Hawthorne-and-Melville.ppt

NathanielHawthorne 1804 1864 1 NathanielHawthorne 1804 1864 1 1Life HewasborninaprestigiousNewEnglandfamilycloselyrelatedwithPuritanchurch hisancestorsattendedthepersecutionofpeoplebelongingtodifferentchurches suchasQuakers TheSalemwitchtrialswereaseriesofhearingsbeforecountycourttrialstoprosecutepeopleaccusedofwitchcraftinthecountiesofEssex Suffolk andMiddlesexincolonialMassachusetts betweenFebruary1692andMay1693 DespitebeinggenerallyknownastheSalemwitchtrials thepreliminaryhearingsin1692wereconductedinavarietyoftownsacrosstheprovince SalemVillage nowDanvers Ipswich AndoverandSalemTown Thebest knowntrialswereconductedbytheCourtofOyerandTerminerin1692inSalemTown Over150peoplewerearrestedandimprisoned withevenmoreaccusedbutnotformallypursuedbytheauthorities Alltwenty sixwhowenttotrialbeforethiscourtwereconvicted Whenhewasborn hisfamilydeclined Hewasawareofhisancestors misdeedsandthus blacknessofHawthorne formed Hethoughtthatthereasonofhisfamily sdeclineishisancestors misdeeds Andhedidn tagreewiththeoptimismheldbyTranscendentaliststowardshumannature Hewrotelotsofworksoneverlastingevilsideinhumannature HegraduatedfromBowdoinCollege HenryWadsworthLongfellowandMr Pierce the14thAmericanpresidentwerehisclassmates Later heworkedintheUSCustomHouse Aftergraduation helivedinseclusionandwrote AfterPiercebecamepresident hewasaskedtobetheconsulinLiverpoolandItaly TheappearanceofTheScarletLetterin1850makeshimbecomefamousasthegreatestwriterthenlivingandthefirstgreatAmericanwriteroffiction 1 2Aesthetics AttitudetowardsEmersonianTranscendentalism Blackvisionofhumannature TheoryofRomance AttitudetowardsEmersonianTranscendentalism LikeEmerson Hawthornethinksthatman seyesshouldpiercetheveilofsurfacestodiscoverthehumannature ForHawthorne asforEmerson externalreality nature objects tangibleformsaremerelysymbolsofadeeper moreinward ultimatelyspiritualreality andHawthorne slanguage likeEmerson s isanattempttoextractthesecretmeaningfromreality ButwhileforEmerson theresultofsuchaquestisnearlyalwayspositive ajoyousrevelationorratheraconfirmation forHawthorne itisfarmorefrequentlyarevelationofevil ofdeathinlife ofthemysteryandambiguitywhichsurroundus Blackvisionofhumannature Obsessed orhauntedbytheCalvinisticconceptoftheoriginalsin Hawthornecannotlookuponanyaspectofreality eitherhumanornatural withoutfindingthegermthatcorruptsanddestroys Forhim humanbeingsareevil naturedandsinfulandthissinandeviliseverpresentinhumanheartandwillpassonfromonegenerationtoanother Hiswritingsaretoshowhowweareallwrongedandwrongers andavengeoneanother Hesymbolizesmoralorspiritualdiseasebythediseaseofthebodyandaccordinglywhenapersoncommitsanysin itmightappearinsomeformonthebody Besides Hawthornebelievesthathumanbeingscontinuouslysinandsinwillgetpunishedonewayoranother Asamatteroffacthewassaidtobeoftentroubledbythethoughtthatthedeclineofhisfamilyfortuneshadalottodowiththesinsofhisancestors Hebelievesthat thewrongdoingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones TheoryofRomance Hawthorn stheoryofRomanceisanidealcombinationoffactsandfancy realisticdetailsandfancifulthings orrealityandimagination tomakethereallookunreal ortheunrealreal That swhyHawthorntookgreatinterestinhistoryandantiquity whichhebelievedenabledhimtodeemstrangethingsandmakethem Romance骑士传奇 浪漫传奇 anyimaginativeliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandthatdealswithheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvillainsormonsters 1 3Majorworks Shortstorycollections Twice ToldTales 故事新编 MosesfromanOldManse 古屋青苔 Novels TheScarletLetter 红字 TheHouseofSevenGables 七个尖角阁的房子 TheBlithedaleRomance 福谷传奇 TheMarbleFaun 大理石神像 1 4Featuresofworks senseofsinandevil sinandpunishment tensionbetweenhead intellect andheart emotion Hawthorneheldnegativeattitudetowardsscience Mostly hisintellectualcharactersarevillains ambiguity 复义性 goodatdepictingpsychology symbolism supernaturalelements excellentcraftsmanship delicatestructure refinedlanguage 1 5TheScarletLetter Sample ScarletLetter A AdulterytoAbletoAngel Characters HesterPrynne heroine attractive activetowardsthesin RogerChillingworth Hester shusband emotionless onlythinkingaboutrevenge realvillaininthenovel signifyingpureintellectwhichwasmercilessinHawthorne smind ArthurDimmesdale ahandsomeandadmirableyoungpriest contradictoryonthesinhemadewithHester beingabravemanatlast Theme Thethemeofthestoryshouldbethemoral emotionalandpsychologicaleffectsofthesinonpeople