写作-培养检验多种能力的课程.ppt

写作 培养 检验学生多种能力的课程 北京外国语大学吴冰 I 写作教学的重要性II 要教好写作课 师生都应有明确的目的和要求 对评分标准应有共同的认识III 写作教师不仅是讲解范文 改作业 还应在学生写作过程中给他们以帮助 提高他们的兴趣 使他们感到有东西可写 并能不断增强信心 VI 要教好写作课 老师要多想些办法V 批改作业 课堂讲解 个别辅导VI 注意写作课和其他课程的配合VII 学期末请学生不记名填写调查表 总结经验教训 I 写作教学的重要性 1 写作是应该具备的基本功之一2 从教育是培养国家建设人才角度看 写作课有其特殊目的和任务a 有助于学生了解自己对知识和事物掌握的情况和程度 b 能培养学生多方面的能力 独立思考能力 综合 分析 批判的能力 表达自己思想的能力 使用工具书的能力 释义 改错的能力等c 能促进学生关心中国的过去 现在和将来 A 对学生 I 写作教学的重要性 1 写作也是教师应该具备的基本能力之一 2 对具有献身精神 把教书当作事业而不是谋生手段的人来说 写作课是一门能实现我们教学理想的课程 3 写作课是最能了解学生的思想和思想方法的一门课 因此更便于教师因材施教 教书育人 4 写作课不仅要求教师有较高的语言水平 还要求有更多的奉献精神 更多的耐心 关心和爱心 B 对教师 两类教育工作者Educationalromanticsadvocatefreedom creativity spontaneity individualityandimaginativeness Educationalclassicistsadvocatediscipline correctness orderliness andconvention II 要教好写作课 师生都应有明确的目的和要求 对评分标准应有共同的认识 能通过写作达到顺利地和外国读者交际的目的1 在校的近期目的2 长远目的分思想内容 组织结构和语言表达 A 目的要求 B 评分标准 Content Lookattheessay compositionasawhole Organization Lookatthearrangementofthematerial Sentences Diction V Mistakesingrammar spelling punctuation andothermechanics Checklist Checklist Content Lookattheessay compositionasawhole A Whatisthetopicoftheessay composition Doesthedraftfulfilltheassignment e g modeofdevelopmentortypeofcomposition B Isthethesisclear Isitsupportedbyenoughfacts details examples reasons etc C Isthereirrelevantmaterialthatshouldberemoved D Isthelogicsound Aretheregapsinthelogic Checklist Organization Lookatthearrangementofthematerial A Doestheintroductoryparagraphleadtothemainpointofthepaper B Doeseachparagraphhaveaseparatecentralidea Doesitrelatetotheessay smainideaortothepreviousparagraph Aretherepropertransitionsbetweensections Aretheparagraphsarrangedinclimacticorder C Doestheconcludingparagraphgivethereaderaclearimpressionofwhatthepaperintendstosay Checklist Sentences A Iseachsentenceclearlyrelatedtothesentencethatprecedesitandtothesentencethatfollows B Arethereunnecessarysentencesthatmayberemoved C Aretherestructuralmistakes D Aretherewordyandredundantsentences E Istherevarietyinsentencetype Checklist Diction A Aretherewordsthatarenotappropriateforthetopicorthestyleofthewholeessay e g toocolloquialortooformal B AretherewordsorphraseswhicharedirectlytranslatedfromChinesebutwhichmaymeansomethingdifferentinEnglish C AretherecollocationswhichmaybeincorrectbecausetheyaretakenfromChinese e g abigrain Mistakesingrammar spelling punctuation andothermechanics ThefollowingisaletterfromareaderpublishedinChinaDaily Writealetterinreply explainingChina ssingle childpolicy TheletteristobewritteninyourownnameandmeanttobepublishedinChinaDaily Editor I mawoman sliberationist IreadinanewspaperthatwomeninChinaarenotallowedtodecidehowmaychildrentheywanttohave Thereisalawforbiddingallwomentohavemorethanonechild andanywomanwhogetsintoasecondpregnancyisforcedbylawtoundergoinducedabortionfollowedbysurgicalsterilization Idon tseehowacountrycallingitselfasocialiststatecouldtrampleonthisfirstandmostsacredofwomen srights therighttomotherhood insuchaflagrantway Boston U S A RuthHancock III 写作教师应在学生写作全过程中给他们以帮助 提高他们的兴趣 使他们感到有东西可写 并能不断增强信心 A 选择好的范文B 讲解清楚作业目的 要求 出一些能引起学生兴趣的题目C 允许学生自由命题 要求学生写自己的真实思想D 注意中国学生写作的特殊问题与难点 III 写作教师不仅是讲解范文 改作业 还应在学生写作全过程中给他们以帮助 