爱默生RalphWaldoEmerson.ppt

Transcendentalism 1 InNewEngland anintellectualmovementknownastranscendentalismdevelopedasanAmericanversionofRomanticism ThemovementbeganamonganinfluentialsetofauthorsbasedinConcord Massachusetts andwasledbyRalphWaldoEmerson likeromanticism transcendentalismrejectedboth18th centuryrationalismandestablishedreligion Transcendentalistscelebratedthepowerofhumanimaginationtocommunewiththeuniverseandtranscendthelimitationsofthematerialworld Thetranscendentalistsfoundtheirchiefsourceofinspirationinnature MajorfeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalism Emphasisonspirit ortheOversoul asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse TheOversoulwasanall pervadingpowerforgoodness omnipresentandomnipotent fromwhichallthingscameandofwhichallwereapart Itexistedinnatureandmanalikeandconstitutedthechiefelementoftheuniverse Emphasisontheimportanceoftheindividual Tothemtheindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety Astheregenerationofsocietycouldonlycomeaboutthroughtheregenerationoftheindividual hisperfection hisself cultureandself improvement andnotthefrenziedefforttogetrich shouldbecomethefirstconcernofhislife Theidealtypemanwastheself reliantindividual OfferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod Naturewas tothem notpurelymatter Itwasalive filledwithGod soverwhelmingpresence Itwasthegarmentoftheoversoul Thereforeitcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind Whatthetranscendentalistsseemedtobesayingwas Gobacktonature sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluence andyou llbecomespirituallywholeagain Thenaturaltendedtobecomesymbolic andthephysicalworldwasasymbolofthespiritual Emerson sessayNature 1836 wasthefirstmajordocumentofthetranscendentalschoolandstatedtheideasthatweretoremaincentraltoit HisotherkeytranscendentalistworksincludeTheAmericanScholar 1837 avolumeinwhichheaddressedtheintellectual sdutytoculture andSelf Reliance 1841 anessayinwhichheassertedtheimportanceofbeingtruetoone sownnature Themajorfeatures Firstly theyplacedemphasisonspirit ortheOversoul asthemostimportantthingintheUniverse 首先 超验主义者强调精神 或超灵 认为这是宇宙至为重要的存在因素 1 1 Secondly theystressedtheimportanceoftheindividual Tothem theindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety 其二 超验主义者强调个人的重要性 他们认为个人是社会的最重要的组成部分 Themajorfeatures 2 Thirdly theyofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod Naturewas tothem alive filledwithGod soverwhelmingpresence 其三 超验主义者以全新的目光看待自然 认为自然界是超灵或上帝的象征 在他们看来 自然界不只是物质而已 Themajorfeatures 3 Mainrequires 1 至善 absolutegood 2 纯洁无暇 unspottedinnocenceofnature 3 人具有神性 humanitywasgodlikeandthatevilwasnonexistentappearedtobeanoptimisticfolly 4 Wewillworkwithourownhands Wewillspeakourownminds Wewillwalkwithourownfeet RalphWaldoEmerson RalphWaldoEmerson 1803 1882 Americanphilosopher poetandessayistThemosteloquentspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism Life RalphWaldoEmersonwasbornonthesamestreetasthebirthhomeofBenjaminFranklin HisfatherwasafamousministerwhoencouragedyoungRalphtopursuephilosophyatayoungage Hisfatherpassedawaywhenhewas8andEmersonislefttosupporthisfourotherbrothers RalphwasaskedtoshareacoatwithhisbrotherEdwardtosavefinances Despitethehardships alltheEmersonboys exceptone graduatedfromHarvardUniversity life Aftergraduation EmersonbecameaschoolteacherinsuburbanBoston In1823 hegraduatedfromseminaryschoolandbecameapriest神父tofollowinthefootstepsofhisfather Essays Nature1836AmericanScholar1837DivinitySchoolAddress1838Essay twoseries 18411844RepresentativeMen1850EnglishTraits18567 TheConductofLife18608 SocietyandSolitude1870LettersandSocialAims1876Self Reliance1841 Poems 1 Poems18472 MayDay18673 ConcordHymn18374 TheRhodora18465 TheHumbleBee18476 Days Thescholaristhatmanwhomusttakeupintohimselfalltheabilityofthetime allthecontributionsofthepast allthehopesofthefuture hemustbeanuniversityofknowledge Inthewoods wereturntoreasonandfaith thereIfeelthatnothingcanbefallmeinlife nodisgrace nocalamity whichnaturecannotrepair 你若是爱千古 你应该爱现在 昨日不能唤回来 明日还是不实在 你能确有把握的 只有今日的现在 RalphWaldoEmerson Nature Introduction Inthe Introduction EmersonpronouncesthefundamentalpremiseaboutNatureinTranscendentalism