定语从句讲义

定语从句 定语从句 Attributive Clauses 在句中做定语 修饰一个名词或代词 被修饰的名词 词组或代 词即先行词 定语从句通常出现在先行词之后 由关系词 关系代词或关系副词 引出 定义 复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句 它起定语的作用 复合句是由一个主句或一个以上的从句而 构成的句子 从句只用作句子的一个成份 起修饰和说明的作用 不能独立存在 先行词先行词 指被定语从句修饰的名词 代词 一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面 关系词关系词 关系词常有3个作用 连接作用 引导定语从句连接作用 引导定语从句 代替先行词代替先行词 在定语从在定语从 句中担当一个成分 句中担当一个成分 注 关系代词有主语 宾语 定语之分 一般 who 做主语或宾语 whom 作为宾语 whose 作为定语 whom whose 不可省略 关系代词在从句中作主语 宾语 定语 等 关系副词在从句中作地点状语 where 时间状语 when 原因状语 why 定语定语 定语用来限定限定 修饰名词或代词 是对名词或代词起修饰 限定作用的词 短语 动词不定式 短语 动名词表示的 汉语中常用 的的 表示 主要由形容词担任 此外 名词 代词 数词 分词 副词 不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任 也可以由一个句子来担任 单词作定语时通常放 在它所修饰的词之前 作前置定语 短语 从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后 作后置定语 被定语从句修饰的名词 代词称为先行词 如 The man The book 如 那个穿着西装的人是我 爸爸 这就是一个定语从句 代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名 词或代词 并在从句中充当主语 宾语 定语等成分 关系代词在定语从句中作主词保持一致 1 who whom that 这些词代替指人 whom 作宾语指人 who 和 that 既可作主语又可作宾语 作宾语可以省略 可以指人也可以指物 在从句中所起作用如下 1 Is he the man who that wants to see you 他是那个想见你的男人吗 who that 在从句中作主语 2 He is the man whom that I saw yesterday 他就是我昨天见的那个人 whom that 在从句中作宾语 3 The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老 师 2 which that 用来指物用来指物 用作主语 宾语 作宾语时可以省略 用作主语 宾语 作宾语时可以省略 例如 例如 1 the prosperity which that had never appeared before took on in the countryside 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣 which that 在从句中作 主语 2 The package which that you are carryingis about to come unwrapped 你拿 那个包裹快要散开了 which that 在从句中作宾语 3 whose 只用作定语只用作定语 whose 表示谁 可以为人也可以为物 的 东西 例 A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan 双亲都死了的孩子叫做孤儿 whose 表示那个孩子的双亲 He lives in a room whose window faces south 他住的那个房子的窗户是朝南的 whose 表 示那个房子的窗户 关系代词 在句中作主语 宾语或定语 1 that 既可代表事物也可代 表人 which 代表事物 它们在从句中作主语或宾语 作宾语可省略 that 在从句中作宾语时常可 省略关系词 which 在从省略 eg This is the book which you want 2 不及物动词 介 词 的介词的宾语代词 wh 放在它原来的位置 3 代表物时多这时的 that 常被省略 c 被形容词最高级修饰时 既有人又有物时 e 整个句中前面已有 which wh 行 关系副 词 在句中作状语 关系副词 介词 关系代词 why for which where in at on which 介词同先行词搭配 when during on in which 介词同先行词搭配 1 where 是关系代词 当然也不用 that 引导 By the time when you arrived in London we had stayed there for two weeks 到你到达伦敦的时候 我们在那里已经待了两个星期 I still remember the place where I met her for the first time 我仍然记得我第一次见到她的地方 Each time when he goes to business trip he brings a lot of living necessities such as towels soap toothbrush etc 他每次出差都带来了生活必需品 如毛巾 肥皂 牙刷等其他东西 3 当从句的逻辑主语是 some any no somebody anybody nobody something anything everything 或 nothing 时 常用 there is 开头 There is somebody here who wants to talk to you 这里有人要和你说话 分作进一步说明 通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号逗号隔开 将从 句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 关系副词的用法及说明关系副词的用法及说明 关系副词关系副词 why 关系副词 why 主要用于修饰表示原因的名词 主要是 the reason 同时它在定语从句中用作 原因状语 如 We don t know the reason why he didn t show up 我们不知道他为什么没有 来 She didn t tell me the reason why she refused the offer 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原 因 与关系副词 when 和 where 不同 why 可以换成 that 或省略 如 That s one of the reasons why that I asked you to come 这就是我请你来的原因之一 另外 与关系副词 when 和 where 可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样 why 只能引导限制性定语从句 不能引导非限 制性定语从句 如 他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒 误 The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank 正 The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank 关系副词关系副词 when 关系副词 when 主要用于修饰表示时间的名词 同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语 如 There comes a time when you have to make a choice 你必须作出抉择的时候到了 Gone are the days when they could do what they liked 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了 We ll put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期 那时天气可能会好一点 注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词 就以为一定要用关系副词 when 来引导定语从句 同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分 如果在定语从句中用作时间状语 就用 when 如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语 而是用作主语或宾语 那就不能用 when 而 要用 that which 等 如 Don t forget the time that which I ve told you 不要忘记我告诉你 的时间 关系代词 that which 在定语从句中用作动词 told 的宾语 正因为是用作宾语 所以 也可以省略 关系副词关系副词 where 关系副词 where 主要用于修饰表示地点的名词 同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语 如 This is the village where he was born 这就是他出生的村子 That s the hotel where we were staying last summer 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆 Barbary was