Lecture-4-noun-and-noun-phrase.ppt

Lecture4 NounandNounPhrase ClassificationofNouns NumberFormsofNouns 名词的数 UnitNoun Partitive 单位名词 ClassificationofNouns Wordformation Lexicalmeaning Grammaticalform Simplenouns Compoundnouns Derivativenouns Commonnouns Propernouns Countablenouns Uncountablenouns Simplenouns anounthatcontainsonlyonefreemorpheme man chair land ship water gas faith Compoundnouns anounthatiscomposedoftwoormoremorphemes armchair farmland seaside forget me not Derivativenouns anounthatcomesfromaverb anadjectiveorasimplenounwithaffix arrangement greatness ability expectation P41Ex 4A CommonNounProperNoun 个体名词IndividualNoun boy house tiger insect 集体名词CollectiveNoun family team cattle police 物质名词MaterialNoun air snow bread rice 抽象名词AbstractNoun glory honesty education Apropernounisanameusedforaparticularperson placeorthing andspeltwithacapitalinitialletter Anderson China SanFrancisco theDemocraticParty theStateCouncil the12thFive YearPlan Countandnon countnouns Acountnoun orcountablenoun isanounthathasapluralandwhichcancollocatewithnumbersandwithsuchdeterminersasa n many few these those several etc Anon countnoun oruncountablenoun isanounthatcannotgowiththeabove mentionedwords ThreemainnumberclassesofNs 1 variableNsRegularVsirregular2 singularinvariableNsNoncountNs goldAbstractadjectiveheads theunrealProperNs Henry3 pluralinvariableNsSummationplurals scissorsPluraliatantumin s thanksUnmarkedpluralNs peoplePersonaladjecitveheads therichProperNs theAlps 1 Nswithirregularplural Voicingand spluralcalfcalvesMutationpluralfootfeet enpluralchildchildrenZeropluralsheepsheepForeignpluralsstimulusstimuli Latin larvalarvae i stratumstrataindexindicesmatrixmatrices isi z thesistheses Greek criterioncriteriabureaubureaux French tempotempi Italian kibbutzkibbutzim Hebrew Zeroplural Zeropluralnscanbebothsingularandplural whileinvariablensareeithersingularorplural Thissheeplookssmall Allthosesheepareours Thismusicistooloud Allthecattlearegrazinginthefield NswithequivocalnumberTherearealsonounssuchasbarracks 营房 headquarters 总部 means 方法 手段 series 系列 alms 施舍 species 种类 andworks 工厂 whosesingularandpluralnumbersharethesameform Thesenounsaretreatedaspluralwhenusedinthepluralsense orviceversa Theonlymeanstoachievesuccessistoappealtoarms Allmeanshavebeentriedouttoincreaseagriculturalproduction 2 SingularinvariableNs SomeconcretenoncountnscanbereclassifiedascountnswithspecificmeaningsButterskind s ofbutterAbeeraglassofbeerSomeabstractnoncountnscanbereclassifiedascountnswheretheyrefertoaninstanceofagivenabstractphenomenonInjustices regrets kindnesses pleasures etc Somenoncountns particularlythosedenotingnaturalphenomena maybepluralized eg WalkingthroughthewoodsLet splayonthesandsIhaveseriousdoubt gravefearsRaisesomeone shopesSomepluralsexpressintensity greatquantityorextent andaliteraryflavour ThesandsofthedesertSailingonthegreatwaters Reclassificationofmaterialns Breads几种 客 面包Coffees几杯咖啡Lemonades几瓶柠檬汁Deserts一片片沙漠Sands一片沙漠Fats各类脂肪Fishes各类鱼 Foods各类食物Fruits各类水果Tobaccos各类烟草Metals各类金属Steels各种钢材Teas各种茶叶Wheats各种小麦 Reclassificationofabstractns Anxiety焦虑anxieties使人忧虑的事情Business生意businesses多片商店货多家企业Delicacy微妙delicacies山珍海味Disorder混乱disorders小病微恙Experience经验experiences经历Fear恐惧fears种种担心Friendship友谊friendships表示友谊的事例Joy欢乐joys令人快慰的人或事Kindness善意盛情美意kindnesses善行Pity怜悯pities不幸Security安全securities证券债券Sympathy同情sympathies同情慰问表示慰问的函电等 Invariablensendingin s