高中定语从句和同位语从句详细讲解

精品文档 1 欢迎下载 高中定语从句详细讲解高中定语从句详细讲解 一 定义及相关术语一 定义及相关术语 1 定语从句 修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 定语从句一般一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之 后 2 先行词 被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词 3 关系词 引导定语从句的词叫关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词 关系代词有 that which who whom whose as 等 关系副 词有 when where why that 等 关系词通常有下列三个作用 A 引导定语从句 B 代替先行词 C 在定语从句中担当一个 成分 例如 The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman 在本句中 who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句 修饰先行词 the man who 是引导定语从句的关系代词 代替先行词 the man 在定语从句中作主语 二 关系代词引导的定语从句二 关系代词引导的定语从句 1 whowho 指人 在定语从句中作主语 The boys who are playing football are from Class One 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的 Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨 7 点到大门口集合 Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人 That is the teacher who teaches us physics 那就是教我们物理的老师 2 whomwhom 指人 在定语从句中做宾语 常可省略 Mr Liu is the person whom you talked about on the bus 刘先生就是你们在公 共汽车上谈论的那个人 Li Ming is just the boy whom I want to see 李明正是我想要见的男孩 The professor whom you are waiting for has come 你正在等的教授已经来了 The girl whom the teacher often praises is our monitor 老师经常表扬的那个女孩 是我们的班长 注意 关系代词 whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用 who 来代替 也可省略 The man whom who you met just now is my old friend 3 WhichWhich 指物 在定语从句中做主语或宾语 做宾语时常可省略 Football is a game which is liked by most boys 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动 The factory which makes computers is far away from here 制造计算机的那家公司离这 儿很远 He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers 他喜欢外国作家写的书 The house which is by the lake looks nice 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮 This is the pen which he bought yesterday 这是他昨天买的钢笔 The film which they went to see last night was not interesting at all 他们昨 精品文档 2 欢迎下载 晚看的电影一点意思也没有 4 ThatThat 指人时 相当于 who 或 whom 指物时 相当于 which 在定语从句中作主语或宾语 作 宾语时常可省略 The number of people thatthat whowho comecome toto visitvisit thisthis citycity eacheach yearyear reaches one million 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万 Where is the man that whom I saw this morning 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿 The person that whom you introduced to me is very kind 你介绍给我的那个人很友好 The season that which comes after spring is summer 春天以后的季节是夏季 Yesterday I received a letter that which came from Australia 昨天我收到了一封 来自澳大利亚的信 5 WhoseWhose 通常指人 也可指物 在定语从句中做定语 I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country 我拜访了一个全国知 名的科学家 He has a friend whose father is a doctor 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友 I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了 的房子里 注意 指物时 常用下列结构来代替 The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired Do you like the book whose cover is yellow Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow 三 介词三 介词 关系代词关系代词 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时 从句常常由 介词 关系代词 引出 The school which that he once studied in is very famous The school in which he once studied is very famous 他曾经就读过的学校很出名 Tomorrow I ll bring here the magazine which that you asked for Tomorrow I ll bring here the magazine for which you asked 明天我将把你要的杂志带来 This is the boy whom who that I played tennis with yesterday This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩 We ll go to hear the famous singer whom who that we have often talked about We ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked 我们将去听那位我 们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱 The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working condi tions The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working condi tions 精品文档 3 欢迎下载 我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件 注意 含有介词的短语动词 looklook for for looklook after after taketake carecare ofof 等一般不拆开 介词仍放在短 语动词的后面 This is the watch which that I am looking for 正 这是我正在找的手表 This is the watch for which I am looking 误 The babies whom who that the nurse is looking after are very healthy 正 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康 The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy 误 若介词放在关系代词前 关系代词指人时只可用 whom 不可用 who that 关系代词指物时只 可用 which 不可用 that 关系代词是所有格时用 whose 介词后面不可用 介词后面不可用 whowho 和和 thatthat The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour 正 你刚才跟他谈话的那 个人是我的邻居 The man with that who you talked just now is my neighbour 误 The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable 正 我们去加拿大所 乘坐的飞机实在很舒服 The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable 误 介词 关系代词 前还可有 some any none all both neither many most each few 等代词或者数词 如 He loves his parents deeply both of whom are very kind to him 他深深地爱着他的 父母 他们俩待他都很好 In the basket there are quite many apples some of which have gone bad 篮子里有 好些苹果 