国际经济学2国民收入核算与国际收支ppt课件.ppt

1 YOUAREWELCOME 2 InternationalEconomics 国际经济学主讲 余道先 3 Chapter12 NationalIncomeAccountingandtheBalanceofPayments国民收入核算与国际收支 4 Preview IntroductionTheNationalIncomeAccountsNationalIncomeAccountingforanOpenEconomyTheBalanceofPaymentAccountsSummary 5 Introduction MicroeconomicsItstudiestheeffectiveuseofscarceresourcesfromtheperspectiveofindividualfirmsandconsumers 从单个企业和消费者的角度研究怎样充分运用世界稀缺资源 MacroeconomicsItstudieshoweconomies overalllevelsofemployment production andgrowtharedetermined 研究经济的整体就业 生产和增长水平如何决定 Itemphasizesfouraspectsofeconomiclife UnemploymentSavingTradeimbalancesMoneyandthepricelevel 6 Thenationalincomeaccountsandthebalanceofpaymentsaccountsareessentialtoolsforstudyingthemacroeconomicsofopen interdependenteconomies 为了全面了解各国在开放的宏观经济方面的联系 我们必须掌握两种有关的重要工具 Nationalincomeaccounting 国民收入账户 Recordsalltheexpendituresthatcontributetoacountry sincomeandoutputBalanceofpaymentsaccounting 国际收支平衡账户 Helpsuskeeptrackofbothchangesinacountry sindebtednesstoforeignersandthefortunesofitsexport andimport competingindustries 有助于我们了解和追踪一国对外负债 出口及进口竞争产业的状况及变动 Introduction 7 TheNationalIncomeAccounts Grossnationalproduct GNP Thevalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedbyacountry sfactorsofproductionandsoldonthemarketinagiventimeperiod 它是一个国家的生产要素在一定时期内所生产并在市场上卖出的最终商品和服务的价值总量 Itisthebasicmeasureofacountry soutput 8 GNPiscalculatedbyaddingupthemarketvalueofallexpendituresonfinaloutput ConsumptionTheamountconsumedbyprivatedomesticresidentsInvestmentTheamountputasidebyprivatefirmstobuildnewplantandequipmentforfutureproductionGovernmentpurchasesTheamountusedbythegovernmentCurrentaccountbalanceTheamountofnetexportsofgoodsandservicestoforeigners TheNationalIncomeAccounts 9 TheNationalIncomeAccounts Figure12 1 U S GNPandItsComponents 2000 10 NationalProductandNationalIncomeNationalIncomeItisearnedoveraperiodbyitsfactorsofproduction ItmustequaltheGNPacountrygeneratesoversomeperiodoftime Oneperson sspendingisanother sincome i e totalspendingmustequaltotalincome TheNationalIncomeAccounts 11 CapitalDepreciation InternationalTransfers andIndirectBusinessTaxesAdjustmentstothedefinitionofGNP DepreciationofcapitalItreducestheincomeofcapitalowners ItmustbesubtractedfromGNP togetthenetnationalproduct NetunilateraltransfersofincomeTheyarepartofacountry sincomebutarenotpartofitsproduct Theymustbeaddedtothenetnationalproduct IndirectbusinesstaxesTheyaresalestaxes TheymustbesubtractedfromGNP TheNationalIncomeAccounts 12 GrossDomesticProduct GDP Itmeasuresthevolumeofproductionwithinacountry sborders ItequalsGNPminusnetreceiptsoffactorincomefromtherestoftheworld GDP等于GNP减去从世界上其他地方获得的净要素收入 Itdoesnotcorrectfortheportionofcountries productioncarriedoutusingservicesprovidedbyforeign ownedcapital 一国用拥有的外国资本生产的那部分产出要计入GDP中 TheNationalIncomeAccounts 13 NationalIncomeAccountingforanOpenEconomy