高中定语从句精讲与练习及答案.doc

定语从句定语从句 1 什么是定语从句 由一个完整的句子充当定语的从句为定语从句 2 特点 和其它类从句比较 除了有引导词 关系词 定语从 句有 先行词 3 什么是先行词 被定语从句修饰的名词 代词为先行词 4 定语从句的种类 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 5 定语从句引导词 关系词 的种类 关系代词和关系副词 例 I work in a school which was built 50 years ago 在此句中 school 为先行词 which 来引导定语从句 which was built 50 years ago 整句话来修饰先行词做定语 所以这是 个定语从句 注注 定语从句的引导词通常置于先行词之后引导定语从句 一 代词性引导词和副词性引导词 即关系代词和关系副词 代词性引导词有 that which who whom whose as 等 副词性引 导词有 when where why 等 代词性引导词在定语从句中充当 主语 宾语 副词性引导词在定语从句中充当状语 注 注 what 不能引导定语从句 因为 what 从句属于名词性从句 二 基本用法 1 先行词性质不同要使用不同的引导词 先行词指人时 可用 that who whom 代指 who 与 whom 的区别在于 who 是主格 在 从句中作主语 whom 是宾格 在从句中作宾语 而 that 作主 语 宾语均可 先行词指物时 用 that which 代指 可见 that 既可代指人的先行词 也可代指物的先行词 例 Do you know the man that is standing by the door 此句 that 引导定语从句 代指先行词 the man 例 This is the book that I have been looking for 此句 that 引导定语从句 代指先行词 the book 例 This is the book which I have been looking for 此句 which 引导定语从句 代指先行词 the book 例 Do you know the man who is standing by the door 此句 who 引导定语从句 代指行行词 the man 作从句的主语 也可用 that 引导从句 如 Do you know the man that is standing by the door 例 The lady whom we saw this morning is Mrs Brown 此句 whom 引导定语从句 代指先行词 the lady 在从 句中作 宾语 也可用 that 引导即 The lady that we saw this morning is Mrs Brown 例 As is known to all China is a large country As is know to all 是个很常用的表达方式 这也是的定语从句 只不过它的位置不像别的定语从句在先行词的后面 本句 as 代 指主句的含义 中国是个大国 As 是一个特殊的引导词 引导定语从句时为代词 不像其他的 代词性引导词用来代指一个具体的先行词 as 代指整个主句的 含义 which 引导非限定性定语从句时 也有类似的用法 例 He is often late which makes his teacher angry 此句 which 引导定语从句 代指主句的含义 他经常迟到 作从句的主语 这时 which 引导的就是非限定性定语从句 Which 和 as 的用法相似 但也有区别 1 which 引导的定语从句只能位于主句后 但 as 引导的从 句在主句前 中 后均可 在主句前居多 2 as 常理解为 正如 正像 而 which 常理解为 这 这 事 这点 3 as 常用的固定搭配有 as is often the case as was expected as often happens as is known to all as has been said before as is mentioned above 等 2 副词性引导词 副词性引导词 副词性引导词副词性引导词 when where why 例 I often think of the happy days when I was in France When 引导定语从句 修饰先行词 days 意为 in the happy days 作从句的时间状语 例 This is the building where my father works Where 引导定语从句 修饰先行词 building 意为 in the building 作从句的地点状语 例 例 Do you know the reason why he was late Why 引导定语从句 修饰先行词 reason 意为 for the reason 作从句的原因状语 说明 从以上的例子可以看出 代词性引导词在从句中作主语 宾语 副词性引导词在从句中作状语 注注 如果引导词在从句中作宾语 则引导词可以省略 一 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的比较 限定性定语从句与先行词的关系密不可分 不可用逗号分开 而非限定性定语从句只是到先行词起补充说明作用 与先行词 关系松散 通常用逗号将其分开 非限定性定语从句不能用 that 代指先行词 例 This is the photo that which I took The famous basketball player who tried to make a comeback attracted a lot of attention 二 that 与 which 的区别 当先行词指物时才需要讨论这个问题 1 当先行词为不定代词 如 anything everything nothing none one all little few much 等 或先行词被 all little few much any only the every every no 等修饰时 要用 that 代指先行词 例 All that is needed is a supply of oil Finally the thief handed everyting that he had stolen to the police This is the only problem that remains to be settled 2 先行词是序数词 最高级形容词时 或先行词被序数词 最高 级形容词 具有最高级意义的形容词 如 last 修饰时 要用 that 作引导词 例 This is the first best film that I have seen since I came here 3 先行词同时包括人和物时 要用 that 作引导词 例 They often talk about the people and the things that they like most 三 不能用 that 引导的定语从句 1 在非限定性定语从句中不能用 that 而用 who whom which 等 代指先行词 例 I saw Mary just now who seemed very excited 2 介词后不能用 that 例 This is the person to