有些已经坏了 There are forty students in our class in all most of whom are from big cities 我们班总共有 40 个学生 大多数来自大城市 Up to now he has written ten stories three of which are about country life 迄今为止 他写了 10 部小说 其中 部是关于农村生活的 四 关系副词引导的定语从句四 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词 关系副词 介词介词 关系代词关系代词 1 1 whenwhen 指时间 在定语从句中作时间状语 指时间 在定语从句中作时间状语 I still remember the day when I first came to this school 我仍然记得我第一次来到 这所学校的那一天 The time when we got together finally arrived 我们团聚的时刻终于到了 October 1 1949 was the day when the People s Republic of China was founded 194 9 年 10 月 1 日是中华人民共和国成立的日子 Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents 你 还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗 2 2 wherewhere 指地点 在定语从句中作地点状语指地点 在定语从句中作地点状语 精品文档 4 欢迎下载 Shanghai is the city where I was born 上海是我出生的城市 The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down 我十年前住的房子已经被 拆掉了 I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的 农场 Is this the place where they fought the enemy 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗 3 3 whywhy 指原因 在定语从句中作原因状语 指原因 在定语从句中作原因状语 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane 请告诉我你误机的原因 The reason why he was punished is unknown to us 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道 I don t know the reason why he looks unhappy today 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉 快 注意 关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用 介词 关系代词 引导的定语从句来表示 如 From the years when in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up 自从他在农村读小学时 他就已经知道 长大后要做什么 Great changes are taking place in the city where in which they live 他们生活的 城市正发生巨大的变化 The reason why for which he refused the invitation is quite clear 他为什么 拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的 五 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句五 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 1 1 限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句 形式上 不用逗号 与主句隔开 意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语 如删除 主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整 译法上 译成先行词的定语 的 关系词的使用上 A 作宾语时可省略 B 可用 that C 可用 who 代替 whom 2 非限制性定语从句 形式上 用逗号 与主句隔开 意义上 只是对先行词的补充说明 如删除 主句仍能表达完整的意思 译法上 通常译成主句的并列句 关系词的使用上 A 不可省略 B 不用不用 thatthat C 不可用不可用 whowho 代替代替 whomwhom 限制性定语从句举例 The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on 老师告诉 我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人 In the street I saw a man who was from Africa 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人 非限制性定语从句举例 His mother who loves him very much is strict with him 他妈妈十分地爱他 对他要 求很严格 China which was founded in 1949 is becoming more and more powerful 中国是 1949 年成立的 现在正变得越来越强大 精品文档 5 欢迎下载 Last summer I visited the People s Great Hall in which many important meetings are he ld every year 去年夏天 我参观了人民大会堂 在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议 六 关系代词选用六 关系代词选用 高级篇高级篇 一一 限制性定语从句中只能用 限制性定语从句中只能用 thatthat 引导定语从句的情况引导定语从句的情况 1 1 当先行词是 当先行词是 everything everything anything anything nothingnothing something something 除外除外 all all none none few few little little somesome 等不定代词时 或当先行词受等不定代词时 或当先行词受 every every any any all all some some no no little little few few muchmuch 等代词修饰时 如 等代词修饰时 如 Have you taken down everything that Mr Li said 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗 There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world 对他来说似乎世界 上没有什么不可能的事 All that can be done has been done 所有能做的都做好了 There is little that I can do for you 我不能为你干什么 He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed 他呆在图 书馆查找所需的资料 注意 当先行词指人时 偶尔也可用关系代词 who 如 Any man that who has a sense of duty won t do such a thing 任何有责任感的人都不 会做这样的事 All the guests that who were invited to her wedding were important people 所有 应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物 2 2 当先行词被序数词修饰时 如 当先行词被序数词修饰时 如 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben 在伦敦他们参观的第一 个地方是大本钟 3 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 如 This is the best film that I have ever seen 这是我看过的最好的电影 4 4 当先行词被 当先行词被 thethe very very thethe onlyonly 修饰时 如 修饰时 如 This is the very dictionary that I want to buy 这正是我要买的词典 After the fire in his house the old car is the only thing that he owns 家里发生 了火灾过后 那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有 注意 当先行词指人时 偶尔也可用关系代词注意 当先行词指人时 偶尔也可用关系代词 whowho 如 如 Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting 王华是我校 唯一出席会议的人 5 5 当先行词前面有 当先行词前面有 who who whichwhich 等疑问代词时 如等疑问代词时 如 Who is the man that is standing by the gate 站在门口的那个人是谁 Which is the T shirt that fits me most 哪件 T 恤衫最合我的身 6 当先行词为人与动物或人与物时 如 They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着 精品文档 6 欢迎下载 他们所能记起的在校时的人和事 Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street 瞧瞧那个沿街走来的 人和他的 毛驴 二 二 关系代词 关系代词 asas 和和 whichwhich 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 