dont take medicine _. A. like directedB. to be directedC. as directedD. so that directed09. I told him to sit down and _ for a moment. A. waitsB. waitedC. waitD. waiting10. Why didnt you come to Mikes birthday party yesterday? Well, I _, but I forgot it. A. shouldB. should haveC. mustD. must have11. _ green, the door might look more beautiful. A. You paintedB. If paintedC. To paintD. Have it painted12. The cup was broken by someone, but _. A. I dont know whoB. I dont know by who C. I wonder by whoD. I dont know whom13. When _ where he was born, John says he is a New Yorker. A. askingB. have askedC. was askedD. asked14. The neighbors knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from her childhood. A. grewB. was growingC. growD. to grow15. Would you like to go skating with me? I _, but I am too busy now. A. would like to do itB. would like to C. would like itD. would like to do16. _ I be free tomorrow, I will come and visit you. A. ShouldB. IfC. WereD. Had17. She has done the weeks washing. _, Ill ask her to see a film tonight. A. In caseB. If soC. If thatD. Even though18. Do you mind my taking the seat? _. A. Yes. Sit down, pleaseB. Yes. Take it, please C. No. Of course notD. No. You cant take it19. Michael seems to have learnt all the English words by heart. _. He is always spending two hours per day reading them. A. So he didB. So did heC. So he hasD. So has he20. Do you mind my smoking here? _. A. No, thanksB. No, good ideaC. Yes, pleaseD. Yes, better not21.What would have happened, _ as far as the river bank? A. Bob had walked fartherB. if Bob should walk farther C. had Bob walked fartherD. if Bob walked farther22. _ be sent to work there? A. Who do you suggestB. Who do you suggest that should C. Do you suggest that who shouldD. Do you suggest whom should23. Could I call you by your first name? Yes, you _. A. willB. couldC. canD. might24. What do you think made Mike so upset? _ her bike. A. As she lostB. LostC. LosingD. Because of losing25. It is rather cold here. Shall we light a fire? No. We _ because things here are easy to catch fire. A. mustntB. mustC. 26. Is this factory _ you visited yesterday? A. in whichB. the oneC. whichD. there27.Did Mr. Smith buy any reading materials for when he was on business? He was always meaning to, but never _. A. doB. doneC. didD. doing28. I hear Johnson was badly injured in the accident. _, lets go and see him. A. If soB. If notC. If necessaryD. If possible29. The boy always comes to school late although his teacher tells him again and again _. A. not toB. not to doC. not to beD. dont be30. Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard. Why _ ? John is sitting there doing nothing. A. him B. he C. I D. me 附：替代替代和省略一样，也是一种避免重复和连接上下文的手段。对于非关键性的话语，除可省略外，还可用替代词来替代。一、名词性替代用名词替代词one / ones等所表示的替代现象叫做名词性替代。1、one通常用来替代上文中出现过的可数名词或以可数名词为中心词的整个名词词组。复数形式是ones，只能替代复数名词。既可指人，也可指物。 The gray horse is stronger than the black one. (one=horse) The new design is much better than the old ones.(ones=designs)2、替代词one若不带任何前置修饰语，它所替代的对象便不是中心词而是整个名词词组，其意义通常是泛指；用人称代词或指示代词才表示特指。 Is that a book on medicine? I want to borrow it. （特指） Do you have any books on medicine? I want to borrow one. （泛指）3、替代词ones通常不能单独使用，它总是带有前置修饰语，因此只能替代名词中心词，而不能替代整个名词词组。 I have a new dictionary and several old ones. （替代dictionaries） I dont like red roses. I like the white ones. （替代roses）4、one还可以用来指代上文的不定冠词加名词单数。 A bridge made of iron is usually stronger than one made of wood. Meeting my uncle after thirty years is an unforgetful experience, one I will always treasure.5、要注意区别不定代词one，替代词one以及数词one As one grows older, ones memory declines.（不定代词） My old car is better than the new one.（替代词） One person is enough for the work.（数词）二、代词性替代1、指示代词that替代特指的可数名词或不可数名词，后面常跟有in或of短语作后置定语；复数用those来替代。 The climate of Guangzhou is much better than that of Xian. The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a cat. My seat was next to that of the mayor.2、人称代词it用来指代同名称的同样事物；（同类同物）而one指代同名称另一个东西。（同类异物）it的复数是they/them；one的复数是ones。 Where is the new chair? It is in the living room. We need a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made one from some wood we had.