2016年高考复习高中英语五大基本句型.doc

英语简单句的五大基本句型8学习目标了解英语简单句的五大基本句型。能够准确判断出简单句的句型。通过练习熟悉五大句型。自学指导句子结构分类句子结构分类简单句（Simple Sentences）包含一套主谓结构的句子并列句（Compound Sentences）包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子且句子之间有并列连词and/but等或用分号连接复合句（Complex Sentences）包含一个主句和一个从句或一个主句和多个从句的句子，且从句用从属连词引导简单句的基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns） 英语句子有长有短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五中基本句型。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。1. 主谓句型（主语 + 不及物动词）S + Vi. 1.1 Great changes have taken place. 1.2 We all breathe, eat and drink.1.3 The blind study in special schools.1.4 Fighting broke out between the South and North.1.5 To tell the truth always pays.1.6 What he said doesnt matter.以上例句中的斜体部分是句子的_语。主语是一个句子的主题，是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有_, _, _, _, _等等。谓语动词说明主语的动作和状态。以上例句中，我们不难看出，句子的谓语动词是不及物动词，这些不及物动词可以是单个动词也可以是短语，由此，可以归纳出这些例句都属于_ 句型。此句型的特点是谓语动词是不及物动词，本身能表达完整的意思，后面不需要跟宾语，但有时可跟副词、介词短语等做状语。如：He laughted. John has read widely. He lives in London.【练一练】找出下列句子的主语并注意谓语动词。1） Two days passed.2） The war ended peacefully.3） The girl came in quietly.4） The group of children went there on foot.5） It is blowing.6） Everybody is now studying hard.7） The story spread all over the town.8） The book sells well.9） We live to devote.10） The sun has risen.2. 主谓宾句型（主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语） S + Vt. + O2.1 I like China.2.2 He hates you.2.3 -How many do you need? -I need two.2.4 We should help the old and the poor.2.5 I like working with you.2.6 I hope to see you again.2.7 Did you write down what he said?2.8 Im looking forward to hearing from you.2.9 It took me a while to adapt to the job.2.10 He looks after his little daughter on Sundays分析以上例句，可以看出斜体部分是句子的_语。句子的宾语可以由_, _, _, _, _, _等充当，它表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容。或者用于介词后构成介词短语。句子的谓语动词可以是单个的动词也可以是短语，如例句中的look forward to, look after等。这类句型即_句型。此句型的特点是谓语动词是及物动词，不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语。如：Our team beat all the others.【练一练】翻译下列句子，并指出句子的主干（主谓宾）1）I ride a bike to school.2）Youd better follow my advice.3）Do you mind my smoking.4）You should practice writing more.5）The room needs painting.6）Do remember to lock the door.3. 主系表句型（主语 + 系动词 + 表语） S + Link.V + P3.1 He is a teacher.3.2 The best composition is hers.3.3 Five and five is ten.3.4 He is asleep.3.5 His father is thin.3.6 The picture is on the wall.3.7 My watch is gone/lost/missing.3.8 To see is to believe.3.9 The question is whether they will come.以上例句中的斜体部分是句子的_语。表语说明主语的性质，状态，特征或身份。通常由_, _, _, _, _, _等充当。以上句型属于_句型。 此句型的特点是谓语动词是连系动词，不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态的表语。本句型中，系动词除了be以外，还可以是： 1). Several players lay flat on the playground. 2). We should remain modest any time. 3). The picture looks more beautiful at a certain distance. 4). It is getting warmer and warmer. 5). Dont have the food. It has gone bad. 6) The facts prove true. 7). The rose smells sweet. 以上系动词可以分类为：感觉（feel, look, smell, taste, sound）; 仍然（remain, continue, stay, keep）; 变成（become, come, go, get, turn, grow）; 似乎（seem; appear）;证明是（prove, turn out） 【练一练】 在空白处填上合适的系动词使句意完整。1） Failure _the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。2） The flower _ pleasant. 这花闻起来很香。3） I dont _ well today. 今天我感觉不舒服。4） Getting up early _ good to ones health. 早起对健康有益。5） I _ angry about it. 我对此十分生气。6） _ careful of your health. 小心你的健康。7） Mr. blacks face slowly _ red. 布莱克的脸慢慢变红了。8） The plan _ very practical. 这个计划听起来很实际。9） His experiment _ to be successful。 他的实验证明是成功的。4. 主谓双宾句型（主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语） S + Vt. + Oi + Od4.1 She ordered herself a new dress.4.2 She cooked her husband a delicious meal.4.3 He brought you a dictionary.4.4 He denies her nothing.4.5 I showed him my picture.4.6 I gave my car a wash.4.7 I told him the bus was late.4.8 He showed me how to run the machine.仔细观察以上例句，可以看出，斜体部分是句子的宾语，下划线部分也是句子的_语，也就是一个句子中有两个_语。不难发现，斜体部分为“人或者物”，称为间接宾语；下划线部分为“物或者事”，称为直接宾语。这类句型叫做_句型。此句型的特点是谓语动词是及物动词，后面跟有两个宾语，这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者，其中指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时，通常需要介词for或to。可跟双宾语的动词有：answer, bring, buy, find, get, give, lend, make, pass, pay, send, show, sing, take, teach, tell, write等。如： Mr. Li told us an interesting story. Would you please give this dictionary to Li Hua.? She ordered a new dress for herself. I showed my picture to him. 【练一练】改写句子，不改变句意。1） He gave me a red rose. = _.2） She made me a beautiful dress. = _.3） He brings cookies to me every day. = _.4） My father bought my sister a personal computer. = _.5） He never lends his car to others. = _.6） Show me your license. = _.7） Can you spare the children some minutes? = _.8） The police offer 3 meals a day to the prisoners. = _.5. 