听力note-taking.doc

NOTE TAKING 黄涓2011Some hints on taking notes1. Take notes throughout the lecture. Try to write down as much information as you possibly can. Write vertically, not horizontally. Change to another line when necessary. Indention may be used to symbolize what is less important. 2. Always write down any terms that are new to you, definitions, specific facts, lists of items, and statistics.3. Speakers will sometimes give clues telling you which points in a lecture are especially important and will be asked about. Some of the most common clues:a. Repetition of a pointb. Emphasis from tone of voice or from pauses before or after making a pointc. The amount of time spent on a point4. Pay attention to the use of signal words or phrases in the lecture, especially ones that indicate the structure of the lecture or a change of topic.Common Signal Wordsa. 表示话题开始及转变;But ?However, Whats more, ?To begin with, When it comes to On the other hand,Nevertheless, ? Today, I am going to consider very briefly the lecture is on Id like to discuss with you we will look at Todays lectureis about will focus on There are three kinds of Well be looking at a couple of ways to First, Then, That brings us to There are two points of view First, lets look at Next I want to mention Okay, now lets talk about Now, what about Finally, WhatId like to I am going toI want toI intend tosaymentiondiscussintroduceis that Thepurposetopicofmy lectureour discussiontodays meetingis The ideatopicsubjecttheorythat I intend todiscussdefinedescribetalk aboutis 非正式正式Now Then With regard / respect / reference to Regarding As for / to By the way, Speaking / Talking of So, Well, Id like to move on to Good, Id like to look now at Now lets take a look at Having looked at , lets now consider Having considered , lets now turn to Having said all that b. 表示时间顺序，次序，程序after, before, when / while / as next, then, firstly, finally first of all,in the first place, at the same timeprior toat last“之前” Thor - myth I want to be your equal.before, earlier, previously, previous to, preceding, prior to, ahead of, in advance of“之后”after, later, then, next, afterwards, following, subsequent to“当时候”while, when, as (soon as), at the same timec. 表示因果关系As a result + of Therefore Consequently Because Due to = Owing to = On account of = Because of = By reason ofin the consequence of so contribute to v. in that 表结果表原因so as a resultthe result (of ) is therefore / thus / henceconsequently / in consequenceaccordinglyfor this reasonnow / thenin this / that way due tothanks to because (of)on account ofowing tosinceasnow that = sinceforcause result inlead toproducebring aboutresult fromstem fromarise fromoriginate inderive fromroot ind. 表示条件关系if, when, unless, in case, assuming that, whether or not, whenever, on condition that, in the event that e. 表示转折，比较，对比；要叙述相反方面或另一面instead of prep. - instead ad. in spite of = despite prep. - in spite conj. however = neverthelesson the contraryopposite tocomparing to / with on the one hand on the other hand on the one occasion on another occasion buthoweverneverthelessinstead (of)converselyon the contraryin comparisonby contraston the other handin factrather (than)whereasdespite (the fact that )in spite ofalthougheven if / thoughstillyetthough (用于结尾)on the other handf. 表示列举关系a good case in pointone twothree last(the) first(the) second(the) third (the) lastfirstlysecondlythirdly lastlyabcdoneanotherstill anotherthe finalfirstnextThenFinallyin the first placein the second placein the third place last but not leastto begin / start withmy next point is moreoverin the endafterwardsfurthermoreand to concludewhats moreThe English language has developed through three stages.Two classic examples are often given to illustrate.It can be classified into three kinds.g. 表示举例for instance / examplesuch as For example / instance, Take / Cite for example / instance For instance, Lets consider the case of Lets suppose / say Specially, Another example is such as h. 表示引起听者注意某一事物重要性pay attention to v. Its important to Bear in mind I shouldI ought toI want toI mustId like toIts important toIts essential toIts useful toIt would be interesting tounderlineemphasizestressmake clearpoint outnotenoticememorizepay attention to (the fact)that Dont forgetRememberBear in mindMy (main) pointThe factThe problemWhat Im getting atWhat Im sayingIsMost importantly, One important point / issue / problem / question / concept is Especially Significantly, Be sure to note that Pay special attention to In other words, That is to say What I really mean is What I really want to say is To put it this / another way, h. 