国际商法课件( English )(1).ppt

ChapterOneIntroductiontoInternationalBusinessLaw I DefinitionofInternationalBusinessLawII SourcesofInternationalBusinessLawIII HistoryofInternationalBusinessLawIV CharacteristicsandPrinciplesofInternationalBusinessLawV MajorLegalSystemsoftheWorld KeyTermsandImportantLegalEnglishUsages 1 norms 标准 规范 法则 规则 准则 该词一般指组织或惯例中的准则或规则 不指立法机关所制定的法律 2 law 法律 法令 该词较常用 主要指由最高当局制定 由立法机构通过或由习惯认可而由法院执行的法律 3 code 法典 法规 着重指集体的法规 如civilcode criminalcode 4 regulation 条例 规则 规章 主要表示用以指导 管理或控制某系统或某组织的规则或原则 5 rules 规则 规章 指团体的规章 条例或比赛规则 常与regulation互换使用 6 provision 规定 规范 指具体部门所制定的规定 7 procedures 程序 办法 主要指具体部门或行业为实施某法律制订的具体步骤 8 institutions 制度 法律 法令 公共机构 该词主要表示制度 公共机构或诉讼的提起 9 ruleoflaw 法治 10 legaldoctrines 法律理论 11 legalvalidity 法律效力 I DefinitionofInternationalLaw 1 DefinitionInternationalbusinesslaw alsocalledinternationalcommerciallaw referstothebodyoflegalrulesandnormsthatregulatesinternationaltradeandinternationalbusinessorganizations 2 Themeaningof International Acommercialtransactionisinternationalif 1 thepartieshavetheirplacesofbusinessindifferentStatesorCountries 2 thepartieshavetheirnationalitiesfromdifferentcountries 3 thecommercialactivitiesareperformedinaStateorDistrictoutsidetheCountryorCountriesofoneormoreparties 4 theobjectofthecommercialrelationshipislocatedinaStateorDistrictoutsidetheCountryorCountriesofoneormoreparties 3 Themeaningof commercial II SourcesofInternationalBusinessLaw 1 InternationalTreatiesandConventionsAtreatymayalsobeknownasagreement protocol covenant convention exchangeofletters accord exchangeofnotes memorandumofunderstanding etc Treatiesarebindingagreementsbetweentwoormorestates andconventionsarelegallybindingagreementssponsoredbyinternationalorganizations suchastheUnitedNations MainTreatiesorConventionsinInternationalBusinessLaw ConventiononAgencyintheInternationalSaleofGoods 1983年 国际货物销售代理公约 UnitedNationsConventiononContractsofInternationalSaleofGoods CISG 1980年 联合国国际货物买卖合同公约 HagueRules 海牙规则 VisbyRules 维斯比规则 HamburgRules 汉堡规则 ConventionontheLawApplicabletoProductsLiability 1977年产品责任法律适用公约 ParisConventionontheProtectionofIndustrialProperty 1883年 保护工业产权巴黎公约 2 InternationaltradeCustomandUsage InternationaltradeCustomandusagemeansthegeneralrulesandpracticesininternationaltradeactivitiesthathavebecomegenerallyadoptedthroughunvaryinghabitandcommonuse ThreeConditionsofInternationaltradeCustomandusage 1 Ithasdeterminatebusinesscontents 2 Ithasbecomeunvaryinghabitandcommonuseininternationalbusinesstransactions 3 It sthegeneralrulethatrecognizedbymostcountries CustomsandUsagesinInternationalBusinessLawIncoterms2000 2000年国际贸易术语解释通则 Warsaw OxfordRules1932 1932年 华沙 牛津规则 RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941 1941年 美国对外贸易定义修正本 UCP600 2007年 跟单信用证统一惯例 3 NationalBusinessLaws III HistoryofInternationalBusinessLaw 1 AncientRomanLawstage 古罗马法阶段 2 JusMercatorumstage 商人习惯法阶段 3 Nationalizedstage 商法本国化阶段 4 TheDevelopmentandTendencyofModernInternationalBusinessLawOntheonehand aftertheSecondWorldWartherapiddevelopmentoftheworldeconomymadethecontactofeachcountrymorefrequently Thismadeitnecessarythatasetofuniforminternationallawregulatingtherelationshipofinternationaleconomyandtradeshouldbemade Ontheotherhand duringthecommunicationofthecountries peopleformedsometradepracticeandcustomswhichwerecommonlyobeyed Bytheendof19thCandatthebeginningof20thCinternationalbusinesslawappears Entering21stCinternationalbusinesslawwillmeetagreaterdevelopment Becauseitslawandruleswillbemoreglobalized uniformanddiversified IV CharacteristicsandPrinciplesofInternationalBusinessLaw 1 Characteristics 1 Internationallawhasitsownadjustingobject 2 Theadjustingmethodofinternationallawisdirectadjustingmethod 2 Principles 1 Bonafides Principleofgoodfaith 2 Principleofautonomyofwilloftheparties 3 