Subjectnamesendingin icsaregenerallysingularnouns Physicsisanimportantsubjectinmiddleschool Athleticsisarequiredcourseforthestudentsofallgrades However somesuchnounsaretreatedaspluralwhenusedinothersensesthansubjectnames Athletics 体育运动 havebeengreatlypromotedatthiscollege Politics政治学 政治观点或态度 linguistics electronics mathematics informatics mechanics力学 statistics统计学 统计数字或资料 acoustics声学 音响学 音响效果 optics economics经济学 经济要素 经济上的利弊 Diseaseandgamenamesendingin saregenerallytreatedassingular Mumpsisakindofinfectiousdisease Darts 投镖游戏 isoneoftheoldestofgamesandwasnotconfinedtochildren Diabetes糖尿病 mumps腮腺炎 measles麻疹 phlebitis静脉炎 rickets软骨病 shingles带状疱疹 arthritis关节炎 Bowls保龄球 dominoes多米诺骨牌 checkers draughts跳棋 fives英国两人或四人玩的对墙投机之手球 ninepins九柱戏 darts掷镖游戏 billiards玩桌球 Butthereareafewexceptions e g measlesandricketscanbeusedeitherassingularorasplural whilecardsisusuallytreatedasplural Ricketsis arecausedbymalnutrition 营养不良 Cardsarenotallowedhere ThenewsofthelossessufferedbyourtroopsAweremuchworsethanexpected BCDSomenounsendingin saretreatedassingular eg news summons传票 gallows绞架 3 Pluralinvariablens i summationpluralsSummationpluralsdenotetools instruments andarticlesofdressconsistingoftwoequalpartswhicharejoinedtogetherNamesforthingsmadeoftwopartssuchasscissors pincers 钳子 calipers callipers 火钳 shades 太阳镜 glasses spectacles shorts trousers jeans pants sleeves suspenders 吊带裤 scales pliers 老虎钳 shorts tweezers 镊子 stockings socks tongs 夹具 shears 大剪刀 handcuffs 手铐 slacks 便裤 braces 背带裤 binoculars 双筒望远镜 compasses 圆规 flares 喇叭裤 forceps 镊子 etcareusuallyusedasplural Thesugar tongs 方糖钳 arenotinthesugarbowl Joe strousersareblackandwhite Butwhentheyareprecededbysuchunitnounsasapairofandtwopairsof thenumberformofthefollowingverbisgenerallydeterminedbythenumbermarkeroftheunitnoun Onepairofscissorsisn tenough Twopairsofpliersaremissingfrommytoolbox Ii pluraliatantumendingin sSomepluraliatantum iensthatoccuronlyintheplural endin s whereasothershavenopluralmarking eg people Theyhavepluralconcord Thesedamageshavenotyetbeenpaid havethey damages compensationinmoneyimposedbylawforcausinglossorinjury Inmanycases pluraliatantumendingin salsohavesingularforms whichcanbedissociatedinmeaningfromtheplural Thatdamagewasrepairedlongago damage loss harm Nounsusuallytakingpluralendingssuchasarchives 档案 arms 武器 contents 内容 目录 eaves 屋檐 clothes fireworks 烟火 goods 货物 minutes 记录 morals 道德 品行 remains 遗体 stairs 楼梯 suburbs 郊区 thanks 谢意 andwages 工资 aregenerallyusedasplural Thecontentsofthisbookaremostfascinating Afewsuchnouns e g whereabouts 行踪 dramatics 舞台艺术 maybetreatedeitheraspluralorassingular Hiswhereaboutswere wasknownonlytohispersonalstaff Nounsendingin ingssuchasclippings 剪下来的东西 diggings 挖出来的东西 belongings savings 存款 earning 收入 filings 锉屑 shavings 刨花 winnings 奖金 greetings findings lodging 租住的房间 surroundings 环境 sweepings 扫拢的垃圾 etcaregenerallyusedaspluralwiththeexceptionoftidings 消息 whichcanbeusedbothways Theclippingsofthehedgesareusuallyburnt Thetidingshas havecomealittletoolate P26Ex 2A Iii unmarkedpluralns people police etc Police Thepolicehavecaughttheburglar Tdenoteindividualpoliceofficerswenormallyuseapoliceofficer orapoliceman policewomanwiththepluralspoliceofficers policemen policewomen Inacollectivesense thepoliceforce onlypolicecanbeused Hewantstojointhepolice Numberformsofcompounds i pluralinthelastelementClose ups特写Grown ups成人Forget me nots勿忘我草Brainpowers智囊团Telltales搬弄是非者Pathfinders开路先锋ii