托福阅读专题-插入题.ppt

InsertTextQuestion byMaxine 1 2 3 Introduction Tips Clue1 指代关系 4 Clue2 逻辑关系 5 Clue3 结构关系 Introduction 设置在文章的倒数第二题出题会确保不会因为这个缺失的句子而影响到全文的大意 缺少的这个句子是可有可无的出题原理 指代线索 逻辑线索 组织结构和语义线索 Tips 做句子插入题必须先读句子而非先读段落找线索词并积极对插入句上下文做预测从第一个小黑方块前一句话开始读 逐一代入进行验证插入句必须满足前后两条线索 先前再后 先用前线索再看后线索 Somecompaniesinthepowerindustryareawareofthiswiderpossibilityandareplanningsizablewind farmprojectsinstatesotherthanCalifornia 有些能源行业的公司意识到了这个更大的可能性 正在计划在美国除了加州以外的州建立大型的风力发电站项目 Since1980 theuseofwindtoproduceelectricityhasbeengrowingrapidly In1994therewerenearly20 000windturbinesworldwide mostgroupedinclusterscalledwindfarmsthatcollectivelyproduced3 000megawattsofelectricity MostwereinDenmark whichgot3percentofitselectricityfromwindturbines andCalifornia where17 000machinesproduced1percentofthestate selectricity enoughtomeettheresidentialneedsofacityaslargeasSanFrancisco Inprinciple allthepowerneedsoftheUnitedStatescouldbeprovidedbyexploitingthewindpotentialofjustthreestates NorthDakota SouthDakota andTexas Clue1 指代关系 指代词 the this these their such another other they it 必然有所指代指代词后边若有名词短语 则向前寻找名词短语的同义改写 指代词必然有所指代小黑方块附近出现指代词 则注意是否有所指代 若无指代 插入句往往放在代词前的方块插入句中出现插入语或从句 重点读主干定冠词the用于重复上文提到的事物 Whatdoyourememberaboutyourlifebeforeyouwerethree Fewpeoplecanrememberanythingthathappenedtothemintheirearlyyears Adults memoriesofthenextfewyearsalsotendtobescanty Mostpeoplerememberonlyafewevents usuallyonesthatweremeaningfulanddistinctive suchasbeinghospitalizedorasibling sbirth Lookatthefoursquares thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage Otherimportantoccasionsareschoolgraduationsandweddings Casesinwhichmanyspeciesbecomeextinctwithinageologicallyshortintervaloftimearecalledmassextinctions TherewasonesucheventattheendoftheCretaceousperiod around70millionyearsago Therewasanother evenlarger massextinctionattheendofthePermianperiod around250millionyearsago ThePermianeventhasattractedmuchlessattentionthanothermassextinctionsbecausemostlyunfamiliarspeciesperishedatthattime Lookatthefoursquares thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage Ingeneral itisbelievedthatthesetwoextinctionsresultedfromdrasticenvironmentalchangesthatfollowedmeteoriteimpactsormassivevolcaniceruptions Accordingly FrancesetouttoovercomeBritainbyextendingitsmilitarydominationfromMoscowtoLisbon fromJutlandtoCalabria Allofthisentailedtremendousrisk becauseFrancedidnothavethemilitaryresourcestocontrolthismuchterritoryandstillprotectitselfandmaintainorderathome Frenchstrategistscalculatedthatanavyof150shipswouldprovidetheforcenecessarytodefeattheBritishnavy ThisadvantagewasdeemednecessarybecauseofBritain ssuperiorseaskillsandtechnology andalsobecauseBritainwouldbefightingadefensivewar allowingittowinwithfewerforces SuchaforcewouldgiveFranceathree to twoadvantageoverBritain Severalfactorsaffecttidalranges includingabruptchangesinatmosphericpressureorprolongedperiodsofextremehighorlowpressure Theyarealsoinfluencedbythedensityandvolumeofseawater variationsinocean currentvelocities earthquakes andthegrowingorshrinkingoftheworld sglaciers Infact anyofthesefactorsalonecanaltersealevel Thegreaterandmorerapidthechangeofwaterlevel thegreatertheerosiveeffectofthetidalaction andthusintheamountofmaterialtransportedanddepositedontheshore Stormsurges suchastheheapingupofoceanwaterbyhurricanewinds areyetanotherfactor Weallknowthatmanymorepeopletodayareright handedthanleft handed Canonetracethissamepatternfarbackinprehistory Muchoftheevidenceaboutright handversusleft handdominancecomesfromstencilsandprintsfoundinrocksheltersinAustraliaandelsewhere andinmanyIceAgecavesinFrance Spain andTasmania Whenalefthandhasbeenstenciled thisimpliesthattheartistwasright handed andviceversa Eventhoughthepaintwasoftensprayedonbymouth onecanassumethatthedominanthandassistedintheoperation Onealsohastomaketheassumptionthathandswerestenciledpalmdownward alefthandstenciledpalmupwardmightofcourselookasifitwerearighthand Of158stencilsintheFrenchcaveofGargas 136havebeenidentifiedasleft andonly22asright right handednesswasthereforeheavilypredominant Thestencilsofhandsfoundinthesesheltersandcavesallowustodrawconclusionsaboutwhichhandwasdominant Clue2 逻辑关系 常见逻辑关系 并列 递进 转折 因果 比较并列递进 furthermore also aswell too inaddition