working in Aubury where she went daily in a bus 巴巴拉在奥伯里工作 每天得坐公共汽车去上班 与前面 when 的情 况一样 注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词 就以为一定要用关系副词 where 来引导定语从句 同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分 如果在定语从句中用作地点状语 就用 where 如果 在定语从句中不是用作地点状语 而是用作主语或宾语 那就不能用 where 而要用 that which 等 如 He works in a factory that which makes TV sets 他在一家电视机厂工作 关 系代词 that which 在定语从句中用作主语 另外注意 where 有时还可用于抽象名词后引导 定语从句 如 We have reached a point where a change is needed 我们到了必须改一改的 地步 There are cases where the word mighty is used as an adverb 在一些情况下 mighty 一词可用作副词 He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面 I don t want a job where I m chained to a desk all day 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 意义 非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用 缺少也不会影响全句的理解 在非限制性定语 从句的前面往往有逗号隔开 如 The house which I bought last year has a lovely garden 我去年 买的的房子带着个漂亮的花园 This novel which I have read three times is very touching 这本我已经读过三遍的小说很感人 3 非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词 对其进行 修饰 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数 例如 He seems not to have grasped what I meant which greatly upsets me 他似乎没抓住我的意思 这使我心烦 Liquid water changes to vapor which is called evaporation 液态水变为蒸汽 这就叫做蒸发 4 有时 as 也可用作 关系代词 5 在非限定性定语从句中 不能用于在从句中做主语 1 The boys who are playing football are from Class One 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的 2 Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way 昨天 我帮助了一个迷路的老人 whom 指人指人 注意 关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用 who 代替 可省略 如果在从句中 做宾语 就用 whom 或 who He is the man who has an English book 他就是那个有英语 书的男人 You just met the person who was my friend 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友 which that 通常指人也可指物通常指人也可指物 在定语从句中做定语 表所有 在定语从句中做定语 表所有 1 He has a friend whose father is a doctor 他有一个 朋友的父亲是医生 2 I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in 我曾经住在一座现 在已经倒塌的房子中 whose 指物时通常以以下结构来代替 3 Football is the game which is liked by most boys 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏 4 This is the pen which he bought yesterday 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔 that 指人时指人时 相当于 who 或者 whom 指物时 相当于 which 当前头有最高级序数词 all 不定代词时必 须用 that 在定语从句中做主语 表语或者宾语 做宾语时可省略 5 The number of the people that who come to visit the city each year rises one million 每年来这座城市观光的游 客数目上升了100万 6 Where is the man this morning 今天早上这个男人在哪 when 指时间指时间 在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 1 1 I still remember the day when I first came to the school 2 The time when we got together finally came why 指原因指原因 在定语从句中做原因状语 1 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane 2 I don t know the reason why he looks when in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up 介词和关系代词介词和关系代词 1 介词后面的关系代词不能省略 2 that 前 Do you 作介词的宾语 且可以省略 例 如 1 The school that which he once studied in is very famous that which 可以省略 The school in which he once studied is very famous which 不可省略 2 Tomorrow I will bring here 用 如 look for look after take care of 等 T This is the watch which that I am looking for T 正确 F This is the watch for which I am looking F 错误 2 若介词放在关系代词前 关系代词指人时用 whom 不可用 who 或者 that 指物时用 which 不能用 that 关系代词是所有格时用 whose 1 The man with whom you talked is my friend T The man famous 2 I bought many books yesterday three of which are written by Lu Xun 关系代词关系代词 关系代词 一般情况下 that 可用在从句做主语 谓动词的宾语 但是不能做介词的宾语 which 指物 在从句句中作主语 whom 在从句中作宾语 why 在从句中修语 先行 词通常是 the reason 有时 why 也可用 for which 代替 例 A doctor who looks after people s health 主语 谓语 先行词 定语从句修饰先行词 判断介词和关系代词判断介词和关系代词 方法一 用关系代词 还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词 不及物动词后面无宾语 就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词 而及物动词后接宾语 则要求用关系代词 例如 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year 判断改错 错 This is the mountain village where I visited last year 错 I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside 对 This is the mountain village which I visited last year 对 I ll never forget the days which I spent in the countryside 例 Is this the museum the exhibition was held A where B that C on which D the one 解析 主 谓 宾俱 全 从句部分为句子的状语表地点 既可用副词 where 又因 in the museum 词组 可用介词 in which 引导地点状语 而此题中 介词 on 用的不对 所以选 A 关系词的选择依据在从句 中所做的成分 先行词在从句中做主 宾语时 选择关系代词 who whom that which whose 先行词在从句中做状语时 应选择关系副词 where 地点状语 when 时间状语 why 原因 状语 关系词的选择关系词的选择 只用只用 that 不用不用 which 1 当先行词是或被序数词 