曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原版——28unemploymentppt课件.ppt

28 UnemploymentandItsNaturalRate IDENTIFYINGUNEMPLOYMENT CategoriesofUnemploymentTheproblemofunemploymentisusuallydividedintotwocategories Thelong runproblemandtheshort runproblem ThenaturalrateofunemploymentThecyclicalrateofunemployment IDENTIFYINGUNEMPLOYMENT NaturalRateofUnemploymentThenaturalrateofunemploymentisunemploymentthatdoesnotgoawayonitsowneveninthelongrun Itistheamountofunemploymentthattheeconomynormallyexperiences IDENTIFYINGUNEMPLOYMENT CyclicalUnemploymentCyclicalunemploymentreferstotheyear to yearfluctuationsinunemploymentarounditsnaturalrate Itisassociatedwithwithshort termupsanddownsofthebusinesscycle IDENTIFYINGUNEMPLOYMENT DescribingUnemploymentThreeBasicQuestions Howdoesgovernmentmeasuretheeconomy srateofunemployment Whatproblemsariseininterpretingtheunemploymentdata Howlongaretheunemployedtypicallywithoutwork HowIsUnemploymentMeasured UnemploymentismeasuredbytheBureauofLaborStatistics BLS Itsurveys60 000randomlyselectedhouseholdseverymonth ThesurveyiscalledtheCurrentPopulationSurvey HowIsUnemploymentMeasured Basedontheanswerstothesurveyquestions theBLSplaceseachadultintooneofthreecategories EmployedUnemployedNotinthelaborforce HowIsUnemploymentMeasured TheBLSconsidersapersonanadultifheorsheisover16yearsold HowIsUnemploymentMeasured Apersonisconsideredemployedifheorshehasspentmostofthepreviousweekworkingatapaidjob HowIsUnemploymentMeasured Apersonisunemployedifheorsheisontemporarylayoff islookingforajob oriswaitingforthestartdateofanewjob HowIsUnemploymentMeasured Apersonwhofitsneitherofthesecategories suchasafull timestudent homemaker orretiree isnotinthelaborforce HowIsUnemploymentMeasured LaborForceThelaborforceisthetotalnumberofworkers includingboththeemployedandtheunemployed TheBLSdefinesthelaborforceasthesumoftheemployedandtheunemployed Figure1TheBreakdownofthePopulationin2001 Copyright 2003Southwestern ThomsonLearning HowIsUnemploymentMeasured Theunemploymentrateiscalculatedasthepercentageofthelaborforcethatisunemployed Thelabor forceparticipationrateisthepercentageoftheadultpopulationthatisinthelaborforce HowIsUnemploymentMeasured Table1TheLabor MarketExperiencesofVariousDemographicGroups Copyright 2004South Western Figure2UnemploymentRateSince1960 Copyright 2003Southwestern ThomsonLearning 10 8 6 4 2 0 1970 1975 1960 1965 1980 1985 1990 2005 Percentof LaborForce 1995 2000 Figure3LaborForceParticipationRatesforMenandWomenSince1950 Copyright 2003Southwestern ThomsonLearning 100 80 60 40 20 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2000 Labor Force Participation Rate inpercent Women Men 1995 DoestheUnemploymentRateMeasureWhatWeWantItTo Itisdifficulttodistinguishbetweenapersonwhoisunemployedandapersonwhoisnotinthelaborforce Discouragedworkers peoplewhowouldliketoworkbuthavegivenuplookingforjobsafteranunsuccessfulsearch don tshowupinunemploymentstatistics Otherpeoplemayclaimtobeunemployedinordertoreceivefinancialassistance eventhoughtheyaren tlookingforwork HowLongAretheUnemployedwithoutWork Mostspellsofunemploymentareshort Mostunemploymentobservedatanygiventimeislong term Mostoftheeconomy sunemploymentproblemisattributabletorelativelyfewworkerswhoarejoblessforlongperiodsoftime WhyAreThereAlwaysSomePeopleUnemployed Inanideallabormarket wageswouldadjusttobalancethesupplyanddemandforlabor ensuringthatallworkerswouldbefullyemployed WhyAreThereAlwaysSomePeopleUnemployed Frictionalunemploymentreferstotheunemploymentthatresultsfromthetimethatittakestomatchworkerswithjobs Inotherwords ittakestimeforworkerstosearchforthejobsthatarebestsuittheirtastesandskills WhyAreThereAlwaysSomePeopleUnemployed Structuralunemploymentistheunemploymentthatresultsbecausethenumberofjobsavailableinsomelabormarketsisinsufficienttoprovideajobforeveryonewhowantsone JOBSEARCH Jobsearchtheprocessbywhichworkersfindappropriatejobsgiventheirtastesandskills