asas 和和 whichwhich 引导非限制性定语从句时 引导非限制性定语从句时 其用法有相同之处 也有不同之处 具体情况是 其用法有相同之处 也有不同之处 具体情况是 1 1 asas 和和 whichwhich 都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语 代表前面整个句子 如 都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语 代表前面整个句子 如 He married her as which was natural 他跟她结婚了 这是很自然的事 He is honest as which we can see 他很诚实 这一点我们看得出来 2 2 asas 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前 主句之后 甚至还可以分割主句 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前 主句之后 甚至还可以分割主句 WhichWhich 引引 导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后 另外 导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后 另外 asas 常常有常常有 正如 正像正如 正像 的含义 如 的含义 如 As is known to all China is a developing country 众所周知 中国是发展中国家 He is from the south as we can know from his accent 他是南方人 这一点我们从他的 口音可以知道 John as you know is a famous writer 正如你所知 约翰是个著名作家 Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times which I don t believe 张华已去过 巴黎十多次了 这一点我不相信 注意 当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时 关系词往往只用注意 当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时 关系词往往只用 whichwhich 如 如 Tom was late for school again and again which made his teacher very angry 汤姆老 是迟到 这使得老师很恼火 These tables are made of metal which made them very heavy 这些桌子是金属的 这使 得这些桌子很重 1 1 当先行词受当先行词受 such such thethe samesame 修饰时 关系词常用修饰时 关系词常用 asas 如 如 I ve never heard such stories as he tells 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事 He is not such a fool as he looks 他可不象他看上去的那样傻 This is the same dictionary as I lost last week 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样 注意 当先行词受注意 当先行词受 thethe samesame 修饰时 偶尔也用修饰时 偶尔也用 thatthat 引导定语从句 但与引导定语从句 但与 asas 引导的定语从句意思引导的定语从句意思 有区别 如 有区别 如 She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary s wedding 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过 的同一条连衣裙 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣 裙 三三 以以 thethe wayway 为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由 inin whichwhich 或或 thatthat 引导 而且通常可以省略 引导 而且通常可以省略 如 如 The way that in which he answered the questions was surprising 他回答这些问 题的方式令人惊奇 I don t like the way that in which you laugh at her 我不喜欢你冲她的样 子 四 关系代词与关系副词的选择 四 关系代词与关系副词的选择 精品文档 7 欢迎下载 用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用 即所担当的成分 试 比较 A I know a place where we can have a picnic 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方 I know a place which that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery 我知 道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方 B I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together 我永远忘 不了我们一起度假的日子 I will never forget the days that which we spent together 我永远忘不了我 们一起度过的日子 C This is the reason why he was dismissed 这就是他被解雇的原因 This is the reason that which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting 这就是他向我解释的他没 有参加会议的原因 五 五 butbut 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句 如 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句 如 There are very few but admire his talents 很少有人不赞赏他的才干的 but who don t 七 定语从句与同位语从句的区别七 定语从句与同位语从句的区别 1 1 定语从句修饰限定先行词 它与先行词是修饰关系 同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容 它与 定语从句修饰限定先行词 它与先行词是修饰关系 同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容 它与 先行词是同位关系 先行词是同位关系 The plane that has just taken off is for Paris 定语从句 刚刚起飞的那架飞机是 开往巴黎的 The fact that he has already died is quite clear 同位语从句 他已经去世了 这 个事实很明了 2 2 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导 关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分 关系代词在从句 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导 关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分 关系代词在从句 中作宾语时经常可省略 同位语从句主要由连词中作宾语时经常可省略 同位语从句主要由连词 thatthat 引导 在从句中一般不担当成分 有时也由引导 在从句中一般不担当成分 有时也由 where where when when how how who who whether whether whatwhat 等连词引导 这些连词则在从句中担当成分 等连词引导 这些连词则在从句中担当成分 The news that he told me is true 定语从句 他告诉我的消息是真的 The news that he has just died is true 同位语从句 他刚刚去世了 这个消息是 真的 The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money 定语从句 我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金 The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve 同位语从句 我们如何筹集这么多资金 这个问题很难解决 The question that he raised puzzled all of us 定语从句 他提出的问题让我们很 为难 The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer 同位语从句 他是否一定会赢得那场比赛 这个问题很难回答 3 3 同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词 同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词 bebe 发展成一个完整的句子发展成一个完整的句子 而定语从句则不能 如 而定语从句则不能 如 A The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful 同位语从句 我们可以向老师请教 这个主意不错 精品文档 8 欢迎下载 The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice B The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all 同位语从句 地球围绕太阳转 这个事实人人皆知 The fact is that the earth moves around the sun C Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals 同位语从句 