提高他们的兴趣 使他们感到有东西可写 并能不断增强信心 D 注意中国学生写作的特殊问题与难点1 要注意由于文化的差别 同样的文章 中英文写作的风格不尽相同 a 同样内容的记叙文 描写文 中文用词要比英文用词花哨 b 中国人好用四字成语 而英文的写作书总是教学生少用cliches c 以英语为母语的人在写新闻 社论或者政论这类文章时 用语不像我们中国人的用语那样富有战斗性 d 我们中国人和以英语为母语的人的思维方式 看问题的出发点不尽相同 他们比较更加重视具体的个体 细节 而我们比较注重整体 综合 概括 2 中国人容易犯的错误 frag inccomp ll ref run on t 词的搭配 同义词 近义词的区别与使用 同样内容的记叙文 描写文 中文用词要比英文用词花哨 Iwalkedjoyfullyalongtheparkthatwaslitupbythegoldenraysofthemorningsun Beautifulflowersofanycolorswereblooming Howfragranttheysmell Littlebirdsweresinginginthetreesasiftheyaregreetingme Goodmorning Goodmorning Myheartwasburstingwithhappiness VI 要教好写作课 老师要多想些办法 写作课完全可以教得让学生感到很有趣 B Brainstorming 打开学生思路 发挥学生的集体智慧 C 集体讨论后要求学生整理思想 写提纲 VI 要教好写作课 老师要多想些办法 THEROADNOTTAKENRobertFrostTworoadsdivergedinayellowwood AndsorryIcouldnottravelbothAndbeonetraveler longIstoodAndlookeddownoneasfarasIcouldTowhereitbentintheundergrown Thentooktheother asjustasfair Andhavingperhapsthebetterclaim Becauseitwasgrassyandwantedwear ThoughasforthatthepassingthereHadwornthemreallyaboutthesame 写作课完全可以教得让学生感到很有趣 AndboththatmorningequallylayInleavesnostephadtroddenblackOh Ikeptthefirstforanotherday Yetknowinghowwayleadsontoway IdoubtedifIshouldevencomeback IshallbetellingthiswithasighSomewhereagesandageshence Tworoadsdivergedinawood andI Itooktheonelesstraveledby Andthathasmadeallthedifference V 批改作业 课堂讲解 个别辅导 A 批改和评语 教师最好给每个学生立一个档案 记录每次作文内容 问题和评语 1 改什幺 如何改2 评语如何写3 怎样打分4 其他思想工作B 课堂讲解 批改和评语 教师最好给每个学生立一个档案 记录每次作文内容 问题和评语 1 改什幺 如何改a 用符号标出错误类型 要求学生自己改 b 只改绝对是错误的词 句和估计学生自己难以改正的错误 c 在边线提启发性的问题 指导学生去查参考书或工具书 d 用铅笔改2 评语如何写3 怎样打分 综合分与开放分4 其他思想工作 CorrectionSymbols ErrorChart CorrectionSymbols abfaultyabbreviationagrerrorinagreementawkawkwardcapcapitalizationCEChineseEnglishcolerrorincollocationderrorindictiondivincorrectworddivisiondmdanglingmodifierfcompfaultycomparisonfragsentencefragmentgrerroringrammaridunidiomaticexpressioninccomparisonincompletecomparisonitalitalicize underline llfaultyparallelstructurelogfaultylogic mmmisplacedmodifiermngmeaningunclearnocapunnecessarycapitalletternswnosuchwordnumerrorinuseofnumbersperrorinpunctuationredredundantreferrorinpronounreferencerepunnecessaryrepetitionrun onrun onsentenceslslangspmisspelledwordterrorinverbtensevberrorinverbformvoerrorinvoicewwordywwwrongword V 批改作业 课堂讲解 个别辅导 B 课堂讲解1 堂上宣读 墙报展出精彩作文 2 堂上集体讨论典型的错误3 介绍如何使用工具书及其他学习方法 a 推荐词典b 学习方法 3 介绍如何使用工具书及其他学习方法 推荐词典LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglishOxfordAdvancedLearner sDictionaryCollinsCobuildEnglishDictionaryTheKenkyushaDictionaryofEnglishCollocations 英语搭配大词典 DictionaryofContemporaryEnglishCollocations 当代英语搭配大词典 OxfordCollocationsDictionaryforStudentsofEnglishWebster sDictionaryofSynonymsRoget sInternationalThesaurusb 学习方法 1 2 3 5 推荐词典 4 LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish OxfordAdvancedLearner sDictionary CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary TheKenkyushaDictionaryofEnglishCollocations 英语搭配大词典 DictionaryofContemporaryEnglishCollocations 当代英语搭配大词典 6 7 8 OxfordCollocationsDictionaryforStudentsofEnglish Webster sDictionaryofSynonyms Roget sInternationalThesaurus LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish 3rdEdition 