whom your father spoke just now 3 当先行词是 all any few one s anyone everyone those people 等 且指人时 只能用 who 不用 that 例 Those who are present will have the chance to see the film star 四 as 与 which 代指主句的含义 有的定语从句并不修饰一个具体的先行词 而是修饰整个主句 由 which as 引导 这时 which 和 as 都代词性的 代指主句的含 义 但是用法不同 上文有讲 例 1 is often the case we have worked out the production plan A Which B When C What D As 例 2 is mentioned above the number of the students in senior school is increasing A Which B As C That D It 例 3 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others of course made the others envy him A who B that C what D which 例 4 He made another wonderful discovery of great importance to science A which I think is B which I think it is C which I think it D I think is 例 5 The weather turned out to be very good was more than we could expect A what B which C that D it 五 先行词前有 such so the same 修饰时 这种情况下 定语从句用 as 引导 as 代指先行词 在从句在作 主语 宾语 例 1 She is such a kind teacher as we all like 2 She is so kind a teacher as we all like 3 She is such a kind teacher that we all like her 1 和 2 句均为定语从句 先行词均为 teacher 分别用了 such a kind teacher 和 so kind a teacher 结构 含义是一样的 先行词有 such so 修饰 要用 as 在这两个句子中 as 代指先行词 逻辑语 序为 we all like as as 作宾语 句 3 用了 such that 结构 that 本身没有含义 也不是从句的成分 只是起到引导的作用 从句的主谓宾分别为 we like her 这个问题的解题技巧是看从句是否主谓宾完整 如缺少宾 语 必然要用引导词作宾语 选择 as 如从句成分完整 选 that 组成 such that 结构 例 1 This is such a difficult problem none of us can work it out 2 This is such a difficult problem none of us can work out 3 This is a difficult problem none of us can work out 句 1 是个完整的句子 用 that 句 2 从句中缺少宾语 且 problem 有 such 修饰 故是定语从句 用引导词 as 句 3 从句缺少宾语 为定语从句 但没有 such so the same 修饰 故用 that which 代指先行词 六 介词 收导词 引导定语从句 例 1 This is the faith with which I went back to the south 先行词为 faith with which I went back to the south 为定语从句 Which 代指先行词 faith 从句逻辑语序为 I went back to the south with which 因为 that 不能用在介词后面 只能用 which 代指先 行词 faith 例 2 He is the right person with whom we can finish the taks in time 先行词 person with whom we can finish the task n time 为定语从句 Whom 代指先行词 person 定语从句的逻辑语序为 we can finish the task with whom in time 同样 that 不能用在介词后 故只能用 whom 代指先行词作介词的宾语 注 注 1 上面的两个定语从句中 如果介词在从句的句中 句末 则可使用 that 作引导词 即 This is the faith that which I went back to the south with 和 He is the right person whom that we can finish the task with in time 2 因为引导词作介词的宾语 如果介词在从句的句中 句末 引 导词可以省略 即 This is the faith I went back to the south with 和 He is the right person we can finish the task with in time 七 whose 和 of whom which 引导的定语从句 1 whose 的用法 Whose 引导定语从句时 意为 的 先行词是人 物时可用 whose 例 1 George Orwell was Eric Arthur wrote many political novels and essays A the real name B what his real name C his real name D whose real name 例 2 Look out Don t get too close to the house roof is under repair A whose B which C of wich D that 2 of which whom 的用法 除了用 whose 之外 还可用 of 短语引导定语从句 因为 whom 指人 which 指物 先行词为人时用 the of whom 先行词为物 时用 the of which 结构 例 3 George Orwell the real name was Eric Arthur wrote many political novels and essays A his B whose C of which D of whom 解析 答案为 D 项 些题容易错选 B 项 但是如选 B 项 由逻 辑语序 whose the real name was Eric Arthur 可知冠词 the 的用法 不正确 正确表达方式应为 whose real name 故 B 项错误 选 择 D 项从句的逻辑语序为 the real name of whom was Eric Arthur whom 代指先行词 George Orwell C 项错误 因 which 不能代指 人 的先行词 例 4 Look out Don