医学英语术语学及应用.ppt

医学英语术语学及应用 2008年9月 ChapterOne AnEtymologicalStudyofEnglishLanguage Indo EuropeanandGermanicInfluences EnglishbelongstotheIndo Europeanfamilyoflanguages averybroadlanguagefamilyincludingmostoftheEuropeanlanguagesspokentoday Thewordfor father vater inGerman pater inGreek pedar inPersian pater inLatin andpitr inSanskrit Indo EuropeanandGermanicInfluences Incaseoftheword brother itisofsimilarnature InGreekitisphrater inLatinfrater inSanskritbhratar inFrenchfrereandinGermanbrudertheGermanicandtheRomance EnglishisintheGermanicgroupoflanguages OldEnglish 450 1100 TheAngles Saxons andJutesfromnorthernGermany DenmarkandnorthernHollandinvadedBritishIslesandbegantopopulatethoseareas Anglo Saxons OldEnglish 450 1100 theoriginal Celtic speakinginhabitants outofwhatisnowEngland Scotland Wales CornwallandIreland leavingbehindafewCelticwords OldEnglish 450 1100 Theinvader slanguage Anglo Saxon developedintowhatweknowasOldEnglishwater stone foot fire sheep andstrongderivefromOldEnglishroots TheNormanConquestandMiddleEnglish 1100 1500 WilliamtheConqueror invadedandconqueredEnglandandtheAnglo Saxonsin1066 TheyspokeadialectofOldFrenchknownasAnglo Norman TheNormanswerealsoofGermanicstockandAnglo NormanwasaFrenchdialectthathadconsiderableGermanicinfluencesinadditiontothebasicLatinroots TheNormanConquestandMiddleEnglish 1100 1500 TheinfluenceoftheNormans beefandcowBeef Anglo NormanCow GermanThemixtureofthetwolanguages MiddleEnglish EarlyModernEnglish 1500 1800 ThenextwaveofinnovationinEnglishcamewiththeRenaissance ManyclassicalLatinandGreekwordswerebroughtintotheLanguage grammar logic arithmetic geometry astronomy andmusicWilliamShakespeare LateModernEnglish 1800 Present TheprincipaldistinctionbetweenEarlyModernEnglishandLatemodernEnglishisvocabulary Twohistoricalfactors IndustrialRevolutionandtheBritishEmpireNeologism oxygen protein nuclear vaccine Latin Greekroots LateModernEnglish 1800 Present Horsepower airplane typewriter Englishroots Thisburstofneologismcontinuestoday visibleinthefieldofelectronicsandcomputers cyber bios hard drive andmicrochip LateModernEnglish 1800 Present Inaddition theriseoftheBritishEmpireandthegrowthofglobaltradeservednotonlytointroduceEnglishtotheworldbuttointroducewordsintoEnglish Finally the20thcenturysawtwoworldwars andthemilitaryinfluenceonthelanguage ChapterTwo AnEtymologicalStudyofMedicalEnglishBasedontheirorigin medicaltermscanbedividedintotwolargecategories nativeandborrowed WordsEvolvedfromOldEnglish OldEnglishisbelievedtohaveessentiallydevelopedfromdialectspokenbytheAnglo Saxons MostmedicalwordsfromoldEnglishdenoteanatomicstructures organs substances andbasicconceptsofhumanactivities AnatomicWords WordsDenotingConcepts WordsOriginatedfromGreek FromGreek EarlyModernEnglishreceivedgrammar logic arithmetic geometry astronomy andmusic AndmedicalterminologyisoneoftheareasthathavebeeninfluencedbyGreek