Principleoffairness 4 Principleoffacilitatingtransaction 5 Principleofrecognitionofinternationalcommercialcustomsandpractices V MajorLegalSystemsoftheWorld 1 Common lawSystemThecommonlawsystemisalsocalledEnglishLawSystem orAnglo AmericanLawSystem Commonlawsystemsarebasedlargelyoncaselaw i e oncourtdecisions Commonlawreferstolawandthecorrespondinglegalsystemdevelopedthroughdecisionsofcourtsandsimilartribunals ratherthanthroughlegislativestatutesorexecutiveaction Incommon lawsystemcountries judgescouldchangelawsandmakenewlaws Caselawisstillimportantinthesecountries CommonlawcountrieshavekeptthebasicfeatureoftheEnglishlegalsystem whichisthepowerofjudgestomakelaws 2 Civil LawSystemCivilLaw alsocalledContinentalLaworRomano GermanicLaw isthepredominantsystemoflawintheworld Civil lawsystemsarebasedmainlyonstatutes legislativeacts Themajorityofcivil lawcountrieshaveassembledtheirstatutesintooneormorecarefullyorganizedcollectionscalledcodes Itissometimessaidthattherearetwobranchesofcivillaw FrenchandGerman Twoothercountriesenactedcivilcodesthathavebeenadoptedelsewhere TheSwissCivilCodebecametheTurkishCivilCodein1926whenitwasadoptedbyTurkey theChileanCivilCodeisthemodelforotherSouthAmericanCountries Nowmanycountrieshavepatternedtheirlegalsystemsafterbothcivillawandcommonlaw 3 ComparisonBetweenthetwoLegalSystemsIncivillaw themainprinciplesandrulesarecontainedincodesandstatutes whileincommonlaw Civillawisbasedonthetheoryofseparationofpowers wherebytheroleoflegislatoristolegislate whilethecourtsshouldapplythelaw Incommonlawthecourtsaregiventhemaintaskincreatingthelaw Differencesbetweenthetwolegalsystems 1 Thetheoreticalbasisofcivillawispositivelaw whilecommonlaw sisnaturallaw 2 Forthestatusoflaw civillawisindependentofgovernment butcommonlawissuperiortogovernment 3 Tothebaseoflegalrules civillawisbasedongeneralprinciples whilecommonlawisbasedonspecificcircumstances 4 Forthescopeoflaw civillawismainlyprivatelaw yetcommonlawincludesprivatelawandpubliclaw 5 Thebasicsourceofcivillawiscodes butthebasicsourceofcommonlawiscaselaw 6 Civillawismostinfluencedbylegislators whilecommonlawismostinfluencedbyjudges 7 Fortheapplicationoflaw incivil lawcountriesdeductivemeansiswidelyapplied whileincommon lawcountries inductivemeansisapplied 8 Forthesuingprocedural incivil lawcountriesit sinquisitorial butincommon lawcountriesit sadversarial 9 Incivil lawcountriesthefactfinderisjudge butincommon lawcountriesthefactfinderisjury 10 Fortheuseofcaselawasprecedents incivil lawcountriesit srespected butincommon lawcountriesit srequired 11 Theconstitutionalreviewofcivillawisbyspecialagencyorcategoryofcourts whiletheconstitutionalreviewofcommonlawisbyregularcourts 12 Forthereviewofgovernmentagencies incivil lawcountriesit sspecialagencyorcategoryofcourts whileincommon lawcountriesit sregularcourts 4 AssimilationTendencyoftheTwoSystemsNowadaysthereisobviouslyanassimilationtendencybetweenthetwolegalsystems Ontheonehand incivillawcountries caselawandprecedentsaregivenmoreandmorerespect Ontheotherhand therearemoreandmorewrittenlawsandregulationsincommonlawcountries Exercises 1 What sthedefinitionofinternationalbusinesslaw Andwhatarethesourcesofit 2 Tellthedifferencesbetweencivillawandcommonlaw 3 Whatdoyouthinkofthedevelopingtendencyofinternationalbusinesslawandthetwomajorlegalsystemsoftheworldinfuture ChapterTwoLawofBusinessOrganizations I IntroductionII PartnershipLawIII LawofCorporationsIV ForeignInvestmentEnterprisesinChina KeyTerms Soleproprietorship 个人独资企业Partnership 合伙企业Limitedpartnership 有限合伙Limitedliabilitypartnership 有限责任合伙Incorporatedcompany 股份有限公司No liabilitycompany 无限责任公司Jointventure 合资企业LegalPerson 法人 Memorandumofassociation articlesofincorporation 公司章程By laws 附则 内部细则Boardofdirectors 董事会Boardofshareholders 股东会Debtsecurity 