1995 1 Symbols 2 Charts 3 UsageNote 4 Coloredpictures 1 1 Symbols livev S1 W1liveadj S3 W3advantageS1 W1admitS2 W1advancen S3 W2adorenotmarked 1 LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish Toshowthe1000 2000 3000mostfrequentwordsinspokenandwrittenEnglishaswellasfrequencygraphsofsomeverbs 1 symbols 2 Charts 1 LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish 1 3 Usagenote toshowWORDCHOICEtoshowCOLLOCATIONSToshowWORDFOCUS WORDCHOICE big large greatbigandlargehavethesamemeaning butlargeisslightlymoreformalandmorelikelytobeusedinwrittenthanspokenEnglish abiglunch alargehouselargeisusedwithquantitywordssuchas number and amount largeamountsofmoney alargeproportionofthestudentsgreatisnotusuallyusedtotalkaboutsizebutitcanbeusedinliterarywritingtodescribeverylargeandimpressivethings Beforethemstoodagreatpalace greatisusedwithlength height andage andintheexpressionagreatdeal alot Thegrasshadreachedagreatheight agreatdealofmoneyWORDCHOICE big tall highbigisnotusedjusttodescribeaperson sheight Itisusedtodescribeachildwhoisgrowing orapersonwhoisheavy withalotoffatormuscleontheirbody tallisusedtodescribeaperson sheight Itcanalsobeusedtodescribetrees buildings orotherthingsthatarenarrowandmeasurealongdistancefrombottomtotop Sheistallandthin thetallestbuildinginLondonhighisusedtodescribethingsorplacesthatarealongwayfromtheground ahighshelf thehighestmountainintheworld 1 LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish WORDCHOICE sb sattentionisonsb sthpayattention tosb sth turnyourattentiontosb sth startlisteningto lookingat orthinkingaboutsomething give your attentiontosb sth listento lookat orthinkaboutsomething sothatyoucandealwithaproblem sb sfull complete undividedattentionkeepsb sattentionclose carefulattentionattentiontodetailsb sattentionwandersmay couldIhaveyourattention usedwhenaskingagroupofpeopletolistencarefullytoyou Myattentionwasn treallyonthegame Shetriedtopayattentiontowhathewassaying Ifyoupaidmoreattentioninclass youmightactuallylearnsomething Scottsatdownathisdeskandturnedhisattentiontothefilehehadinfrontofhim Asasocietyweneedtogivemoreattentiontotheneedsofolderpeople Nowhe sgone Icangiveyoumyundividedattention Thisgameisfunandissuretokeeptheattentionofanyyoungstudent Theylistenedtothespeechwithcloseattention Attentiontodetailisessentialinthisjob DuringthelectureSarah sattentionbegantowander COLLOCATIONS WORDFOCUS AIRPORTwhatyoudoattheairport Whenyouarriveattheairport yougointotheterminalbuilding Youcheckinforyourflightatthecheck indesk Youshowyourpassportatpassportcontrolandthengothroughsecurity wheretheycheckthatyouarenotcarryinganyweapons Ifyouhavetimeyoucanwaitforyourflightinthedeparturelounge Whenyourflightiscalled yougothroughthedeparturegateinordertogetontotheplane Theplanethentakesofffromtherunway Afteryourplanehaslanded yougotothebaggagereclaimtocollectyourbags thengothroughcustomsandimmigration wheretheycheckyourpassportandyourbags Youthengooutintothearrivalsareaoftheairport 1 LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish WORDFOCUS LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish 3rdEdition 1995 1 Coloredpicture toshowphysicalcontact