请注意如何保护野生动物这个问题 The problem is how we can protect the wild animals 精品文档 9 欢迎下载 Exercises 1 There are three bedrooms in the house is Mary s A the smallest of which B the smaller of which C the smallest of them D the smallest one 2 The Greens will move into the new house next Monday it will be completely finished A by the time B by which time C by that time D by this time 3 Alice has a large collection of phone was taken in london A none of them B no one of which C all of which D none of which 4 With the fast development of agriculture the people village I taught before lived a happy life A who B whose C in whose D in which 5 There is a moutain the top is always covered with snow A whose B of which C it s D that 6 She may have missed her train in case she won t arrive for another hour A what B that C which D this 7 1 I have three children and two of are doctors 2 I have three children two of are doctors 8 There two thousand students in our school are girls A two thirds in which B two thirds in them C two thirds of them D of whom two thirds 9 I have bought two ballpens writes well A neither of them B none of them C neither of which D none of which 1 6ABDCBC 7 9B DDC 特殊结构定语从句点击 1 These houses are sold at such a low price people expected A like B as C that D which 2 I ve never heard so interesting a story you told me A as B that C of which D about which 3 I ve seen the same film you saw yesterday A that B which C as D like 4 I ll buy the same coat you wear A that B which C as D like 5 He made another wonderful discovery of great importance to science A which I think is B which I think it is C which I think it D I think is 6 is known to everybody the moon travels round the earth once every month A It B As C That D What 7 This is the first time he has been here A that B when C at which D which 精品文档 10 欢迎下载 8 I don t like you speak to her A the way B they way in that C the way which D the way of which 答案与简析 1 B 当先行词被 such 修饰时 定语从句用 as 引导 即构成结构为 such a an 形容词 名 词 as 引导的定语从句 意为 像 一样的 整个句子意为 这些房屋以人们原来估 计的那样低的价格出售 2 A 由 so interesting a story such an interesting story 和上面一题的解释便可得知答 案 as 在定语从句中作宾语 整句意为 我从未听说过像你告诉我那样有趣的故事 3 A 4 C 当先行词被 same 修饰时 定语从句由 that 或 as 引导 但意思不同 用 that 引导定语从句 指同一物 而用 as 引导定语从句指同类事物 5 A 做此题的关键是要知道 I think 在定语从句中作插入语 做题时将其去掉便可容易得到答案 6 B s 在此引导非限制性定语从句 代表它所修饰的整个句子内容 并且它可放在所修饰句子 的前 中或后面 其常见结构如 as you know as is said above as is often the case 情 况经常是这样 等 如选 则需将逗号改为 that 如选 D 则需将逗号改为 is that 7 A 当先行词为 the first time the last time 等时 定语从句的引导词用 that 而不用 when 8 A 当先行词为 way 时 定语从句的引导词用 that 或 in which 也可省略 定语从句练习 1 This is the best factory we visited last year A where B which C in which D that 2 Is this the factory computers are built A that B which C in which D in that 3 please pass me the dictionary cover is red A whose B its C which D which of 4 The man has arrived A whom I told you B that I told you C whom I told you about him D I told you about 5 Do you know the comrade we are talking A to whom B to who C whom D to that 6 They visited the house the great writer was born A from where B in which C which D in where 7 The comrade is speaking at the meeting is my teacher A whom B which C who D whose 8 He asked us to watch carefully everything he did in class A who B that C what D where 9 I ll visit the professor tomorrow he will be back from Shanghai A who B that C when D which 10 The school I study is a new one 精品文档 11 欢迎下载 A on which B at where C on that D at which 11 China has many islands the largest is Taiwan A in which B at which C which D of which 12 The city my mother grew up is not far from here A what B where C that D which 13 Our teacher lives in the house door faces to the north A which B his C that D whose 14 Do you know the man your father nodded A whom B to whom C to who D about whom 15 Wrestling is a sport in people easily get hurt A that B when C which D what 16 I told you I know A all that B all which C all what D all whom 17 China has a lot of famous writers one is Lu Xun A of which B of whom C of who D of them 18 Is this factory we visited last year A in which B around that C whom D the one 19 Who is the man was there A who B which C that D whom 20 Is there anything I can do for you sir A that B which C whose D who 21 I still remember the day she first wore that green dress A which B in which C on that D on which 22 The knife we used to cut the bread is very sharp A with which B with it C with that D which 23 The games the young men competed in were difficult A in which B which C it D who 24 It rained hard yesterday prevented me from going to the park A that B which C as D it 25 George Mallory was an English school teacher loved climbing A who B whom C he D which 历届高考英语单项选择题定语从句精选 26 His parents wouldn t let him marry anyone family was poor A of whom B whom C of whose D whose 27 She heard a terrible noise