债券Forcemajeure 不可抗力Insolventliquidation 破产清算Jurisdiction 司法权 裁判权 管辖权 I Introduction Businessorganization alsocalledbusinessenterprise referstotheeconomicorganizationthatpursuesmanagementactivitieswithitsownnamewithcertainscale Therearetwokindsofmeaningwithinternationalbusinessorganization oneistheorganizationpursuinginternationalbusinessactivities andtheotherisformsofinternationalbusinessorganizations Ifpeoplewanttocommenceabusiness there reanumberoffactorshavetobeconsidered including 1 Thepurposeofthebusiness 2 Itsduration 3 Thecost 4 Thetaxation 5 Thesetting upprocedure 6 Thetypeofassetsrequired 7 Whoshouldbeentitledtoparticipateinincomedistributions 8 Whoshouldbeentitledtoparticipateincapitaldistributions 9 Whetherthemembers interestshouldbetransferable 10 Theregionofthebusinessorganization 11 Thefunctionofthememberofthebusinessorganization II PartnershipLaw 1 DefinitionandNatureofPartnershipPartnershipistherelationwhichsubsistsbetweenpersonscarryingonabusinessincommonwithviewofprofit Therequirementsofapartnershipare twoormorepersons carryingoutabusiness asco owners forprofits 2 AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofaPartnershipTheadvantagesofapartnershipcanbesummarizedasbelow 1 Informalityandinexpensivenessinsettingup 2 Flexibility 3 Tax Thedisadvantagesofapartnershipareasbelow 1 Liability 2 Transferofinterestisnotaseasyasthetransferofshareinthecompany 3 Unanimousdecisions 4 Agency 3 Importantpreliminaries 1 Formalities procedure1 Apartnershipagreementlastingformorethanoneyearmustbeevidencedinwriting 2 Limitationsonapartnership 3 Anti discriminationandequalopportunitylegislationapplytopartnership 2 PartnershipContractPartnershipcontractisanagreementbetweenpartnersconcerningtothefirmbusiness Thefollowingcontentsareoftenincludedinapartnershipcontract 1 Thenameofthepartnershipandpartners andtheaddressofthem 2 Thenatureofthepartnershipandoperationscopeofit 3 Theduration 4 Methodandnumberofcapitalcontributing 5 Profitdistributionandlosstaken 6 Management 7 Incoming outgoinganddissolution 8 Liabilityforbreachofthecontract 9 Othercontent 3 ProfessionalRestrictions 4 PartnerbyEstoppelTwopersonsmaynotbepartners yetintheeyesofathirdpersontheymayappeartobepartners Ifthethirdpersondealswithoneoftheapparentpartners hemaybeharmedandseektorecoverdamagesfrombothoftheapparentpartners Forexample DavidthinksthatWilson awealthyperson isapartnerofPorter apoorperson DaviddecidestodobusinesswithPorter IfPorterdoesnotperformasagreed andDavidcanprovethatWilsonmisledhimtobelievethatWilsonandPorterwerepartners hemaysueWilsonfordamagessufferedwhenPorterfailedtoperformasagreed 4 RightsofaPartner 1 ManagementofthePartnership 2 RighttoShareintheProfitsandSurplus 3 RighttoInspectRelatedMaterials 4 PropertyRightsofaPartner 5 RighttoGainCompensation 5 DutiesandLiabilitiesofaPartner 1 Duties1 Fiduciaryduty Thiskindofdutyincludeseachpartner sfollowingactivities a Refrainingfrombusinessincompetitionwiththepartnership engaginginself dealing orusurpingpartnershipopportunitiesunlesscopartnersconsent b Holdingthedutiesofloyaltyandcare c Dealingwithcopartnersingoodfaith 2 Dutyofpartnerstorenderinformation 2 Liabilities1 LiabilitiesofpartnersincontractandtotheThirdPartya Theactionsthateachpartnerparticipatinginthepartnershipaffairstakeswillbindthepartnershipandotherpartners b Therightlimittocertainpartnercannotresistthethirdparty c Thetortuousactonepartnerperformswhenparticipatinginthemanagement towhichtheliabilitywillbeundertakenbythepartnership d Thedebtsafteranewpartnerbeingadmittedasthepartnerofthepartnership thenewpartnerthuswillbeliableforit Butbeforethenewpartnerisadmittedasthepartner therearethreekindsofconditions thenewpartnerwilltakejointliabilitywithotherpartners suchasinFranceandinJapan thenewpartnerwillnottakeanyliability