《黄波老师》PPT课件.ppt

ABriefStudyofEnglishPoetry黄波Part1 ElementsofPoetryPart2 AnalysisofPoetry 1 Beowulfistheearliestliteratureinepicform Ithasthreeimportantfeaturesoftheepic 1 Themoststrikingfeatureistheuseofalliteration ThisisthecharacteristicofalloldEnglishverse 2 Thesecondistheuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements 3 ThethirdfeatureofthepoemisthemixtureofpaganandChristianelement 2 ChaucerintroducedfromFranceandItalytherhymedstanzasofvariousformstoEnglishpoetry thatis 1 theheroiccouplet therhymedcoupletofiambicpenta meter whichwastobeveryimportantinthe18thcentury2 therhymeroyal aseven linestanzainiambicpenta meter rhymingababbcc 3 theterzarima three linestanzas rhymingaba bcb cdc 4 theoctave eight lineiambicpentameterstanza rhymingababbcbc Apoemhasrhythmandrhyme theyhavelittlemeaninginthemselves yet theymayhelptoreinforcethemeaning Takerhythmasanexample asadfeelingwillusuallybeintensifiedbylongvowelsandslow pacedrhythm whileahappyoccasionwillbemademoreexcitingbyaquickrhythm e g inmusic Rhymewillservetobringtogetherwordswhichareusuallynotthoughttogetherandthereforecreateimaginativerelationamongdifferentpartsofthepoems E g Breathanddeath ifrhymedtogether willprobablyhelpustounderstandlifeasafragilebreath buttheywillnotbesoiftheyarewrittenapart Rhymeoccurswhentwowordsorphrasescontainanidenticalorsimilarvowelsound usuallyaccented andanidenticalconsonantsound ifany thatfollowsthevowelsound Sotospeak rhymeistherepetitionofthestressedvowelsoundandallsucceedingsounds Thus line willrhymewith pine visit with isit Rhymeisthemajorsoundelementwhichcontributestothemusicofpoetry Therhymesinapoemwillusuallyformapatterncalledrhymescheme 1 Masculine femininerhymeWhentherhymingsoundinvolvesonlyonesyllable usuallyattheendofrespectivelines itiscalledmasculinerhyme Oftenthefinalsyllableisstressed TypesofRhyme e g cold and bold sky and fly Whentherhymingsoundsinvolvetwoormoresyllables itiscalledfemininerhyme e g spitefully and delightfully 2 Internalrhyme endrhyme Iftheoneorbothrhymingwordsarewithintheline itiscalledinternalrhyme e g thegrainsbeyondage thedarkveinsofhermother Ifboththerhymingwordsoccurattheendsoflines itiscalledendrhyme e g Threepoets inthreedistinctagesborn Greece Italy andEnglanddidadorn EndrhymeisthecommonestandmostconsciouslysoughtaftersoundrepetitioninEnglishpoetry Notallrhymesaresoabsoluteasshownabove poets especiallymodernpoets oftenuseapproximaterhymestoconveytheirthoughtsandfeelingsmorefreelyandmoreappropriately Approximaterhymesincludewordswithanykindsofsimilarity Amongapproximaterhymes thefollowingaremorefrequentlyusedandeasiertodetect 1 Alliteration Alliterationistherepetitionofconsonants especiallyatthebeginningofwordsorstressedsyllables e g WhileInodded nearlynapping suddenlytherecameatapping 2 Assonance半谐韵 押元音相同 辅音不同 Assonanceistherepetitionofidenticalvowelsoundsbeforeandafterdifferentconsonants AlldaythewindbreatheslowwithmellowertoneThro everyhollowcaveandalleylone 3 Consonance和韵或辅谐韵 押辅音相同 元音不同 Consonanceistherepetitionofidenticalconsonantsoundsbeforeandafterdifferentvowels e g tit and tat creak and crack 4 Halfrhyme Halfrhymeisthefemininerhymesthatdon trhymecompletely e g frightful and slightly yellow and pillow Halfrhymeiscalledbyothers