三、动词性替代用动词替代词等表示的替代现象叫做动词性替代。1、当动词替代词do用以替代动词词组中心词时，通常替代实义动词，若及物，须带宾语。 She plays the piano better than she does (=plays) the guitar. He swam as well as he did (=swam) ten years ago.2、动词替代词do so既可替代“动宾”结构，又可替代“动状”结构。 Ocean are able to clean themselves, but certain seas are not able to do so. He smokes a lot. Does his brother do so?3、当do so用来替代动宾结构时，so可为it或this/ that所取代。 The strangers wanted to cut down a large forest in the area. The villagers did not allow them to do this. Dont throw your cigarette out of the window. If you do that, you may start a fire. Why dont you do the experiment? OK, Ive got a better idea. Why dont we do it together?四、分句性替代用替代词去替代名词性从句这一语法现象叫做分句性替代。常用so来替代肯定的陈述从句，用not来替代否定的陈述从句。1、从句替代词so的用法 在动词believe, be afraid, expect, fear, hope, imagine, say, tell, think, suppose等后，可用替代词so。Are we late? Im afraid so. (so=that we are late)Your father and mine were friends when young. I have been told so.2、从句替代词not的用法 I think / believe / suppose / expect / hope / guess / am afraid + notDo you think he will come? No, I think not.Is there going to be a meeting tonight?I suppose not. I dont think / believe / suppose / expect / hope + soDoes the bell ring in the kitchen?I dont think so.【衔接高考】01、Why dont you take a break? Didnt we just have _? A. it B. that C. one D. this02、Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _ I always treasure. A. that B. one C. it D. what 03、Equipped with modern facilities, todays libraries differ greatly from _. A. those of the past B. the past C. which of the past D. these past04、David has made great progress recently. _ and _ . A. So he has; so you have B. So he has; so have you C. So has he; so have you D. So has he; so you have 05、Do you expect _ to be a possibility that we shall be able to afford the particular furniture we need?A. itB. thereC. thatD. one06、I like _ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. A. thisB. thatC. itD. one07、May I help you with some gloves, sir? Yes. Id like to try on those blue _. A. oneB. onesC. pairD. couple08、When shall we meet on the weekend or not again? Make it _ day you like. Its all the same to me. A. oneB. anyC. anotherD. some09、Many people in the west make _ a role to buy Christmas presents for their relatives and friends. A. thisB. thatC. itD. them10、Ive just seen no more than one copy of “Gone with the Wind” in the bookshop opposite. Tom, go and buy _. A. oneB. itC. anyD. some11、I have lost my pencil. I cant find _. I have to buy _. A. it, it B. that, oneC. it, oneD. one, it12、Ill praise all the teachers except _ who had not done their duty. A. the onesB. onesC. someD. the others13、Why did Tom look unhappy?He failed the exam, but he still hoped _. A. soB. thatC. to passD. to14、Ill go home now. Would you mind turning in my report for? Not at all. _. A. Ive no timeB. Id rather not C. Id like itD. Id be happy to15、If you go to Xian, you will find the palace there more magnificent than commonly _. A. supposingB. supposedC. to supposeD. suppose语法项目-省略作者:王洪正 贾得胜 工作单位/通讯地址:山东省宁津县第一中学 联系方式编： 253400省略（ellipsis）是一种为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的语法手段，它是一个相当活跃的语法项目，也是高考的考点。本文就与省略相关的现象作了比较详细实用的归纳总结。1.简单句中的省略。(1)省略主语（多数属于语境省略）有时，主语和操作词一起省略。例如：(It) Doesnt matter.(I)Beg your pardon. （You）Had a good time？（Im）Sorry（Have you）Got any idea？ What a beautiful view！(感叹句)(2)省略谓语 例如：Who ( comes) next? (3)省略表语 例如：-Are you ready? - Yes, I am（ready. (4)省略宾语 例如：-Lets do the dishes. -OK. Ill wash (dishes). Youll dry (dishes). (5)主(宾)语补足语中的to be往往省略。例如: We found the situation (to be) serious.He was thought (to be) the person responsible for the matter.（6）在复合宾语结构中省略不定式符号to。不定式作动词make/let/have以及感官动词的宾语补足语时要省略to，但变成被动语态时不能省略。例如：例如: The boss made the workers work all day and all night.The workers were made to work all day and all night.(7)省略介词例如：He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons. Ive studied Eng1ish (for) five years. We could stop them (from) moving the heavy box. (8)所有格之后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略。例如：She is going to her uncles (house).Today I met her at the tai