resultsfromthefactthatittakestimeforqualifiedindividualstobematchedwithappropriatejobs JOBSEARCH Thisunemploymentisdifferentfromtheothertypesofunemployment Itisnotcausedbyawageratehigherthanequilibrium Itiscausedbythetimespentsearchingforthe right job WhySomeFrictionalUnemploymentisInevitable Searchunemploymentisinevitablebecausetheeconomyisalwayschanging Changesinthecompositionofdemandamongindustriesorregionsarecalledsectoralshifts Ittakestimeforworkerstosearchforandfindjobsinnewsectors PublicPolicyandJobSearch Governmentprogramscanaffectthetimeittakesunemployedworkerstofindnewjobs Theseprogramsincludethefollowing Government runemploymentagenciesPublictrainingprogramsUnemploymentinsurance PublicPolicyandJobSearch Government runemploymentagenciesgiveoutinformationaboutjobvacanciesinordertomatchworkersandjobsmorequickly PublicPolicyandJobSearch Publictrainingprogramsaimtoeasethetransitionofworkersfromdecliningtogrowingindustriesandtohelpdisadvantagedgroupsescapepoverty PublicPolicyandJobSearch Unemploymentinsuranceisagovernmentprogramthatpartiallyprotectsworkers incomeswhentheybecomeunemployed Offersworkerspartialprotectionagainstjoblosses Offerspartialpaymentofformerwagesforalimitedtimetothosewhoarelaidoff PublicPolicyandJobSearch Unemploymentinsuranceincreasestheamountofsearchunemployment Itreducesthesearcheffortsoftheunemployed Itmayimprovethechancesofworkersbeingmatchedwiththerightjobs PublicPolicyandJobSearch Structuralunemploymentoccurswhenthequantityoflaborsuppliedexceedsthequantitydemanded Structuralunemploymentisoftenthoughttoexplainlongerspellsofunemployment PublicPolicyandJobSearch WhyisthereStructuralUnemployment Minimum wagelawsUnionsEfficiencywages MINIMUM WAGELAWS Whentheminimumwageissetabovethelevelthatbalancessupplyanddemand itcreatesunemployment Figure4UnemploymentfromaWageAbovetheEquilibriumLevel Copyright 2003Southwestern ThomsonLearning Quantityof Labor 0 Wage UNIONSANDCOLLECTIVEBARGAINING Aunionisaworkerassociationthatbargainswithemployersoverwagesandworkingconditions Inthe1940sand1950s whenunionswereattheirpeak aboutathirdoftheU S laborforcewasunionized Aunionisatypeofcartelattemptingtoexertitsmarketpower UNIONSANDCOLLECTIVEBARGAINING Theprocessbywhichunionsandfirmsagreeonthetermsofemploymentiscalledcollectivebargaining UNIONSANDCOLLECTIVEBARGAINING Astrikewillbeorganizediftheunionandthefirmcannotreachanagreement Astrikereferstowhentheunionorganizesawithdrawaloflaborfromthefirm UNIONSANDCOLLECTIVEBARGAINING Astrikemakessomeworkersbetteroffandotherworkersworseoff Workersinunions insiders reapthebenefitsofcollectivebargaining whileworkersnotintheunion outsiders bearsomeofthecosts UNIONSANDCOLLECTIVEBARGAINING Byactingasacartelwithabilitytostrikeorotherwiseimposehighcostsonemployers unionsusuallyachieveabove equilibriumwagesfortheirmembers Unionworkersearn10to20percentmorethannonunionworkers AreUnionsGoodorBadfortheEconomy Criticsarguethatunionscausetheallocationoflabortobeinefficientandinequitable Wagesabovethecompetitivelevelreducethequantityoflabordemandedandcauseunemployment Someworkersbenefitattheexpenseofotherworkers AreUnionsGoodorBadfortheEconomy Advocatesofunionscontendthatunionsareanecessaryantidotetothemarketpoweroffirmsthathireworkers Theyclaimthatunionsareimportantforhelpingfirmsrespondefficientlytoworkers concerns THETHEORYOFEFFICIENCYWAGES Efficiencywagesareabove equilibriumwagespaidbyfirmsinordertoincreaseworkerproductivity Thetheoryofefficiencywagesstatesthatfirmsoperatemoreefficientlyifwagesareabovetheequilibriumlevel THETHEORYOFEFFICIENCYWAGES Afirmmaypreferhigherthanequilibriumwagesforthefollowingreasons WorkerHealth Betterpaidworkerseatabetterdietandthusaremoreproductive WorkerTurnover Ahigherpaidworkerislesslikelytolookforanotherjob THETHEORYOFEFFICIENCYWAGES Afirmmaypreferhigherthanequilibriumwagesforthefollowingreasons WorkerEffort Higherwagesmotivateworkerstoputforwardtheirbesteffort WorkerQuality Higherwagesattractabetterpoolofworkerstoapplyforjobs Summary Theunemploymen