t get too close to the house the roof is under repair A whose B of which C of whom D which 八 the way 后面的定语从句 例 1 I don t like the way in which you speak to her 2 I don t t like the way that you speak to her 3 I don t like the way you speak to her 解析 在句 1 中 which 代指先行词 the way 定语从句的逻辑语 序为 you speak to her in which 意为 你用那种方式和她说话 因 which 代指 the way 故用 in 和 which 搭配 in which 在从句 中为方式状语 根据定语从句的句法规则 in which 引导定语从句作方式状语 时 in which 也可使用 that 代替 或者省略引导词 也就是句 2 和句 3 的表达方式都是正确的 需要注意的是 句 2 中的 that 并非前文所说的代词性的 that 代指先行词的常规用法 而副词 作方式状语 相当于 in which 注意 句 2 与句 3 正确的前提是引导词在从中作状语 并非 the way 后的定语从句都是如此 例 You speak to her in the way I don t like 解析 先行词为 the way I don t like 为定语从句 其逻辑语 序应为 I don t like 引导词应代指先行词 the way 在从句中 作宾语 故用 that 或 which 都可以 又因为引导词是从句的宾 语 因此也可省略 即下面的三种表达方式都是正确的 1 You speak to her in the way which I don t like 2 You speak to her in the way that I don t like 3 You speak to her in the way I don t like 注意 句 3 中的省略的是 that 或 which 因为引导词作从句的宾语 而 I don t like the way you speak to her 中省略的是 in which 或 that 引导词是从句 的方式状语 区别这两种情况首先应判断引导词在从句中的成 分 是从句的宾语还是状语 然后再判断用什么引导词或是否 可以省略 例 What surprised me was not what he said but he said it 湖 北卷 A the way B in the way that C in the way D the way which 解析 答案为 A 项 句意为 令我吃惊的不是他说的话 而是 他说话的方式 根据句意可知 the way 前不用 in 可排除 B 项和 C 项 the way 是先行词 he said it 为定语从句 逻辑语序为 he said it 引导词为从句的方式状语 可用 in which that 或省 略 D 项的错误在于把引导词误用为从句的宾语 九 the reason 后的定语从句 Reason 作先行词后面的定语从句常用 why 或 for which 引导 例 1 That wasn t the reason why for which he lied to you 使用什么引导词还是由引导词在从句中充当的成分决定 例 2 Is this the reason at the meeting for his carelessness in his work 上海卷 A he explained B what he explained C how he explained D why he explained 解析 答案 A 项 定语从句的逻辑语序为 he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work 可见引导词作 explain 的宾语 应为代词 代指先行词 the reason 故用 which 或 that 均可 又因为引导词作从句的宾语 可以省略 若用 why 引导 从句 些句应改为 Is this the reason why he was careless in his work 此时 why 为从句的原因状语 当然也可使用 for which 代 替 十 分隔定语从句 分隔定语从句就是先行词和定语从句之间有其他成分插入的情 况也并不罕见 如 A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you English 一句中 先行词为 teacher who 引导定语从句 先行词与从句之间插入了 will come tomorrow 例 1 The film brought the hours back to me I was taken good care of in that far away village A until B that C when D where 例 2 It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year for the first time in years their team won the World Cup A that B while C which D when 例 3 It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year for the first time in years their team won the World Cup A in which B at which 十一 that 引导定语从句和引导其他从句的差异 引导其他从句时 that 没有具体含义 也不作从句的成分 只 是起 引导 的作用 但是 that 引导定语从句时作代词 代指 先行词 作从句的主语或宾语 例 1 I don t believe the story he told me just now 2 I don t believe the story he got lost in the mountain 十二 which 引导定语从句和引导其他从句的区别 Which 引导定语从句时代指先行词 因些其含义就是先行词的 含义 Which 引导其他从句时 用其本义 哪个 哪些 例 1 I don t know which I should choose 例 2 The day you are looking forward to will certainly come A in which B when C which D what 例 3 His movie won several awards at the film festival was beyond his wildest dream A which B that C where D it 十三 where 的特殊含义 Where 引导定语从句通常表示 在某处 之意 但是当 condition case point 等词意为 状态 并做先行词时 可用 where 引导定语从句 意为 在某种状态下 也可用相应的介 词搭配 which 引导定语从句 例 1 We get to the point where at which we believe that nothing