pluralinthefirstelementoccursespeciallywhenthecompoundincludesapostmodifierorfinalparticlesomelookers onTwosons in lawCommanders in chief iii appositionalcompoundswhosefirstelementis orincludes manorwomanpluralizeboththefirstandthelastelementGentlemenfarmersWomendoctorsWhenthepluralisinthelastelementwhenthecompoundisnotappositionalWoman hatersMan eaters IV number nsingularAfive yearplanTheeight hourday八小时工作制Aten dollarbill一张十元的美钞 Numberformsofthecollective material abstractandpropernouns Somecollectivenounsarecountable somearenot Countablecollectivenounsbehavejustlikeindividualnouns Anuncountablecollectivenounhasnopluralform Ifwewanttocountthenumber wehavetouseakindofindividualnounrelatedsemanticallytothecollective Numberformsofthecollectivens CollectiveindividualPoetrypoemMachinerymachineClothinggarment coat etcFurnituretable chair etcCutleryknifeEquipmenttool CollectiveindividualWeaponrygun pistol etcCorrespondence 信件 letterFoliageleafLuggagetrunk bag etcPolicepoliceman Clergyclergyman Numberformsofthematerialns Materialnounsaregenerallyuncountableandhavenopluralforms Buttherearesomesuchitemsthatcanbeusedeitheruncountablywhenusedtomeanthematerialitself orcountablywhenusedinothersenses Numberformsoftheabstractns Abstractnounsaremostlyuncountable e g Honestyisthebestpolicy Buttherearesomeabstractnounsthatarecountablelikeindividualnouns e g victory avictory twovictories Someabstractnoncountnounshavesemanticallyrelatedindividualnounsastheircountableequivalents abstractnounindividualnounlaughterlaughs workjobs correspondenceletter notes etc photographyphotos permissionpermit musicsongs funjoy homeworkexercises SomeEnglishnounssuchasfamily room mouth ear etc seemtobeonlycountablenouns However theycanexpressabstractsensesincertaincollocations tohavetoomuchfamily tooheavyfamilyburden tohavetoomuchwinter atoolongspellofcoldweather tohavetoomuchmouth totalktoomuch tohavetoolittleear tobenotinclinedtolistentoothers tohaveroomfor tohaveaneedfor tofeelthepatriotrise tofeelthepatrioticfeelingsrise SomeEnglishnouns fool man coward coquette scholar poet politician sportsman etc thatareusuallycountablecanbecomeuncountablewhenreferringtopeople sfeatures tobefoolenough tobefoolishenough moreofafool morefoolish lessofafool lessfoolish asmuchofafoolas asfoolishas toomuchofafool toofoolish Hewasenoughofamantotellthetruth Numberformsofthepropernoun Propernounsareuniqueinreferenceandthereforehavenopluralforms exceptforsuchpropernamesastheUnitedStates thePhilippines theNetherlands etc whicharethemselvespluralinform Whenapropernountakesapluralending ittakesonsomecharacteristicsofacommonnoun e g HaveyouinvitedtheBrowns TherearetwoMissSmiths MissesSmithintheclass P51 52Ex 4E Advice忠告advices通知Authority权威authorities当局Color颜色colors颜色 军旗Corn玉米corns鸡眼Force武力力量forces军队Green绿色greens青菜Import进口imports进口品Stone石料stones一块块的石头egg蛋渍蛋白eggs一个个的蛋Lamb羊肉lambs羔羊Rubber橡胶rubbers胶鞋Onion洋葱味onions洋葱头 Manners礼貌Papers证件文件Properties性能Sands沙漠Times时代Woods森林Airs摆架子Brains头脑Effects效果财物Exporters出口品Look神色脸色looks外貌Irons脚镣手铐 Pain疼痛pains疼痛努力Part部分parts部分 才能amanofpartsQuarter一刻钟四分之一quarters一刻钟四分之一住处营房Ruins废墟Spirit精神spirits情绪酒精Wit机智wit智力聪颖理智Work工作works著作Letter字母 信letters字母 信 文学 学问 Partitivesarealsocalledunitnouns Generalpartitives Partitivesrelatedtotheshapeofthings Paritivesrelatedtovolume Paritivesrelatedtothestateofaction Partitivesdenotingpairs groups flocks etc Genitivepartitives 这类单位词包