thatis NatureisnotsimplytheNot Mebutalsotheuniversalmindwhosesigns orsymbols arevisiblefortheindividualtoread witheyes heartandmind The Introduction isfollowedbyeightsections eachofwhichdevelopsageneralthesis Nature Commodity Beauty Language Discipline Idealism Spirit and Prospects QuestionsforreadingNature AccordingtoPara2 whydoesEmersonbelievethatthestarsawakenareverenceinpeople Whendonaturalobjectsmakeasimilarimpressionofreverence HowdoesEmersondescribetheloverofnature WhatdoesEmersonmeanwhenhesays Inthewoodstoo amancastsoffhisyears WhydoesEmersonsay IampartparticleofGod CommentonNature 1 论自然 无论是作为教义 还是神秘思想 无论是从哲学角度去审视它 还是用诗人的思维去欣赏它 都是蕴涵深刻的作品 Emersonadvocatesmanshouldgobacknatureandtheprimevallandwheremancanregainself confidencetoexertthepotentialityfornatureistheonlyinfinitespringofman sinspirationandpower Natureadvocatesnottofollowthebeatentrackandbeconfinedbyhistory Manshoulddirectlylookupontheexuberantnaturewiththebrand neweyebecausethereisthenewheavenandearth newmanandnewthoughtshere Emersonholdstheuniverseconsistsofnatureandspirit Naturealwayswearsthecolorsofthespirit whichisthesymbolofthespirit Onlythespiritandnaturearemeltedintowholenessofharmonycanengendertherealpleasures Onlymanstandalooffromthehubbubsandsolitaryandgazethenaturewiththepurespiritofinfancy canhisspiritcommunewiththenature Forthis mancanmysticallycommunewiththenatureandfeeltheprofoundthoughtsandperfectemotionsandwasthereforepartorparticleofGod Emerson sdiary 1 DiaryofMay24 1847Thedayscomeandgolikemuffledandveiledfiguressentfromadistantfriendlyparty buttheysaynothing andifwedonotusethegiftstheybring theycarrythemassilentlyaway Becomesthepoem Days whichisoneofhisbest Naturediscussestheloveofnature theusesofnature theidealistphilosophyinrelationtonature evidenceofspiritinthematerialuniverse andthepotentialexpansionofhumansoulsandworksthatwillresultfromageneralreturntodirect immediatecontactwiththenaturalenvironment IntheessayEmersonclearlyexpressesthemainprinciplesofhisTranscendentalistpursuitandhislovefornature Inexpressinghisbeliefinthemystical unityofnature Emersondevelopshisconceptofthe over soul or UniversalMind IntheselectionEmerson sfamousmetaphorof atransparenteyeball isemployedtoillustratephilosophicaldiscussion Daughtersoftime thehypocriticDays Muffledanddumblikebarefootdervishes Andmarchingsingleinanendlessfile Bringdiademsandfagotsintheirhands Toeachtheyoffergiftsafterhiswill Bread kingdoms stars andskythatholdsthemall I inmypleachedgarden watchedthepomp Forgotmymorningwishes hastilyTookafewherbsandapples andtheDayTurnedanddepartedsilent I toolate Underhersolemnfilletsawthescorn Days FeaturesofEmerson sworks Elegantstyleofessay akindofabilityofexpressingthoughtswithfreshness vividnessandbroadvistas 娓娓道来 亲切生动 其中点缀着联系松散的随想 格言 箴言 谚语 寓言 被人认为是与孔子 陪根等人的 智慧文学 的一脉相承 他阐述思想的能力无人能及 他行文的最大特色是洗练 格言式的警句 他的散文有时被描绘成一串珠宝 每颗宝石都光彩夺目 每个句子都代表涵盖着所有真理的洞察力 是全部真理的缩影 他在文章中表达的哲学思想有一种独特的力量 构成了有机的统一 具有很大的启发性 抓住了他同时代人的想象力 迎合了当时美国人乐观向上的精神 skillfullyusingrhetoricsandrebuildsgrotesqueimageforfullystressingthetheme s FeaturesofEmerson sworks Elegantstyleofessay akindofabilityofexpressingthoughtswithfreshness vividnessandbroadvistas娓娓道来 亲切生动 其中点缀着联系松散的随想 格言 箴言 谚语 寓言 被人认为是与孔子 陪根等人的 智慧文学 的一脉相承 他阐述思想的能力无人能及 他行文的最大特色是洗练 格言式的警句 他的散文有时被描绘成一串珠宝 每颗宝石都光彩夺目 每个句子都代表涵盖着所有真理的洞察力 是全部真理的缩影 他在文章中表达的哲学思想有一种独特的力量 构成了有机的统一 具有很大的启发性 抓住了他同时代人的想象力 迎合了当时美国人乐观向上的精神 skillfullyusingrhetoricsandrebuildsgrotesqueimageforfullystressingthetheme Inwritingskill hereconstructscertaincommonliteraryimageandconfershisworkswithnewspiritorestheticimplication 三个重要观点 信心 独立 个性 首先 爱默生认为一个人应该相信自己 最后 人应该有他的个性 是个自力更生的人 其次 一个人应该独立行事 不能总是依赖其他人 论自助 1 不久前有一天 我读了一位杰出的画家写的几首诗 它们立意新奇 不落窠臼 先别管诗的题材如何 灵魂总是从字里行间听到一种告诫 这些诗句所灌输的情感比它们包含的任何思想更有价值 相信你自己的思想 相信你内心深处认为对你适用的东西对一切人都适用 这就是天才 如果把你隐藏的信念说出来 它一定会成为普遍的感受 因为最内在的在适当的时候就变成了最外在的 我们最初的思想会被 最后的审判 的号角吹送到我们耳边 心灵的声音尽管每个人都非常熟悉 但是我们认为摩西 柏拉图和弥尔顿的最大功绩就在于他们蔑视书本和传统 不是自己想到的东西不说 论自助 一个人应当学会发现和观察从内部闪过他心灵的微光 而不是诗人和圣贤的天空里的光彩 可是他擅自摒弃了自己的思想 就因为这是他自己的东西 在天才的每一部作品中 我们认出了我们自己抛弃了的思想 它们带着某种疏远的威严回到了我们的身边 伟大的艺术作品对我们的教益不过如此而已 它们教导我们 正当对方呼声最高的时候 要心平气和 坚定不移地坚持我们自发的感想 要不 到了明天 一位陌生人将会非常高明地说出恰恰是我们一直想到和感到的东西 我们将被迫从别人那里取回我们自己的见解 并羞愧难当 2