will work 2 I find it hard to handle a case where in which I can t find right words to express myself 3 Spatic 痉挛 is a condition where a person loses muscle control 定语从句 1 The place interested me most was the Children s Palace A Which B where C what D in which 2 Do you know the man A whom I spoke B to who spoke C I spoke to D that I spoke 3 This is the hotel last month A which they stayed B at that they stayed C where they stayed at D where they stayed 4 Do you know the year the Chinese Communist Party was founded A which B that C when D on which 5 That is the day I ll never forget A which B on which C in which D when 6 The factory we ll visit next week is not far from here A where B to which C which D in which 7 Great changes have taken place since then in the factory we are working A where B that C which D there 8 This is one of the best films A that have been shown this year B that have shown C that has been shown this year D that you talked 9 Can you lend me the book the other day A about which you talked B which you talked C about that you talked D that you talked 10 The pen he is writing is mine A with which B in which C on which D by which 11 They arrived at a farmhouse in front of sat a small boy A whom B who C which D that 12 The engineer my father works is about 50 years old A to whom B on whom C with which D with whom 13 It there anyone in your class family is in the country A who B who s C which D whose 14 I m interested in you have said A all that B all what C that D which 15 I want to use the same dictionary was used yesterday A which B who C what D as 16 He isn t such a man he used to be A who B whom C that D as 17 He is good at English we all know A that B as C whom D what 18 Li Ming to the concert enjoyed it very much A I went with B with whom I went C with who I went D I went with him 19 I don t like as you read A the novels B the such novels C such novels D same novels 20 He talked a lot about things and persons they remembered in the school A which B that C whom D what 21 The letter is from my sister is working in Beijing A which B that C whom D who 22 In our factory there are 2 000 workers two thirds of are women A them B which C whom D who 23 You re the only person I ve ever met could do it A who B whom C whom D who 24 I lost a book I can t remember now A whose title B its title C the title of it D the title of that 25 Last summer we visited the West Lake Hangzhou is famous in the world A for which B for that C in which D what 26 I have bought such a watch was advertised on TV A that B which C as D it 27 I can never forget the day we worked together and the day we spent together A when which B which when C what that D on which when 28 The way he looks at problems is wrong A which B whose C what D 29 This is the reason he didn t come to the meeting A in which B with which C that D for which 30 This machine for many years is still working perfectly A after which I have looked B which I have looked after C that I have looked after D I have looked after 31 The reason he didn t come was he was ill A why that B that why C for that that D for which what 32 He is working hard will make him pass the final exam A that B which C for which D who 33 That is not the way I do