最高级 不定代词修饰时 关系词用 that 不用 which 2 当 先行词既有人又有物时 用 that 3 当先行词带有 the only the very the same the last the one 等词时 用 that 不用 which 4 当主句中有 who 或 which 时 为避免重复用 that 只用只用 who 不用不用 that 如果先行词是 those they all persons people he anyone one 时用 who 不用 that 只用只用 which 不用不用 that 1 当主句先行词后有介词时 用 which This the one of which I m speaking 2 非限定 性定语从句 用 which 3 描述句中一般用 which Beijing which was China s capital for more than 800years 4 those 复数名词之后 多用 which Shopkeeper want to keep a number of those goods which sell best 注意注意 1 there be 句型中 指人用 who 指物用 that 2 当主句中缺少主语或表语时 用 the one 先行词和关系词先行词和关系词 1 Whoever spits in public will be punished here Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替 2 The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school what 可以用 all that 代替 但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了 是名词性从句 因为定语从句一定要有先行词 而名词性从句没有 将 Whoever what 分别用 Anyone who all that 代替后 才是定语从句 先行词分别是 Anyone all An invitation from her boss came as a surprise A it B that C which D he 答案答案 C 此为非限定性从句 不能用 that 修饰 而用 which it 和 he 都使后句成为句子 两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接 况且选 he 句意不通 2 The weather turned out to be very good was more than we could expect A what B which C that D it 答案答案 B 英语语法上行不通 3 It rained hard yesterday prevented me from going to the park A that B which C as D it 答案答案 B as 和 which 在引导非限宾语 但不同之处主要有两点 1 importance to me as my own is 在一定的语言环境里 有些名词可以具有形容词的性质 这些名词主要是那些表示人的 身份 职业 状态的名词 值得一提的是 在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后 引导定语从句的关 系代词不能用 who whom 2 动词短语先行成分 这种动词短语既可是限定形式也 可是非限定形式 如果是动态动词短语 它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词 do 和 as which 一起代替 do 可以出现 也可以不出现 但不能用其它动词代替 3 句子 作先行成分 这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句 有时是连续几个句子 有 时甚至可以是一个完整的故事 二 as which 特殊定语从句在句中的位置 由于先行成 分的构成成分 特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况 1 形容词做先行成分时 形容质 的 which 特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后 2 动词词短语作先行成分时 as which 特殊定 语从句置于先行成分之后 但是 当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时 as 特殊 3 句 子作先行成分时 as 特殊定语从句的位置较灵活 可以置于先行成分之前 之中或之后 但如果 先行成分是直接引语 as 特殊定 s 特殊定语从句与否定词的相对中则常用一些表示 合乎自然规 律 众所周知 或 经常发生 等意义的词语 如 natural known to all usual 等 4 有无状语 意要是方式状语意义 而 which 特殊定语从句则无状语意义 as 特殊定四 关系代词 as 与 which 一词 如 Freddie as might be expected was attending the conference 1 Which 作主语时 谓语动词不限 主动被动皆可 只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词 be 省略 2 as 和 which 都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语 3 as 和 which 在特殊从句中作补语 如 We thought him a gentleman as which he could never be as 特殊定语从句中可以主谓 倒装 which 从句中则不能主谓倒装 如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语 关系代词用 which 而不用 as 如 He talked like a native which as he hardly was 5 as 用法 1 as 引导限制性定语从句 a such as He is not such a fool as he looks I have never heard such a story as he tells b the same as This is the same book as I lost last week 区分 the same as 与 the same that 两者都引导定语从句 that 从句中说明的 名词与 the same 修饰的名词是同一个 as 从句中说明的名词与 the same 修饰的名词是同一类 而非同一个 举例 This is the same pen that I lost 这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支 This is the same pen as I lost 这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样 c as as As many children as came were given some cakes 2 as 引导非限制性定语从句 常用句式 as is said above 综上所述 as is known to all 众所周知 as is often the case 通常如此 as is reported in the newspaper 如报纸所报道的 6 which 在特殊从定法 1 不用 that 的情况 a 在引导非限定性定语从句时 错 The tree which is four hundred years old Is very famous here b 介词后不能用 We depend on the land from which we get our food We depend on the land that which we get our food from 2 只能用 that 作为定 语如 last just 修饰时 只用 that d 先行词为序数词 数容词 又有物时 f 先行词指物 在主句中作是 the way 或 the reason 时 that 可作关系副词 也可省略 h 主句的主语是疑问词 who which 时 避免重复要用 that 举例 Is this the book that you borrowed in the library 这是你在图书馆借的书吗 Who that break the window should be punished 谁打碎了窗户谁该受罚 All that is needed is a supply of oil 所需的 everything that he had stolen to the police 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察 定语从句只能定语从句只能 that 引导的情况 引导的情况 1 先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰 This is the most interesting book that l have ever read 2 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰 The second foreign country that l expect to visit is Greek 3 先行词是不定代词时 如 all few little much anything nothing something This is the very good dictionary that I want to bu