表示总结，概括In allIn brief In short In sum In a wordAll in all Above allIn conclusionTo sum up In a word, To sum (it) up, To summarize, In summary, To conclude, In conclusion, All in all, In short, Briefly, On the whole, The whole thing can be reduced to one statement What I have been saying is Therefore,Thus,On this basis,Given this,itcanmaybeconcludeddeducedinferredthat Finally,In conclusion,we may sayit may be saidthat i. 表示附加或补充Apart from Besides ad . prep. In addition to Another pointA further pointI want toId like toemphasizeaddmentiondiscusspoint outis In addition, In addition to Moreover, Whats more, Furthermore, Similarly, Likewise, Apart from On top of that, Another reason / cause / explanation A further cause An additional point A similar point We can add Not only but also as well as , too. , and 5. In academic discussions, important information may be in comments that students make (particularly if the professor agrees with the student).6. When taking notes on conversations, pay attention to who is saying what. For example, if a professor is speaking to a student, you may want to put the initial P before notes on what the professor says and S before what the student says.7. Take notes during repeated expressions (sometimes just similar in meaning). In fact, try to write down as many words as possible when listening for the second time.8. Organize your lecture notes according to order of importance. The most important ideas should be on the left side of the page. Indent to the right to show that an idea is subordinate to or supports the more important idea. In other words, ideas on the left side of the page are general divisions of the lecture. As you move to the right, ideas become more specific. You should also skip lines between important parts of the lecture. Writing notes in this way helps you analyze the material that you are listening to and organize your notes in a logical way.Main ideaSupporting ideaSupporting ideaMinor point, example, detail, etc.Main ideaSupporting ideaMinor point, example, detail, etc.Minor point, example, detail, etc. You can indicate ideas that you think are especially important with a box, a circle, an underline, or an exclamation point (!). Leave plenty of white space around your notes so that, if the speaker returns to a point later, you can add new notes.9. The average lecturer speaks about 125 to 150 words per minute. The average note taker can write only about 20 to 25 words per minute. Therefore, you need to use abbreviations and other shortcuts to help you get down as much information as possible.a. Dont write your notes in complete sentences. Write in phrases.b. Omit unimportant words and words that do not carry information.Suppose the lecturer says this:The taiga is the largest of all the worlds biomes.You note might read: Taiga largest biome.Common words that you can generally eliminate:Be verbs (is, are, was, were), articles (a, an, the), pronouns (they, his, them), determiners (this, that, these), prepositions (of, with, from)c. Use standard abbreviations and symbols: 缩写：方法举例解释省略元音字母year = yrreport = rptmanage = mngmanager = mgr learn = irntravel = trvllarge = lgeinternational = internatlmarket = mkt常用于音节比较少的单词只记前几个字母development = devcooperation = coopeconomy = ecogovernment = govavenue = aveJanuary = Janinformation = infopresentation = presdefinition = defrecommendation = rec最常用的简写方法使用撇号代替中间字母international = intlintegration = intninteresting = intgindependent = indtindividual = indl有时只记前面几个字母容易发生混淆，如左边的词开头都是一样的，所以用撇号加最后一个字母可以方便区分利用常用的缩写identification = IDair-conditioner = ACnortheast = NEkilometer = kmUnited Nations = UNIntercontinental Ballistic Missile = ICBM使用缩写一定要注意区分大小写，比如ID如果记成id，会造成误解，因为英文中可能有这个单词根据发音改变拼写although = althobefore = B4through = thruthanks = thx常用于只有一两个音节的单词，不宜多用使用汉字people, person, mankind, population = 人China, Chinese, middle = 中ability, power, force, strength = 力many, excessive, a large amount of = 多history, historic = 史填空要求的是根据意思填词，因此记录只记意思即可。