托福阅读四：插入句子题.ppt

托福阅读 插入句子题解题技巧 考察能力 1 相关语句和词汇的理解2 对于语段中的逻辑顺序的把握 题目特征 Lookatthefoursquares thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage Youwillseeasentenceinbold Wherewouldthesentencebestfit Clickona toaddthesentencetothepassage Question 在托福阅读中 为什么不论插入题出现在文章的那个位置 这种题都位于总结题之前 存在于倒数第二题的位置呢 ETS是一个很人性化的机构 如果这类题出现在前几道题的位置 选错了会对文章的理解造成影响 影响做其它题 插入的句子对文章本身的影响有多大 和几句话相关 如果和前后两句话都相关 是不是把它拿掉了 就会对文章有较大的影响 只需要找出待插入的句子跟前后某一句话的逻辑联系即可 英语句子间的衔接手法 cohesivedevices 该题型重点考查英文句子间的逻辑语义关系 即英文中句子与句子是如何衔接在一起的 Cohesivedevices 1 代词 Pronouns 具体包括人称代词 指示代词和关系代词等 personal demonstrative relative etc 在上下句的关联中 代词是最为紧密的一类词 当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时 为了避免重复 遵循语言学的最简单化原理 作者会用代词指代该话题词 例 Speakingaforeignlanguageisanenormousassetinthemodernworld Thisiswhysomanyjuniorhighschoolsarenowofferinglanguageclasses Today steachersarefacedwithastarkchoice Theymustdecidewhethertoteachinawaythathelpsstudentpassstandardizedexamsorteachinawaythatactuallyhelpsstudentslearn Cohesivedevices 2 定冠词the 名词 specificarticles nouns 名词所指对象第一次出现时 用不定冠词a连接 当后句再次提及该名词对象时 为了表示它和前一句名词是同一关系 会用定冠词the引出 例如 Awomaniswalkingintoourclassroom Thewomanisourteacher Cohesivedevices 3 重复话题词或同义近义改写 Repetition synonym orslightvariationofaword 上下句的衔接也可以通过重复话题词实现 或者是对该话题词进行相关改写 例如 Tofosterhealthyrelationshipsbetweenchildreninaclassroom teachersshouldprovidetimeforgamesandfunactivities Havinghealthyrelationshipswiththeirpeershelpschildrengainconfidenceusefulinotherpartsoftheirlives 重复话题词 Beforechoosingapublicorprivateschoolfortheirchildren parentsshouldtakeintoaccountthecost Thepriceofaprivateschoolisusuallymuchhigherthanthatofapublicschool 话题词同义改写 Cohesivedevices 4 过渡性词和词组 Transitionalphrases transitionaladverbs 上面讲到的三种句间关系属于隐性关系 隐性关系通过上下句的语义关系体现 现在 我们要讲的是句子间的显性关系 即通过明显的逻辑连词或副词来体现句间关系 这些显性关系词包括以下类别 4 1时间关系then next later finally etc 4 2因果关系therefore consequently asaresult etc 4 3转折关系however but yet nevertheless ontheotherhand etc 4 4解释关系thatis inotherwords etc 4 5举例关系forinstance forexamplePeersandoldersiblingshaveamajorinfluenceonhowschoolchildrenbehave Forinstance youngchildrenoftenrepeatbadwordstheyhearfromtheirfriendsorbrothersandsisters 解题步骤 4stepsS1 阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词S2 在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象S3 插入S4 检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理 解题思路 思路1指代词出现往前看思路2连接词转折词看两边思路3总起总结句要不割裂 能概括 解题思路 Suggestion1在段落之前的空 一般为错 因为每段的中心都在第一句 如果把第一句改变了 也就改变句意了Suggestion2空后有代词they it的 一般是不对的 因为代词不能跨句 如果在代词前面加一句话 就会改变代词的指代对象 但是有例外存在 比如一段中只有一个主语 Suggestion3优先考虑段落最后的空 因为放在最末尾 对文章内容影响小 Example1 Extinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate ortransitional betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans In1979 ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages 4stepsS1 阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词S2 在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象S3 插入S4 检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理 Vocabulary 1 extinctadj espofatypeofanimal etc nolongerinexistence2 bridgeagap a fillanawkwardoremptyspace b reducethedistance betweenwidelycontrastinggroups 3 mammal anyoftheclassofanimalsthatgivebirthtoliveoffspringandfeedtheiryoungonmilkfromthebreast4 intermediate a situatedorcomingbetweentwopeople things etcintime space degree etc b betweenelementaryandadvanced5 transitional 过渡的6 reconstruct constructorbuildagain afterdamage createagain sththathasexistedorhappened byusingevidenceorimagination7 origin starting point source Example2 Theraisingoflivestockisamajoreconomicactivityinsemiaridlands wheregrassesaregeneralthedominanttypeofnaturalvegetation Theconsequencesofanexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionofthevegetationcoverandthetramplingandpulverizationofthesoil Thisisusuallyfollowedbythedryingofthesoilandacceleratederosion Thiseconomicrelianceonlivestockincertainregionsmakeslargetractsoflandsusceptibletoovergrazing 4stepsS1 阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词S2 在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象S3 插入S4 检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理 Vocabulary 1 raise bringup achild etc breed farmanimals groworproduce crops 2 livestock