P76 TheScarletLetterisaculturalallegory inwhichtheauthorindirectlytellsthefutureofPuritanism Allegory astorywithasymbolicmeaningusedtoteachamorallessonbecausethepeopleandplacesinitstandsforotherideas allegory anarrativethatservesasanextendedmetaphor Allegoriesarewrittenintheformoffables poems storiesandalmostanyotherstyle Themainpurposeofanallegoryistotellastorythathascharacters asetting aswellasothertypesofsymbols thathavebothliteralandfigurativemeanings Thedifferencebetweenanallegoryandasymbolisthatanallegoryisacompletenarrativethatconveysabstractideastogetapointacross whileasymbolisarepresentationofanideaorconceptthatcanhaveadifferentmeaningthroughoutaliterarywork ThedivineComedy TheScarletLetterisasampleinwhichAmericanRomanticismadapteditselftoAmericanPuritanism BecauseofthestronginfluenceofPuritanisminAmericansociety Hawthorneonlyexpressedhisideasonthesinindirectlybyemployingsymbolism Thestoryisseeminglysimple butitrelatestheallegoryofsinnersandtheconflictbetweenintellectualandnaturalemotionsothatweseenotonlyHawthorn sjudgmentof17thcenturyPuritansocietybutalsohisclearperceptionofhumanpsychologyandhumanindictmentinalmostanyhumancommunity Thethematicconcernoftheauthorisnotsomuchaboutthesinitselfasabouttheeffectofthesinonthepeopleinvolvedandthesocietyasawholeaswellastheconflictofintellectandheart DiscussionofChapter1andChapter2inTheScarletletter Theprisonasthesetting Theimplicationofthedescriptionoftheroses Peoples attitudetowardsHester ThereasonHestermakestheembroideryoftheLetterAsoelaborate Hester scharacter 2HermanMelville 1819 1891 2 1GeneralIntroduction HermanMelvilleandhiscontemporaryauthorsexperiencedsuchthingsthattheyarehardtoberecognizedbytheirfellowmen ThoreauandDickinsonhadfewornocontemporaryreaders PoeandWhitmanweremisunderstood AndMelvillesufferedanagonizingneglectparticularlypainfultohissoul andhesufferedlikeWhitmanwithoutthekindofcompensationthatthelatterlivedtoenjoy P79 Althoughneglectedformanyyears hewasrediscoveredaround1920andhasbeenenthusiasticallystudiedbycriticsandscholarseversince Soonafterhisdeath therewasashortrevivalofinterestinMelville swork Manyofhisworkswerepublishedagainandsoweremanyappreciativescholarlyevaluations By1930sMelvillescholarshipbecameprominent HughHetheringtoncompletedthefirstdoctoraldissertationonMelvilleattheUniv ofMichiganin1933 and soonafterthesecondworldwar aMelvillesocietywasorganized ThroughthenexttwodecadesMelvilleandhiswritingattractedmoreresearchandscholarshipthananyotherAmericanauthor 2 2Mastersinfluencinghim Hawthorn sinfluence Wasdeeplyimpressedbyhisbook Hisessay HawthorneandHisMosses indicatesthechangeHawthorne sMossesfromanOldMansebroughtaboutinhisoutlookonlifeandontheworld Hawthorne sunderstandingofevilimpactedMelville soriginaldesignofMobyDick aboutone thirdofwhichhehadcompletedwhentheymet Hehadastrongdesiretorevealtheevilinlifeandhumansoulthroughatragedy ForMelville heneededbadlysb tounderstandandsympathizewithhisliterarywork especiallythecompanionshipoftheolderwritercouldreawakenhiscreativeenergy asneitherunderstandingnorsympathywasforthcomingfromhisownfamily Theywerephilosophicallycloselyrelated andtheyrepresentedapositionoftragichumanismintheirtime P80 81 Others influence Melvillewasaprolificwriter Inhiswholelifeheenjoyedreading avoraciousreader Emerson Hawthorne ThomasCarlyle Shelley ThomasBrowne Lyell sGeology andShakespeare aseriousreader wroteglossesandcommentariesasheracedthroughthevolumesthatcamehisway HisdiscoveryofShakespearestirredhimtothedepthsofhisbeing CarlyleandHawthorne ssymbolismfascinatedhim ForEmersonhehadmixedfeelingsofrespectandrepulsion 2 3Hisworks Typee APeepatPolynesianLife 1846 conveyingtheironythatacivilizedmancannotreturntoparadise 泰比 Omoo ANarrativeofAdventuresintheSouthSeas 1847 奥穆 Mardi 玛蒂 1849 Redburn 莱德伯恩 1849 White Jacket orTheWorldinaMan of War 1850 relatinghislifeonaUnitedStatesman of war Moby Dick orTheWhale 1851 nowheraldedasalandmarkworkinAmericanliterature receivinglittleacclaimuponitsrelease thecoolresponseofthepublictoitdisgustinghimsothathealmostleftoffnovelwritinginhislateforties PierreorTheAmbiguities 1852 HislateworksincludethevolumesofpoetryBattle PiecesandAspectsoftheWar 1866 andJohnMarrandOtherSailors 1888 thelongpoemClarel 1876 andtheposthumouslypublishednovellaBillyBudd Foretopman 1924 thetragedyofaninnocent 2 5MobyDick SomehistoricalnotesonMelville sera Themes P84 85 Characterization P84 85 Specialfeature symbolism P86 Somehisto