p 1259 toshowadjectives p 1258 toshowpieces p 416 LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish 3rdEdition 1995 1 4 Coloredpicture toshowphysicalcontact p 1259 punch pinch tap tickle slap squeeze flick thump elbow push hug stroke push shove pull drag pat toshowadjectives p 1258 brokenwindowpane chippedcup tatteredcurtains threadbarerug 1 LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish 3rdEdition 1995 toshowpieces p 416 abarofsoap chocolate asliceofbread cake acubeofsugar asheetofpaper apaneofglass ablockofice 1 LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish 3rdEdition 1995 OxfordAdvancedLearner sDictionary4thEd 2000 英汉双解 2 OxfordAdvancedLearner sDictionaryAppendices 2 Punctuation p 1803 Numericalexpressions p 1811 1822 Geographicalnames p 1827 1834 Commonforenames p 1835 1842 Familyrelationships p 1843 3 CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary 1995 FrequencybandsDefinitionsgivenincompletesentencesStyleandUsagePragmatics CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary 1995 Frequencybands Themostfrequentwordshavefiveblackdiamonds thenextmostfrequentfourandsoon 5diamonds 700words4diamonds 1200words3diamonds 1500words2diamonds 3200words1diamond 8100words 3 Definitions Givenincompletesentencesinsteadofwordsandphrases play p 1258 59 CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary 1995 3 Play Whenchildren animal orperhapsadultsplay theyspendtimedoingenjoyablethings suchasusingtoysandtakingpartingames Whenyouplayasport game ormatch youtakepartinit Whenonepersonorteamplaysanotherorplaysagainstthem theycompeteagainsttheminasportorgame Whenyouplayaballorplayashotorastrokeinagameorsport youkickorhittheball Ifyouplayajokeoratrickonsomeone youdeceivethemorgivethemasurpriseinawaythatyouthinkisfunny butthatoftencausesproblemsforthemorannoysthem Ifyouplaywithanobjectorwithyourhair youkeepmovingitortouchingitwithyourfingers perhapsbecauseyouareboredornervous StyleandUsage British AmericanEnglishFormal informalwordusedinjournalismorinwritten spokenEnglishamedical legal technicaltermanold fashioned offensivewordinBritishEnglish 3 CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary 3 CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary 1995 British AmericanEnglish shop p 1535 1InBritishEnglish ashopisabuildingorpartofabuildingwherethingsaresold ThemoreusualAmericanwordisstore healthfoodshops arecordshop It snotavailableintheshops CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary 1995 StyleandUsuage formal informalwordABC pp 2 3 2ChildrenwhohavelearnedtheirABCortheirABCshavelearnedtorecognize write orsaythealphabet aninformaluse encouraginghimtolearnhisABC abnormalSomeoneorsomethingthatisabnormalisunusual especiallyinawaythatisworrying aformalword abnormalheartrhythmsandhighanxietylevels achildwithanabnormalfearofstrangers damnfool Damnfoolisamildswearwordmeaning verystupid anold fashionedexpression Whatadamnfoolthingtodo 3 Pragmatics suppose p 1679 3 CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary 1995 4 TheKenkyushaDictionaryofEnglishCollocations 英语搭配大词典 外研社 2005年 Change pp 273 274 changen 1 改变 变化 