it A B which C for which D with which 34 I have two grammars are of great use A all of which B either of which C both of that D both of which 35 I want to use the same tools used in your factory a few days ago A as was B which was C as were D which 36 My neigh bours used to give me a hand in time of trouble was very kind of them A who B which C that D it 37 This is the magazine I copied the paragraph A that B which C from that D from which 38 He is not such a man would leave his work half done A that B which C who D as 39 You can depend on whatever promise he makes A B why C when D whose 40 Smoking is a bad habit is however popular A that B which C it D though 41 Did you ask the guard happened Yes he told me all he knew A what that B what what C which which D that that 42 I shall never forget those years I lived on the farm with the farmers has a great effect on my life A when who B that which C which that D when which 43 The number of the people who cars increasing A owns are B owns is C own is D own are 44 During the days he worked as a servant at the Browns A followed B following C to follow D that followed 45 Is oxygen the only gas helps fire burn A that B C which D it 46 The clever boy made a hole in the wall he could see was going on inside house A which what B through which what C through that what D what that 47 Is some German friends visited last week A this school B this the school C this school one D this school where 48 John got beaten in the game had been expected A as B that C what D who 49 I have bought two ballpens writes well A none of them B neither of them C neither of which D none of which 50 All that can be eaten eaten up A are being B has been C had been D have been 参考答案及解析 1 A which 用作关系代词 在定语从句中作主语 2 C 和谁讲话 要说 speak to sb 本题全句应为 Do you know the man whom I spoke to whom 是关系代词 作介词 to 的宾语 可以省略 3 D where 是关系副词 表示地点 在定语从句中作地点状语 4 C when 是关系副词 表示时间 在定语从句中作时间状语 5 A which 是关系代词 在从句中作 forget 的宾语 其他几个答案都 不能作宾语 6 C 解析同第 5 题 7 A 解析见第 3 题 8 A 本句话的先行词应该是 films 因此 关系代词 that 是负数概念 其谓语动词应用复述的被动语态 have been shown 如果句中的 one 前 面使用了定冠词 the 则 the one 应该视为先行词 9 A 谈到某事物 应说 talk about sth about 是介词 其后要用 which 作宾语 不能用 that 10 A with which 是 介词 关系代词 结构 常用来引导定语从句 with 有 用 的意思 介词之后只能用 which 不能用 that with which 在定语从句中 作状语 即 he is writing with a pen 11 C in front of which 即 in front of a farmhouse In front of which 在从 句中作状语 12 D with whom 引导定语从句 with whom 放在从句中即为 my father works with the engineer 13 D whose 引导定语从句 在从句中作主语 family 的定语 14 A that 引导定语从句 因为先行词是 all 所以只能选用 that 引导 15 D the same as 是固定用法 as 引导定语从句时 可以作主语 宾 语或表语 在本句话中 as 作从句的主语 16 D such as 是固定用法 as 引导定语从句时 可以作主语 宾语或 表语 在本题中 as 作表语 17 B as 作关系代词可以单独用来引导非限制性定语从句 这时 as 所 指代的不是主句中某个名词 而往往指代整个主句的含义 as 在从句 中可以作主语 宾语 从句可放在主句后 也可置于主句前 在本句 中 as 作宾语 18 B Li Ming enjoyed it very much 是主句 with whom I went to the concert 是定语从句 with whom 放在从句中为 I went to the concert with Li Ming 19 C as 引导定语从句时通常构成 such as 或 the same as 固定搭配 其中 such 和 same 修饰其后的名词 as 为关系代词 指代其前的名词 引导定语从句 as 在从句中可以作主语 表语或宾语 Such 修饰单 数名词时 要用 such a 本题中 such books such 直接修饰复数名词 20 B things 和 persons 是先行词 当定语从句要修饰的先行词是既表示 人 又表示物的名词时 其关系代词要用 that 21 D who 引导非限制性定语从句 who 作从句的主语 22 C two thirds of whom 即 two thirds of the 2 000 workers 23 D 先行词 person 后有两个定语从句 第一个从句省略了关系代词 whom 因为 whom 作从句