主谓宾补句型（主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语） S + Vt. + O + C5.1 They named the child Jim.5.2 He boiled the egg hard.5.3 He painted the door green.5.4 I found the book very interesting.5.5 We saw him out.5.6 The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take over.5.7 I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul. 我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。分析以上句子，可以看出，动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语才能使意思完整，这个补充成分叫做_语。(斜体部分即宾语的补足语)，可以用作宾语补足语的有_, _, _, _, _等。这个句型称作_句型。此句型的特点是谓语动词后虽然跟有一个宾语，但意思还不完整，必须加上另外一个成分（宾语补足语）对宾语进行补充说明。常用于这个句型的动词有：1） 感官动词：see, notice, observe, watch, hear, listen to, feel, find, smell2） 使役动词：have, let, make, get3） 表示心理状态的动词：consider, think, believe, find, imagine, suppose, prove4） 表示情感状态的动词：love, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect5) 动词keep/leave使/让保持某种状态 We must keep our school clean. They made him their monitor. 6. 复杂句式都是由这五种基本句型拓展而成。如果在名词或代词前或后面加上词，短语或者句子来修饰，那么这些修饰或限制名词或代词的词，词组或句子就是定语。 如：6.1 He is a chemistry teacher.6.2 We belong to the third world.6.3 He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.6.4 The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.6.5 The boys playing football are in Class 2.6.6 You should do everything that I do.6.7 I have an idea to do it well.通过以上例句可以看出，用作定语的可以是名词，代词，数词，形容词，介词短语，动名词，分词，不定式或从句。7. 在英语中，修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的成分叫状语。如：7.1 The girl is improving remarkably.7.2 He ran for shelter.7.3 Because he was ill, Tom lost his job.可以用作状语的有副词，分词，不定式，介词短语或从句。句子成分详解一览表及巧记口诀句子成分意义及位置充当词类例句主语The Subject表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事”。通常在句子前部。名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、短语或句子。We study in No. 17 middle school.Jim is an American boy.Two heads are better than one.谓语The Predicate说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。通常在主语后（除疑问、倒装句外）。由动词或动词词组充当。Time tries all thing.(时间检验一切）Lucy is dancing under the tree.Her parents are both workers.宾语The Object表示动作、行为的对象。在及物动词或介词后。同主语的充当词类Love me, love my dog. (爱屋及乌）These girls like English.Did you see him yesterday?表语The Predicate与系动词连用，一起构成谓语部分、说明主语的性质、特征。常在系动词之后。同主语的充当词类His father is a bus driver.My car is white.We were at school yesterday.Health is wealth. (健康就是财富。）定语The Attribute用来修饰名词或代词。单个词常在修饰的词前，短语或句子在被修饰的词之后。形、代、数、名、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语。The red one is mine.What is his name?A friend in need is a friend indeed. (患难见真情。）状语The Attribute修饰动词、形容词、副词，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等。位置较灵活。通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。Our teacher works very hard.She often helps Mike.They had a meeting in Shanghai.宾语补足语The Object Complement宾语的补足语，逻辑上与宾语是“主谓”关系。在宾语后。由形容词、名词、介词短语等充当。We named the baby Lily.She made the room clean.同位语The Appostive重复指代并进一步说明名词及名词性词语。在被修饰词后。名词、名词性短语、从句等。They all work hard.John, a friend of hers, has gone.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无。自主检测分析下列句子属于基本句型的哪一种？1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you. 3. All o us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather brought me a pair of sports shoes. 5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city. 7. I love you more than her, child. 8. Trees turn green when spring comes 9. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 10. They pushed the door open. 11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 12. All the students think highly of this teaching. 13. We need a place twice larger than this one. 14. He asked us to sing an English song. 15. Dont get nervous. 16. We will make our school more beautiful. 17. He didnt come. That is why he didnt know. 18. She showed us her many of her pictures. 19. The old man lives a lonely life. 20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town. 当堂训练指出下面句子分别属于哪个句型 I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside. In the modern city, there are some problems, such as air pollution, crowdness and noise. In the countryside I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life. There, the air is fresh and the water is clean. I can hear birds singing in the green trees. I can also go boating, fishing, and swimming in the lake. All this will be interesting and good for my health. So I want to go to the countryside for a change. 1. ( S + V ) _2. ( S + V +O ) _3. ( S + V + C ) _4. ( S + V + IO + DO ) _5. ( S + V + O + C )