转变 变革 更改 更换 替换物 换车 或船等 ringthe s用种种方式重复同一意见 Momentouschangeshavebeenaccomplished Thedoctoradvisedachange ofair announced anticipate awaited broughtabout 共49个 Thechangesarrivedtoosuddenly brought coming lead occurred takenplace anabruptchangeintheweather acceptable adolescent agreeable 共140多个 afterseveralchangesofresidence achangeforthebetter theworse thechangefromwintertospring 4 TheKenkyushaDictionaryofEnglishCollocations 英语搭配大词典 5 DictionaryofContemporaryEnglishCollocations 当代英语搭配大词典 高教出版社 2002年 DictionaryofContemporaryEnglishCollocations 当代英语搭配大词典 高教出版社 2002年 change p 220 221 n 1 变化 变革 替换 物 2 找头 零钱 硬币V1 Momentouschangeshavebeenaccomplished 巨大的变革已完成 bringabout cause effect achange引起变化 carryout make changes进行变革 共27个 V21 Thesechangesinherannoyedandworriedhim 她身上所发生的这些变化令他生气 使他焦虑 Thatsuchachangeshouldhaveoccurred takenplace wasincredibletohim 发生这样的变化令他难以置信 Q1 anabruptchangeinweather awelcomechange 共50个 2 loose small changePafterseveralchangesofresidence 数次迁居之后 P2Ihavenochangeaboutme 我没带零钱 thechangefromspringtosummer 春夏之交 5 V1 Momentouschangeshavebeenaccomplished bringabout cause effect achangecarryout make changesworkoutsocialchanges V21 Thatsuchachangeshouldhaveoccurred takenplace wasincredibletohim Pafterseveralchanges Q1 anabruptchangeinweather awelcomechange2 loose small change P2thechangefromspringtosummerachangeinpersonnelthechangeofseasons change 6 attentionnoun1actofwatching listening showinginterestADJ full rapt undividedTheylistenedwithraptattention assiduous careful close meticuolous scrupulous scantPolicy makerspaidscantattentiontothewiderissues urgent special unwanted unwelcome international media publicVERB ATTENTIONdevote direct give sb sth pay turnHowmanytimesdoIhavetoaskyoutopayattention Hehadacupofteaandthenturnedhisattentiontothereport get have receiveCanIhaveyourattention please attract call capture catch command compel draw excite grabItried deflect distract divert drawThegovernment hold keep rivetTherewas concentrate confine focusInthischapter refocus transferThefirm deserve need requireamatterrequiring jostlefor viefordozensofconcerns repay bringsthto cometo avoid escape ATTENTION VERBfocusMediaattentionfocusedtodayontheprince sbusinessaffairs wander ATTENTION NOUNspanPREP forsb s forthe ofaletterfortheattentionofyourdoctorPHRASESattentiontodetailHeisadesignerknownforhismeticulousattentiontodetail careandattention thecentreofattention thefocusofattention forceyourattentiononsb notpaymuchattentiontosth paylittle noattentiontosth nottakesomethingveryseriously PaynoattentiontowhatBillsaid 2careADJ constant individual personal specialThechildneedsspecialattention medicalVERB ATTENTIONdevote give lavishHedevotedallhisattentiontohismother beinneedof need require wantapatientrequiringattention OxfordCollocationsDictionaryforStudentsofEnglish big large greatAna grand magnificent imposing grandiose majestic august huge immense enormous gigantic colossalAntlittle Con small diminutive wee tiny petite minute microscopic miniature 7 Webster sDictionaryofSynonyms Large big greatmeanabovetheaverageofitskindinmagnitude especiallyphysicalmagnitude Largemaybepreferredwhenthedimension