ConsumptionTheportionofGNPpurchasedbytheprivatesectortofulfillcurrentwants 被私人部门购买 以满足当前需要的那部分GNP InvestmentThepartofoutputusedbyprivatefirmstoproducefutureoutput 被私人企业用于生产未来产品的那部分产出 GovernmentPurchasesAnygoodsandservicespurchasedbyfederal state orlocalgovernments 14 TheNationalIncomeIdentityforanOpenEconomyItisthesumofdomesticandforeignexpenditureonthegoodsandservicesproducedbydomesticfactorsofproduction 开放经济的国民收入 是本国和外国花费在本国生产要素生产的商品和服务的总和 Y C I G EX IM 12 1 where YisGNPCisconsumptionIisinvestmentGisgovernmentpurchasesEXisexportsIMisimportsInaclosedeconomy EX IM 0 NationalIncomeAccountingforanOpenEconomy 15 AnImaginaryOpenEconomyAssumptionsofthemodel Thereisaneconomy Agraria thatcanonlyproducewheat EachcitizenofAgrariaisbothaconsumerandafarmerofwheat TheAgrariangovernmentappropriatespartofthecroptofeeditsarmy Agrariacanimportmilkfromtherestoftheworldinexchangeforexportsofwheat Thepriceofmilkis0 5bushelofwheatpergallon andatthispriceAgrarianswanttoconsume40gallonsofmilk NationalIncomeAccountingforanOpenEconomy 16 Table12 1 NationalIncomeAccountsforAgraria anOpenEconomy bushelsofwheat NationalIncomeAccountingforanOpenEconomy 17 TheCurrentAccountandForeignIndebtednessCurrentaccount CA balance 经常项目余额 Thedifferencebetweenexportsofgoodsandservicesandimportsofgoodsandservices CA EX IM AcountryhasaCAsurpluswhenitsCA 0 AcountryhasaCAdeficitwhenitsCA 0 CAmeasuresthesizeanddirectionofinternationalborrowing 经常项目度量了国际借贷的规模和方向 Acountry scurrentaccountbalanceequalsthechangeinitsnetforeignwealth 一国经常项目余额等于它的净国外财富的变动 NationalIncomeAccountingforanOpenEconomy 18 CAbalanceisequaltothedifferencebetweennationalincomeanddomesticresidents spending Y C I G CACAbalanceistheexcesssupplyofdomesticfinancing 经常项目余额是对国内财政的超额供给 Example Agrariaimports20bushelsofwheatandexportsonly10bushelsofwheat Table12 1 Thecurrentaccountdeficitof10bushelsisthevalueofAgraria sborrowingfromforeigners whichthecountrywillhavetorepayinthefuture NationalIncomeAccountingforanOpenEconomy 19 Figure12 2 TheU S CurrentAccountandNetForeignWealthPosition 1977 2000 NationalIncomeAccountingforanOpenEconomy 20 SavingandtheCurrentAccountNationalsaving S Theportionofoutput Y thatisnotdevotedtohouseholdconsumption C orgovernmentpurchases G Italwaysequalsinvestmentinaclosedeconomy Aclosedeconomycansaveonlybybuildingupitscapitalstock S I Anopeneconomycansaveeitherbybuildingupitscapitalstockorbyacquiringforeignwealth S I CA 开放经济既可以通过积累资本存量 也可以通过获得外国财富来进行储蓄 Acountry sCAsurplusisreferredtoasitsnetforeigninvestment NationalIncomeAccountingforanOpenEconomy 21 PrivateandGovernmentSavingPrivatesaving Sp ThepartofdisposableincomethatissavedratherthanconsumedSp I CA Sg I CA T G I CA G T 12 2 Tisthegovernment s income itsnettaxrevenue Sgisgovernmentsavings T G Governmentbudgetdeficit G T Itmeasurestheextenttowhichthegovernmentisborrowingtofinanceitsexpenditures NationalIncomeAccountingforanOpenEconomy 22 