moreover besides even additionally first second third notonly butalso转折 although conversely however instead nevertheless ontheotherhand unlike whereas while因果 therefore so asaresult consequently accordingly thus hence比较 incontrast onthecontrary Clue2 逻辑关系 插入句或黑方块附近出现转折对比标识词时 转折句中的主语前边可能提到过插入句或黑方块附近出现表示原因结果 总结结论标识词时 排除段首位置 注意因果逻辑关系 总结结论句中的元素 必与上一句有所对应 ThereactionoffarmerstotheinevitabledepletionoftheOgallalavaries Manyhavebeenattemptingtoconservewaterbyirrigatinglessfrequentlyorbyswitchingtocropsthatrequirelesswater Other however haveadoptedthephilosophythatitisbesttousethewaterwhileitisstilleconomicallyprofitabletodosoandtoconcentrateonhigh valuecropssuchascotton Theincentiveofthefarmerswhowishtoconservewaterisreducedbytheirknowledgethatmanyoftheirneighborsareprofitingbyusinggreatamountsofwater andintheprocessaredrawingdowntheentireregion swatersupplies Inthefaceoftheupcomingwatersupplycrisis anumberofgrandioseschemeshavebeendevelopedtotransportvastquantitiesofwaterbycanalorpipelinefromtheMississippi theMissouri ortheArkansasrivers Unfortunately thecostofwaterobtainedthroughanyoftheseschemeswouldincreasepumpingcostsatleasttenfold makingthecostofirrigatedagriculturalproductsfromtheregionuncompetitiveonthenationalandinternationalmarkets Butevenifuncooperativefarmersweretojoinintheconservationefforts thiswouldonlydelaythedepletionoftheaquifer Thesubjectsofthepaintingsaremostlyanimals Thepaintingsrestonbarewalls withnobackdropsorenvironmentaltrappings Perhaps likemanycontemporarypeoples UpperPaleolithicmenandwomenbelievedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathofinjury andifthatwereindeedtheirbelief itmightexplainwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart Anotherexplanationforthefocusonanimalsmightbethatthesepeoplesoughttoimprovetheirluckathunting Thistheoryissuggestedbyevidenceofchipsinthepaintedfigures perhapsmadebyspearsthrownatthedrawings Butifimprovingtheirhuntingluckwasthechiefmotivationforthepaintings itisdifficulttoexplainwhyonlyafewshowsignsofhavingbeenspeared Perhapsthepaintingswereinspiredbytheneedtoincreasethesupplyofanimals CaveartseemstohavereachedapeaktowardtheendoftheUpperPaleolithicperiod whentheherdsofgameweredecreasing Therefore ifthepaintingswereconnectedwithhunting someotherexplanationisneeded Clue3 结构关系 西方人的思维总分结构来论证观点总分结构 本质 先论点 后论证 Fantasyisoneofthemorecommontechniquesinadvertisingthatcouldpossiblymisleadayoungaudience Child orientedadvertisementsaremorelikelytoincludemagicandfantasythanadvertisementsaimedatadults InacontentanalysisofCanadiantelevision theauthorStephenKlineobservedthatnearlyallcommercialsforcharactertoysfeaturedfantasyplay Childrenhavestrongimaginationsandtheuseoffantasybringstheirideastolife butchildrenmaynotbeadeptenoughtorealizethatwhattheyareviewingisunreal Fantasysituationsandsettingsarefrequentlyusedtoattractchildren sattention particularlyinfoodadvertising Advertisementsforbreakfastcerealshave formanyyears beenfoundtobeespeciallyfondoffantasytechniques withalmostnineoutoftenincludingsuchcontent Generally thereisuncertaintyastowhetherveryyoungchildrencandistinguishbetweenfantasyandrealityinadvertising Certainly rationalappealsinadvertisingaimedatchildrenarelimited asmostadvertisementsuseemotionalandindirectappealstopsychologicalstatesorassociations Anotheraspectofadvertisingthatmayespeciallyinfluencechildrenisfantasy Clue3 结构关系 分类列举式段落概述部分作为插入句 概述一般位于段首位置采用分类列举式的段落 文章通常以 数词 名词复数 的形式出现概述的标示词 reasons groups parts types sorts ways approaches features分类列举式段落列举部分作为插入句 插入句中出现furthermore moreover inaddition besides also 引出段落中一个新的方面 放在对应语句之前 插入句中的主语前边可能提到过 Thechiefproblemwastechnological HowweretheEuropeanstoreachtheEast Europe smaritimetraditionhaddevelopedinthecontextofeasilynavigableseas theMediterranean theBaltic and toalesserextent theNorthSeabetweenEnglandandtheContinent notofvastoceans Newtypesofshipswereneeded newmethodsoffindingone sway newtechniquesforfinancingsovastascheme ThesheerscaleoftheinvestmentittooktobegincommercialexpansionatseareflectstheimmensityoftheprofitsthatsuchEast Westtradecouldcreate Spiceswerethemostsought aftercommodities SpicesnotonlydramaticallyimprovedthetasteoftheEuropeandietbutalsowereusedtomanufactureperfumesandcertainmedicines B