suchasinEngland thenewpartnerwillbeliableforthedebt exceptifthedebtisonlypaidwiththepropertyofthepartnership suchasintheUS e Tothepartnerthathasleftthepartnership ifthedebtincurredbeforethepartner sdeparture thentheleftpartnershouldbeliableforit 6 PartnershipPropertyTherelationshipofthepartnershippropertyincludesinternalpropertyrelationshipbetweenthepartnersandtheexternalpropertyrelationship Itincludesthefollowingfouraspects 1 Unifiedmanagementanduseofthepartnershipproperty 2 Theaccumulativepropertyofthepartnershipshouldbepossessedbyallthepartners 3 Surplusdistributionandperformanceofdebt Thesurplusgainedfromthemanagementofthepartnershipbelongstoallthepartners Partnerscandistributethesurplusaccordingtothefollowingrules 1 Iftherearedistributionprovisionsintheagreementamongthepartners theycandistributethesurplusunderit 2 Ifthereisn tdistributionprovisionintheagreement thepartnerscandistributethesurplusaccordingtotheregulationoflaw Forexample partnerswilldistributethesurplusequallyregardlessofthenumberandkindoftheirfinancialcontributioninGermany 3 Partnersdistributesurplusandsharelossesaccordingtheirfinancialcontributionspecifiedintheagreement 4 DispositionofthepropertyaftertheterminationofthepartnershipIfthere sstillsurplusafterthepartnershipendsup allthepartnershaverightstodistributeit Theycandistributeitaccordingtothepredeterminedproportionprovidedintheagreementoraccordingtotheirfinancialcontribution 7 DissolutionDissolutionistheendingorthebreakingupofapartnership Itisdistinctfromtheterminationofapartnershipandthe windingup ofpartnershipbusiness Windinguptakesplaceafterdissolution Apartnershipmaybedissolvedasfollows 1 Byretirementofapartnerwherethefirmisofnofixedduration 2 Bycompletionoftheagreedperiodorventure 3 Bydeathorbankruptcy 4 Byunlawfullycarryingoutthebusiness 5 Byorderofacourt 8 WindingUpWindingupreferstotheprocedurefollowedbydistributingorliquidatinganyremainingpartnershipassetsafterdissolution Generally creditorsarepaidfirst Thenthecapitalcontributionisreturnedtothepartners Afterthisifthereareexcessfundstheliquidatorwilldistributetheminproportiontotheirrespectivesharesintheprofits 9 LimitedPartnershipAlimitedpartnershipisaformofpartnershipsimilartoageneralpartnership exceptforoneormoregeneralpartners andthereareoneormorelimitedpartners Alimitedpartnershiphasthefollowingcharacteristics 1 Thenumberscopeofalimitedpartnershipisfrom2to50partners andthereisatleastonegeneralpartner 2 Thegeneralpartnershavemanagementcontrol representingthepartnershipandhavejointandseveralliabilitiesforthedebtsofit Whilethelimitedpartnerscannotparticipateinthemanagementandcontrolofthepartnership sbusiness theirliabilityforthedebtsofthepartnershipisthecapitalcontributionstothepartnership 3 Asawholealimitedpartnershipshouldhaveunlimitedliabilitiesforitsdebts becausethere satleastonegeneralpartner 4 Alimitedpartnercancontributemoney materialproperty intellectualpropertyrights land useright andsoontothepartnership butheorshecannotcontributelabortoit 5 Thedeathorbankruptcyofalimitedpartnercannotcertainlyaffectthepartnership sexistence 6 Alimitedpartnerandageneralpartnercantransfertoeachotherundercertaincondition 10 LimitedLiabilityPartnershipAlimitedliabilitypartnershipismadeupoftwoormorethantwopartners approvedandregisteredbythecompetentauthority anditisliableforitsdebtswiththepartnershipproperty Eachpartnerhasunlimitedliabilitiesforhisownmisconduct andhaslimitedliabilitiesforotherpartners recklessconduct buttheextentoftheliabilityishisprofitinthepartnership Alimitedpartnershiphaselementsofpartnershipsandcorporations butunlikeshareholders thepartnershavetherighttomanagethebusinessdirectly Comparingitwiththegeneralpartnership theessentialdifferencesare 1 Scopeofapartner sliabilityshield 2 Annualfilingre