小说的要素 英文.ppt

TheElementsofFiction Fictionreferstoanyimaginaryworkportrayingcharactersandevents ElementsoffictionClassificationoffiction novel novelette shortstory Shortshortstory TheElementsInclude PlotSymbolism CharacterTheme SettingIrony PointofViewToneandStyle PLOT Anauthor sselectionandarrangementofincidentsinastorytoshapetheactionandgivethestoryaparticularfocus Discussionsofplotincludenotjustwhathappens butalsohowandwhythingshappenthewaytheydo Plotmayhavethreeparts RisingActionClimaxFallingAction RisingAction Complication s createssomesortofconflictfortheprotagonist themaincharacter Climax themomentofgreatestemotionaltensioninanarrative usuallymarkingaturningpointintheplotatwhichtherisingactionreversestobecomethefallingaction FallingActionorRESOLUTION theconclusionofaplot sconflictsandcomplications Theresolutionfollowstheclimaxintheplot Character apersonoranimalsorobjectspresentedinadramaticornarrativework Aheroorheroine oftencalledthePROTAGONIST isthecentralcharacterwhoengagesthereader sinterestandempathy 同感 共鸣 TheANTAGONISTisthecharacter force orcollectionofforcesthatstanddirectlyopposedtotheprotagonistandgivesrisetotheconflictofthestory Astaticcharacterdoesnotchangethroughoutthework andthereader sknowledgeofthatcharacterdoesnotgrow whereasadynamiccharacterundergoessomekindofchangebecauseoftheactionintheplot Aflatcharacterembodiesoneortwoqualities ideas ortraitsthatcanbereadilydescribedinabriefsummary Theyarenotpsychologicallycomplexcharactersandthereforearereadilyaccessibletoreaders Someflatcharactersarerecognizedasstockcharacters theyembodystereotypessuchasthe dumbblonde orthe meanstepfather Theybecometypesratherthanindividuals Roundcharactersaremorecomplexthanflatorstockcharacters andoftendisplaytheinconsistenciesandinternalconflictsfoundinmostrealpeople Theyaremorefullydeveloped andthereforearehardertosummarize JourneytotheWest Characterizationistheprocessbywhichawritermakesthecharacterseemrealtothereader MethodsofCharacterization 1 Direct hewasanoldman TheOldManandtheSea 2 OwnWordsandActions3 ReactionofotherCharacters4 Physicalappearance5 Ownthoughts Setting Thesettingisthephysicalandsocialcontextinwhichtheactionofastoryoccurs Themajorelementsofsettingarethetime theplace andthesocialenvironmentthatframesthecharacters Settingcanbeusedtoevokeamoodoratmospherethatwillpreparethereaderforwhatistocome Sometimes writerschooseaparticularsettingbecauseoftraditionalassociationswiththatsettingthatarecloselyrelatedtotheactionofastory PointofView Referstowhotellsusastoryandhowitistold Whatweknowandhowwefeelabouttheeventsinaworkareshapedbytheauthor schoiceofpointofview Thetellerofthestory thenarrator inevitablyaffectsourunderstandingofthecharacters actionsbyfilteringwhatistoldthroughhisorherownperspective PointofViewissimplywhoistellingthestory OmniscientPOV Thestoryistoldinthirdpersonbyanarratorwhohasunlimitedknowledgeofeventsandcharacters ThirdPersonLimitedPOV Thestoryistoldinthirdpersonbutfromtheviewpointofacharacterinthestory POVislimitedtothecharacter sperceptionsandshowsnodirectknowledgeofwhatothercharactersarethinking feeling ordoing StreamofConsciousness presentstherandomthoughtsgoingthroughacharacter sheadwithinacertainperiodoftime FirstPersonPOV Theauthordisappearsintooneofthecharacters Sharesthelimitationsofthirdpersonlimited Usesthepronouns I and we ObjectivePOV Recordsonlywhatisseenandheard Initspurestform objectivePOVwouldconsistofonlydialogue Forcestheauthortorefrainfrominterpretation SecondPersonPOV Usesthepronoun you Infrequentlyused Symbolism Aperson object image wordoreventthatevokesarangeofadditionalmeaningbeyondandusuallymoreabstractthanitsliteralsignificance TypesofSymbols Conventionalsymbolshavemeaningsthatarewidelyrecognizedbyasocietyorculture Writersuseconventionalsymbolsforreinforcingmeanings Aliteraryorcontextualsymbolcanbeasetting character action object nameoranythingelseinaworkthatmaintainsitsliteralsignificancewhilesuggestingothermeanings Suchsymbolsgobeyondconventionalsymbols theygaintheirsymbolicmeaningwithinthecontextofaspecificstory Theme isthecentralmeaningordominantideainaliterarywork Athemeprovidesaunifyingpointaroundwhichtheplot characters setting pointofview symbols andotherelementsofaworkareorganized Itisimportantnottomistakethethemefortheactualsubjectofthework thethemereferstotheabstractconceptthatismadeconcretethroughtheimages characterization andactionofthetext Irony aliterarydevicethatusescontradictorystatementsorsituationstorevealarealitydifferentfromwhatappearstobetrue Verbalirony 词义反讽 isafigureofspeechthatoccurswhenapersonsaysonethingbutmeanstheopposite Sarcasmisastrongformofverbalironythatiscalculatedtohurtsomeonethrough forexample falsepraise Tragicironyisaformofdramaticironyfoundintragedies Situationalirony 情景反讽 existswhenthereisanincongruitybetweenwhatisexpectedtohappenandwhatactuallyhappensduetoforcesbeyondhumancomprehensionorcontrol Cosmicirony 宇宙反讽 occurswhenawriterusesGod destiny orfatetodashthehopesandexpectationsofacharacterorofhumankindingeneral Incosmicirony adiscrepancy 矛盾 existsbetweenwhatacharacteraspirestoandwhatuniversalforcesprovide Tone Theauthor simplicitattitudetowardthereaderorthepeople places andeventsinaworkasrevealedbytheelementsoftheauthor sstyle Tonemaybecharacterizedasseriousorironic sadorhappy privateorpublic angryoraffectionate bitterornostalgic oranyotherattitudesandfeelingsthathumanbeingsexperience Style thedistinctiveanduniquemannerinwhichawriterarrangeswordstoachieveparticulareffects Styleessentiallycombinestheideatobeexpresse