nearrhyme obliquerhyme or slantrhyme 拗韵 5 Eyerhyme Eyerhymeisformedbywordsthatlooklikearhymedunitbutdon thavethesamesound e g home and some hear and bear Todiscusstherhythmofapoem thefollowingtermsareveryuseful Theyaremeterandfoot 1 Meter TheGreekword metron meaning measure InEnglishwhenappliedtopoetry meter referstotheregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyllables Usually weoftenusefourkindsofmeter 1 Iambus iambic anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedone e g appear attack athome 2 Trochee trochaic e g upper supper atit 3 Anapest anapestic e g understand inthehouse 4 Dactyl dactylic e g wilderness messenger Rhythm SolongasmencanbreatheoreyescanseeSolonglivesthis andthisgiveslifetothee 2 Foot Meterismadeupofitsbasicunits Eachunitiscalledafoot Forexample theiambicfootconsistsofanunstressedsyllableandastressedsyllable Theanapesticfootconsistoftwounstressedsyllablesandastressedsyllable Normallyalinehas3 4 5 or6feet butinspecialcasesitcanhaveasfewas1footorasmanyas8feet monometer onefoot dimeter twofeet trimeter threefeet tetrameter fourfeet pentameter fivefeet hexameter sixfeet heptameter sevenfeet octameter eightfeet Footisnottobeconfusedwithmeter thoughthenamesforfeetendwith meter Meterisbasedonsyllables anditindicateshowstressedandunstressedsyllablesarearranged Footisappliedwithinasingleline anditindicateshowmanymetersareemployedintheline Takeiambusforexample Iambicmonometer Away Iambicdimeter Thissongofmine Iambictrimeter Thesilenceofthesea Tomakeadiagramoftherhythmicpatternofalineorapoemiscalledscanning Tosacnapoem oneindicateswherethestressesareandhowitistoberead WecouldfindthatmosttraditionalEnglishpoemsdofollowoneoftheabovemetricalpatterns butfewfollowsitstrictlyormechanically 1 ClosedFormFormisadesignofapoem Closedformreferstothedesignofthosepoemswhosestanzasarecharacterizedbyregularityandconsistencyinsuchelementsasrhyme linelengthandmetricalpattern Closedformincludesmostofthetraditionalverseforms 1 Blankverse anunrhymediambicpentameter alineconsistingoffivefeetofstressedandunstressedsyllables 2 Couplet apairofrhymedlineswhichmayormaynotconstituteaseparatestanzainapoem Itusuallycontainsacompletethoughtinitself 3 Tercet a3 linestanza alsocalledterzarima whichkeepstoonerhymesound Therhymeschemebetweenstanzasisinababcbcdcdedetc 4 Quatrain a4 linestanzainmanylinelengthsandsometimesinlinesofvaryinglength rhymedusuallyinlinestwoandfour ItisusedveryofteninEnglishpoetry mostnotablyinballads ThesearethefourbasicverseformsinEnglishpoetry Otherformsarepossible butusuallyareconstructedwiththeabovefourbasicverseforms ThefollowingformsalsodeservespecialattentionbecausetheyaresomuchusedbyEnglishpoetsthattheyhavebecomefixedforms 5 Sonnet 6 Epigram 7 Limerick 8 Haiku 2 OpenForm 1 Freeverse 2 Prosepoems TypesofPoems 1 Epic 2 Ballad 3 Pastoral 4 Lyric 5 Ode 6 Satire 7 Elegy Sonnet18ShallIcomparetheetoasummer sday Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay Andsummer sleasehathalltooshortadate Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines Bychanceornature schangingcourseuntrimmed Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow st NorshallDeathbragthouwander stinhisshade Whenineternallinestotimethougrow st Solongasmencanbreathe