animalskeptonafarmforuseorprofit egcattleorsheep3 arid oflandorclimate havinglittleornorainfall dry4 dominant mostimportantorprominent5 vegetation plantsingeneral6 consequence thingthatisaresultoraneffectofsthelse7 excessive greaterthanwhatisnormalornecessary extreme 8 graze ofcattle sheep etc eatgrowinggrass9 trample treadheavilyonsth sbsoastocausedamageordestruction10 pulverize grindorsmash sth topowderordust11 accelerate make sth movefasterorhappenearlier increasethespeedof12 reliance confidenceortrustinsb sth13 tract largestretchorareaofland14 susceptible easilyinfluencedorharmedbysth Example3 Before1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans Asmastercraftworkers theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen Inaddition womenoftenworkedintheirhomespart time makingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedbymerchantcapitalists After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledorsemiskilledlaborers Cheaptransportationnetworks theriseofcities andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction Thisnewformofmanufacturingdependedonthemovementofgoodstodistantlocationsandacentralizedsourceoflaborers 4stepsS1 阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词S2 在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象S3 插入S4 检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理 Vocabulary 1 artisan skilledworkmanorcraftsman2 impart give aquality tosth3 apprentice personwhohasagreedtoworkforaskilledemployerforafixedperiodinreturnforbeingtaughthistradeorcraft4 journeymen trainedworkerwhoworksforanemployer5 rawmaterial6 tend takecareoforlookafter sb sth Example4 Becausetheyarealwaysswimming tunassimplyhavetoopentheirmouthsandwaterisforcedinandovertheirgills Accordingly theyhavelostmostofthemusclesthatotherfishesusetosuckinwaterandpushitpastthegills Infact tunasmustswimtobreathe Theymustalsokeepswimmingtokeepfromsinking sincemosthavelargelyorcompletelylosttheswimbladder thegas filledsacthathelpsmostotherfishremainbuoyant Consequently tunasdonotneedtosuckinwater 4stepsS1 阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词S2 在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象S3 插入S4 检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理 Vocabulary 1 tuna 金枪鱼2 gill 鳃3 bladder 膀胱 任何可充气的 囊状物4 sac bag likepartofananimalorplant 动植物组织中的 囊 液囊 5 buoyant ofanobject abletofloat Example5 Modernarchitecturalformsgenerallyhavethreeseperatecomponentscomparabletoelementsofthehumanbody asupportingskeletonorframe anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces equipment similartothebody svitalorgansandsystems Theequipmentincludesplumbing electricalwiring hotwater andair conditioning Ofcourseinearlyarchitecture suchasigloosandadobestructures therewasnosuchequipment andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone However somemodernarchitecturaldesigns suchasthoseusingfoldedplatesofconcreterorair inflatedstructures areagainunifyingskeletonandskin 4stepsS1 阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词S2 在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象S3 插入S4 检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理 Vocabulary parable ableorsuitabletobecompared2 interior3 vital4 plumbing systemofwater pipes water tanks cisterns etcinabuilding管道装置5 igloo smalldome shapedhousebuiltbyEskimosfromblocksofhardsnowasatemporaryshelter6 concrete existinginmaterialform thatcanbetouched felt etc以物质形式存在的 具体的 definite positive7 inflate 充气 膨胀8 unify form sth intoasingleunitormakeuniform Example6 BeforeCooper stime AmericanreadershadgenerallylookedtoEuropeanauthorsasthesourceofmuchoftheirliterature ThesenovelsnaturallydealtwithEuropeanissuesratherthanAmericanones AfterthesuccessofCooper sNovels however Americanswerenolongercontentwiththissituation TheybegantodemandnovelsthattookplaceinAmericansettingsanddealtwithAmericanissues Therefore Cooper snovelwereinfluentialinpromptingthegrowthofAmericanliteratureingeneral Inshort theywantednovelsforAmericans writtenbyAmericans Vocabulary 1 becontentwith besatisfiedwithwhatonehas notwantingmore happy2 prompt adj donewithoutdelay punctual v causeorincite sb todosth Example7 SocialDarwinism theadaptionofDarwin sideasto