许多汉字笔画简单且含义丰富，要善于使用 数学符号：+or, and, plus, also, more, add, in addition, whats more - Less, minus, subtract from =is, equals, is the same as, equivalent, stable, exactly isnt, doesnt equal, is not the same as, different, unlike, unstable is not quite the same as, is similar to, about, approximately, more or less more or less, about, approximately more than, bigger than, greater than, superior to no less than, no smaller than _ no / SW Airlns jet尽 note: bmb on brd“Authorities say a Columbian airliner with 25 people on board has been hijacked. Police say one of the passengers is a Columbian congressman.”auth: Col 飞 /25人 hij (d)pol: 1人 = Col cngrss (r)d. Besides standard abbreviations and symbols, you often need to create your own abbreviations. Remember, you will be using your notes as soon as the lecture is over. You can probably remember what your abbreviations mean for a few minutes, so abbreviations as much as possible.10. If you miss a point, dont worry. Just keep taking notes.11. Dont worry about spelling, punctuation, or correct grammar. Dont worry if your notes are messy.12. Remember that there are no “perfect” notes. Everyone has his or her own style of taking notes. There are only three important issues in taking notes for the test:a. Are they accurate?b. Do they help you answer the questions?c. Can you understand them?The sample notes that are provided here are examples of god note taking, but another person could take good notes in a completely different way.Model Test TwoUsing a LibraryA student may use a library in three ways. In this lecture we shall examine these activities in order to help the student to use his library 1 .I. Borrowing books In order to borrow books effectively, one can look into 2 , which features: A. cards placed in 3 under the name of the author; B. cards always giving other important information: the books call number and 4 . The call number normally consists of two parts:a. 5 , on the top left-hand corner, telling you in 6 the book lies;b. 7 , on the next line, giving the number relevant to that specific author and that particular book.II. 8 materialsSuch books as dictionaries, bibliographies or encyclopedias, books which are valuable or difficult to replace, and 9 are kept in the reference section. The student is likely to make use of them when he is doing research. III. 10 On many occasions, the student goes to the library because it provides a good study environment and he can easily meet and talk to his fellow students.Using a LibraryThe uses a student makes of his college library may be summarized under three broad headings: borrowing books, consulting reference materials and general study. In this lecture we shall examine various aspects of these activities with a view to helping the student to use his library more easily and more efficiently.First of all, then, borrowing books. Lets assume a student has been given the author and title of a certain book which hes been told to read. As soon as he gets to the library he should check that the book is in stock. In order to do this hell have to consult the catalogues. As he has the name of the author, itll be easiest to use the author, or name, catalogue. This consists of a list of books entered on cards in alphabetical order under the name of the author, institution, or editor by which the book is best known. If you look at your handout youll see a sample card. At the top of the card, in the center, is the authors name with his surname coming first, followed by his forename, also known as “Christian name”. The forename is further distinguished from the surname either by punctuation (brackets or a comma), or by style of printing (the forename is smaller or lighter).The books call number, thats to say, the number which identifies the book, occurs near the top left-hand corner of the card. This number normally consists of two parts, each part being printed on a separate line. The first line, on the top line, is the class number. Its the number that tells you in which subject area the book lies. The Dewey Decimal System, which nearly all libraries use to classify their books, divides all knowledge up into major subject areas. Every subject has a number and the number after the decimal point refers to a particular branch of that subject. The numbers selected range from 000 to 999 but there is an indefinite number of subdivisions within these categories. Thus the sample card shows the class number as 375.33. This number represents these subdivisions:300 Social Science370 Education375 Curriculum375.33 EconomicsBeneath this Dewey Decimal number youll see another number. This is for the author. The capital letter O represents the first letter of the authors surname. The following number is especially assigned to this particular name. The small letter which in some systems follows this number is the first letter of the title of the book. In cataloguing titles, the definite and indefinite articles are disregarded. Thus the letter here is “p”. While the class number tells the student which general