oreyescansee Solonglivesthis andthisgiveslifetothee Sonnet18 夏色斑斓颜自娇 君风婉约姿更娆 天骄虽美如白驹 犹有狂风摧花凋 金乌每每灼天幕 阴霾屡屡锁碧霄 天道有律孰能逆 世事无常亦难昭 君似长夏柳凭栏 风姿经世韵更添 无常纵有拘魂令 嫦娥依然舞飞天 漫漫苍生若无涯 人生处处颂蒹葭 我是否能把你与夏日比较 尽管你的美丽和温柔远超 狂风肆虐五月柔嫩的花苞 孟夏总叹吉日良辰的短少 太阳普照下时而炎热难当 夕阳西沉处常常金辉黯淡 无奈花开花谢中红颜易伤 苦于滚滚红尘里世事无常 唯有你好似永夏经年不衰 不失优雅气质而风华绝代 死亡阴霾遮掩不住的美态 定格在不朽诗篇字里行外 只要人文延续 诵读不止 传承此诗 你也流芳百世 ToHisCoyMistressHadwebutworldenough andtime Thiscoyness Lady werenocrimeWewouldsitdownandthinkwhichwayTowalkandpassourlonglove sday ThoubytheIndianGanges sideShouldstrubiesfind IbythetideOfHumberwouldcomplain IwouldLoveyoutenyearsbeforetheFlood Andyoushould ifyouplease refuseTilltheconversionoftheJews MyvegetableloveshouldgrowVasterthanempires andmoreslow AhundredyearsshouldgotopraiseThineeyesandonthyforeheadgaze iambictetrameter rhymesincouplets Allusion Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday Thelowingherdwindsslowlyo erthelea Theploughmanhomewardplodshiswearyway Andleavestheworldtodarknessandtome Nowfadestheglimmeringlandscapeonthesight Andalltheairasolemnstillnessholds Savewherethebeetlewheelshisdroningflight Anddrowsytinklingslullthedistantfolds 晚钟殷殷落夕阳 牛群低鸣迂田庄 农夫荷锄归倦路 我自黄昏对莽苍 暮色渐近物弥蒙 静谧幽深锁乾坤 唯听甲虫纷飞舞 畜铃穿栏入远风 quatrains iambicpentameter rhymescheme abab Setting avillagecemetery Tone melancholy Artistictechniques 1 Inordertocreatetheatmosphereofmelancholy thepoetselectsthosenaturalphenomenawhichcastadditionalgloomuponthescene e g apictureoftwilightinacountrychurchyard thelowingherd thedroningflightofthebeetles thedrowsytinklingfromadistantfold reflectthemood namely romanticmelancholy 2 Worduse longvowelsanddiphthongs Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday stillalotsuchaslow herd o er plea plow weary leave dark etc Theseaiscalmtonight Thetideisfull themoonliesfairUponthestraits ontheFrenchcoastthelightGleamsandisgone thecliffsofEnglandstand Glimmeringandvast outinthetranquilbay Cometothewindow sweetisthenight air Only fromthelonglineofsprayWheretheseameetsthemoon blanch dland Listen youhearthegratingroarOfpebbleswhichthewavesdrawback andfling Attheirreturn upthehighstrand Begin andcease andthenagainbegin Withtremulouscadenceslow andbringTheeternalnoteofsadnessin SophocleslongagoHearditontheAegean anditbroughtIntohismindtheturbidebbandflowOfhumanmisery weFindalsointhesoundathought Hearingitbythisdistantnorthernsea TheSeaofFaithWasonce too atthefull androundearth sshoreLaylikethefoldsofabrightgirdlefurl d ButnowIonlyhearItsmelancholy long withdrawingroar Retreating tothebreathOfthenight wind downthevastedgesdrearAndnakedshinglesoftheworld Ah love letusbetrueTooneanother fortheworld whichseemsToliebeforeuslikealandofdreams Sovarious sobeautiful sonew Hathreallyneitherjoy norlove norlight Norcertitude norpeace norhelpforpain AndwearehereasonadarklingplainSweptwithconfusedalarmsofstruggleandflight Whereignorantarmiesclashbynight Whither midstfallingdew Whileglowstheheavenswiththelaststepsofday Far throughtheirrosydepths dostthoupursueThysolitaryway Vainlythefowler seyeMightmarkthydistantflighttodotheewrong As darklypaintedonthecrimsonsky Thyfigurefloatsalong Seek stthoutheplashybrinkOfweedylake ormargeofriverwide OrwheretherockingbillowsriseandsinkOnthechafedoceanside ThereisapowerwhosecareTeachesthywayalongthatpathlesscoast