TheBalanceofPaymentsAccounts Acountry sbalanceofpaymentsaccountskeeptrackofbothitspaymentstoanditsreceiptsfromforeigners 一国的国际收支帐户 记录该国对外国的支付和从外国获得收入的情况 Everyinternationaltransactionautomaticallyentersthebalanceofpaymentstwice onceasacredit andonceasadebit 每一笔国际交易都自动进入国际收支帐户两次 一次作为贷方 一次作为借方 23 Threetypesofinternationaltransactionsarerecordedinthebalanceofpayments 三种国际交易记入国际收支帐户 ExportsorimportsofgoodsorservicesPurchasesorsalesoffinancialassetsTransfersofwealthbetweencountriesTheyarerecordedinthecapitalaccount TheBalanceofPaymentsAccounts 24 TheFundamentalBalanceofPaymentsIdentity 国际收支恒等式的基本平衡 Anyinternationaltransactionautomaticallygivesrisetotwooffsettingentriesinthebalanceofpaymentsresultinginafundamentalidentity 任何国际交易都会自动在国际收支帐户上产生两笔相互抵消的记录 这就产生国际收支的基本恒等式 Currentaccount financialaccount capitalaccount 0 12 3 TheBalanceofPaymentsAccounts 25 TheBalanceofPaymentsAccounts Table12 2 U S BalanceofPaymentsAccountsfor2000 billionsofdollars 26 TheBalanceofPaymentsAccounts Table12 2 Continued 27 TheCurrentAccount OnceAgainThebalanceofpaymentsaccountsdivideexportsandimportsintothreecategories MerchandisetradeExportsorimportsofgoodsServicesPaymentsforlegalassistance tourists expenditures andshippingfeesIncome 投资收入 Internationalinterestanddividendpaymentsandtheearningsofdomesticallyownedfirmsoperatingabroad 由国际利息 股息 和本国在国外经营的企业返回的利润所构成 TheBalanceofPaymentsAccounts 28 TheCapitalAccountItrecordsassettransfersandtendstobesmallfortheUnitedStates TheFinancialAccountItmeasuresthedifferencebetweensalesofassetstoforeignersandpurchasesofassetslocatedabroad 对外国人销售的资产与向外国购买的资产的差额 Financialinflow capitalinflow AloanfromtheforeignerswithapromisethattheywillberepaidFinancialoutflow capitaloutflow Atransactioninvolvingthepurchaseofanassetfromforeigners TheBalanceofPaymentsAccounts 29 TheStatisticalDiscrepancyDataassociatedwithagiventransactionmaycomefromdifferentsourcesthatdifferincoverage accuracy andtiming 一笔业务的借方和贷方资料可能是通过不同的渠道得到的 在范围 精确度 计时等方面存在不同 Thismakesthebalanceofpaymentsaccountsseldombalanceinpractice Accountkeepersforcethetwosidestobalancebyaddingtotheaccountsastatisticaldiscrepancy Itisverydifficulttoallocatethisdiscrepancyamongthecurrent capital andfinancialaccounts TheBalanceofPaymentsAccounts 30 OfficialReserveTransactionsCentralbank 中央银行 TheinstitutionresponsibleformanagingthesupplyofmoneyOfficialinternationalreserves 官方国际储备 ForeignassetsheldbycentralbanksasacushionagainstnationaleconomicmisfortuneOfficialforeignexchangeintervention 官方外汇干预 Centralbanksoftenbuyorsellinternationalreservesinprivateassetmarketstoaffectmacroeconomicconditionsintheireconomies TheBalanceofPaymentsAccounts 31 Summary Acountry sGNPisequaltotheincomereceivedbyitsfactorsofproduction GDPisequaltoGNPlessnetreceiptsoffactorincomefromabroad measurestheoutputproducedwithinacountry sterritorialborders Inaclosedeconomy GNPmustbeconsumed invested orpurchasedbythegovernment