WordsOriginatedfromGreek WordsOriginatedfromLatin TheearliestinfluenceofLatinlanguageonEnglishmaydatebacktotheRomanEmpire Withtheexpansion theRomansbroughttheirlanguagetootherpartsoftheentireEmpire GreaterinfluencewasexertedaftertheNormanConquest WordsOriginatedfromLatin WordsBorrowedfromFrench AftertheNormanConquest theconquerorsruledthecountryforalongperiodoftimeandleftadeepinfluenceontheEnglishlanguage AgreatnumberofFrenchwords includingthoseusedinmedicalworks tooktheirrootsinEnglish BorrowingfromFrenchhascontinuedtillpresenttime WordsBorrowedfromFrench WordsBorrowedfromGerman WordsBorrowedfromItalian WordsBorrowedfromSpanish WordsfromDirectCoinage 2 MedicalTerminology Onewordinthreeforms 臀 buttock breech rump clunis natis gluteo pygo 3 Rulesfortheformationofmedicalterms A theroot prefix suffix combiningvowels combiningformse g laryngopharyngectomy 喉咽切除术 laryngotracheobronchitis 喉气管支气管炎 otorhinolaryngologist 耳鼻喉科专家 hemangioendothelioblastoma 成血管内皮细胞瘤 ThesekindsofwordsarenotuncommonlyseeninmedicalEnglish 3 Rulesfortheformationofmedicalterms B PronunciationandSpellingPronunciation医学词汇一般遵循拉丁词汇的重读体系 1 重音永不在最后一个音节 2 如果倒数第二音节是长音 重读在该音节上 3 如果倒数第二音节是短音 重读音节则在倒数第三个音节上 4 一个医学术语一般只有一个重音 但有一个或多个次重音 3 Rulesfortheformationofmedicalterms Spelling1 不发音的字母 thesilentletter 词首的p或g 辅音字母 consonant p g 常不发音ptosis下垂gnathitis颌炎2 词首的 x发 z 音 例 xanthine黄嘌呤 但x不在词首时仍发 ks 音 axilla腋 3 Rulesfortheformationofmedicalterms Spelling3 有些组合形式与其代表的物体在拼写上有差异 物体名称组合形式pharynx咽pharyng eal咽的thorax胸thorac opathy胸部疾病cartilage韧带cartilagin ous韧带的femur股骨femor al股骨的 3 Rulesfortheformationofmedicalterms Spelling4 缩短形式 theshortenedform e g Appendiccectomyappendectomy阑尾切除术Megagastrmegastria巨胃 3 Rulesfortheformationofmedicalterms Spelling5 同音异议词 homophone ileac回肠的iliac髂骨的cerous似蜡的serous血清的连字符的使用 hyphenation 当前缀或词根与另一个词根相连接时 该前缀或词根结尾的元音与另一个词根开始的元音相同时 常用连字符 e g multi infection多菌传染para appendicitis阑尾旁炎现在有省略的趋势 microorganism 3 Rulesfortheformationofmedicalterms PluralFormsofMedicalTerms1 Medicaltermsfrequentlyhavetheforeignpluralforms e g bacillus bacilli杆菌larva larvae幼虫ovum ova卵pollex pollices拇指phenomenon phenomena现象 3 Rulesfortheformationofmedicalterms PluralFormsofMedicalTerms2 SometermshaveonlytheregularEnglishpluralforms e g virus viruses病毒chrysanthemum chrysanthemums菊花 3 Rulesfortheformationofmedicalterms PluralFormsofMedicalTerms3 SomewordshavebothforeignpluralanditsregularEnglishplural e g fungus fungi funguses真菌vertebra vertebrae vertebras脊柱 3 Rulesfortheformationofmedicalterms PluralFormsofMedicalTerms4 SomeforeignpluralshavedifferentmeaningwiththeirregularEnglishplurals antennas天线antennae触角 3 Rulesfortheformationofmedicalterms PluralFormsofMedicalTerms5 Theendletterofsomewordswillbechangedwhenturningintoplurals e g phalanx phalanges指 趾 骨faux fauces咽门epididymis epididymides附睾 PluralsofWordswithLatinEndings PluralsofWordswithLa