Thedesertandillimitableair Lonewandering butnotlost 露珠在凝坠 白昼将退 天际辉煌 穿过一片玫瑰天空 你向何方孤程远飞 捕鸟人眼光徒劳看你高飞远翔 满天红霞映衬身影 你在飘逸远去 你是在寻找大河之滨 还是杂草丛生的湖岸 或是巨浪奔腾起伏潮水冲刷的海滩 在无垠的长空和荒漠 在渺无人迹的海滩 上苍关照着你 孤独飞行不会迷航 Eightfour linestanzas Therimeschemeisabab cdcd efef etc Rhythmsvarywiththesecondandthirdlineslongerthanthefirstandfourth 1 TheCentralimageisrepresentedsuccessfullyandvividly closelycenteredaroundtheflyingbirdagainstthecrimsonsky Artfulness 2 The gliding effectofthestanzaform appropriatetothevisualimageofthefollowingstanza Scanning 3 epiphany asuddenrevelationoftruthoflifeinspiredbyaseeminglytrivialincident WhenYouAreOldWhenyouareoldandgrayandfullofsleep Andnoddingbythefire takedownthisbook Andslowlyread anddreamofthesoftlookYoureyeshadonce andoftheirshadowsdeep Howmanylovedyourmomentsofgladgrace Andlovedyourbeautywithlovefalseortrue Butonemanlovedthepilgrimsoulinyou Andlovedthesorrowsofyourchangingface Andbendingdownbesidetheglowingbars Murmur alittlesadly howlovefledAndpacedamongthemountainsoverheadAndhidhisfaceamongacrowdofstars 霜鬓垂垂意难当 权取此曲细品尝 星眸依依频入梦 幽兰凄凄一吐芳 红尘逐爱真亦幻 俱拜韶华玉锦环 唯吾慕君心澄净 不计岁月掷流年 炉光流溢对影闲 往事如烟自堪怜 浑觉巍峨山林落 无边惆怅伴星眠 Iwillariseandgonow andgotoInnisfree Andasmallcabinbuildthere ofclayandwattlesmade Ninebean rowswillIhavethere ahiveforthehoney bee Andlivealoneinthebee loudglade AndIshallhavesomepeacethere forpeacecomesdroppingslow Droppingfromtheveilsofthemorningtowherethecricketsings Theremidnight sallaglimmer andnoonapurpleglow Andeveningfullofthelinnet swings Iwillariseandgonow foralwaysnightanddayIhearlakewaterlappingwithlowsoundsbytheshore WhileIstandontheroadway oronthepavementsgrey Ihearitinthedeepheart score threequatrains mostlyinhexameter looselyiambic Thelastlineofeachstanzashortenstotetrameter Rhymescheme abab ModernistEnglishpoetryhasthefollowingchieftraits 1 Modernistpoetsinsistedon directtreatmentofthings andontheavoidanceofallwords thatdonotcontributetothepresentation 2 Modernistpoetryhasfreermetricalmovement 3 Modernismintroducedintopoetryamuchhigherdegreeofintellectualcomplexitybecauseoftheenthusiasmformetaphysicalpoetry 4 Themodernistpoetsfrequentlymadeuseofsymbolismwhichgavetheirpoetrythesubtletyofsuggestivenessandovertones 5 Itbroughtpoeticlanguageandrhythmclosertothatofconversationbytheuseofcolloquialexpressions evenslang 6 Itemployedironyandpunswhichhadbeenbanishedfromseriouspoetry 7 Itwasofteninternationalandurbanintheme TurningandturninginthewideninggyreThefalconcannothearthefalconer Thingsfallapart thecentrecannothold Mereanarchyisloosedupontheworld Theblood dimmedtideisloosed andeverywhereTheceremonyofinnocenceisdrowned Thebestlackallconvictions whiletheworstArefullofpassionateintensity roughiambicpentameter themeterissoloose closertofreeverse Sounduse 1 TurningandturninginthewideninggyreThreelongvowelsbuildupgreatforcesforthe gyre Word mere ordinary butveryeffectively powerfully CantoXLIX FortheSevenLakes excerpt Autumnmoon hillsriseaboutlakesAgainstsunsetEveningislikeacurtainofcloud abluraboveripples andthroughitsharplongspikesofthecinnamon acoldtuneamidreeds Behindhillthemonk sbellBorneonthewind SailpassedhereinApril mayreturninOctoberBoatfadesinsilver slowly Sunblazealoneontheriver 湖畔青山映夕阳 秋月何苍茫 晚云如幕笼四方 淙淙鳞波漾 肉桂朦胧枝尖长 苇中阵阵