阅读完形专练(教师)

启东市汇龙中学 主备人 周红英 审核人 吴惠平Apr 12 2017 1 阅读完形专练 一 阅读理解 A How does your skin smell Pretty well as it turns out thanks to receptors that can be found all over you What s more they could help you heal There are more than 350 types of olfactory 嗅觉 receptors in the nose noticing different scents About 150 are also found in body issues such as those of the heart liver and gut 胃 but they are hard to study Hanns Hatt s lab at Ruhr University Bochum in Germany focused on skin which is easier to study and tasted the response to scents pleasant smells of receptors in keratinocytes 角质化细胞 the main skin cell type They found that an olfactory receptor in skin called OR2AT4 respond to man made sandalwood 檀香 perfumes and skin care products Rather than sending a message to the brain as nose receptors do the receptor caused cells to divide and migrate important processes in repairing damaged skin Cell growth increased by 32 percent and cell migration by nearly half when keratinocytes in a test tube were mixed for five days with man made sandalwood There is a big trend towards olfactory receptors being found elsewhere in the body doing other jobs Says Joel Mainland o the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia So it is not unexpected to find receptors in skin but it is a surprise to learn that they are involved in wound healing Hatt and Mainland both caution that these olfactory receptors are very finely adjusted as is shown by their distinguishing between various man made kinds of sandalwood And there is genetic variability in human receptors so your receptor might be a bit different from your neighbor s It leaves open the question of whether receptors might differ so much between individuals that the man made sandalwood that benefits one person might be useless or even poisonous to another Hatt says the 150 200 olfactory receptors identified in tissue outside the nose represent a new family of targets for experiments and new opportunities to treat disease Treatments that heal wounds and repair the effects of ageing in the skin are likely to be the easiest to develop he says Understanding receptors on internal inside your body organs and creating beneficial drugs is likely to take longer 1 What can we learn about OR2AT4 A It is a kind of nose keratinocyte B It works like a nose receptor C It can help damaged skin recover D It can be found in man made sandalwood 2 How did the scientists observe olfactory receptor s reactions to scents A By studying receptors in body tissues B By comparing OR2AT4 and nose receptors C By using man made sandalwood in hospitals D By mixing keratinocytes with man made sandalwood 启东市汇龙中学 主备人 周红英 审核人 吴惠平Apr 12 2017 2 3 Which of the following about olfactory receptors is amazing A They are found in skin B They can do other jobs C They may help heal wounds D They exists all over the body 4 Man made sandalwood may be harmful to someone because A sandalwood scents are sometimes unsafe B receptors may be different among people C some individual s skin is unable to smell D man made products have some side effects B What inspires people to act selflessly help others and make personal sacrifices Each quarter this column features one piece of scholarly research that provides insight on what motivates people to engage in what psychologists call prosocial behavior things like making charitable contributions buying gifts volunteering one s time and so forth In short it looks at the work of some of our finest researchers on what spurs people to do something on behalf of someone else This quarter we focus on how perceptions of group membership can influence whether others decide to help us in emergency situations A 2005 British study reported in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin shows that bystanders are more likely to help strangers in distress when they recognize such strangers as belonging to a common group However what counts as group membership is not fixed When people are encouraged to see greater commonalities with strangers they will extend help to those whom they may have otherwise considered part of the out group Two studies conducted at Lancaster University in the UK played on the intense rivalry between fans of two English football teams Manchester United and Liverpool In the first study Manchester United fans were recruited to fill out questionnaires about their interest in the team and the degree to which they identified as fans They were then invited to walk across campus to see a video about football teams Along the way an accident was staged in which a runner slipped and fell groaning in pain Hidden observers watched the incident and those taking part in the study were asked about it when they reached the projection room Participants all of whom had a strong identification as Manchester fans were more likely to ask the runner if he needed help when he was wearing a Manchester United shirt than when he was wearing a Liverpool shirt or an ordinary unbranded shirt In the second study Manchester United fans were again recruited but when they arrived they were told that they were participating in a study about football fans in general not Manchester United fans specifically They were also told that the study aimed to focus on the positive aspects of fan hood as opposed to the negative incidents and stories that usually get attention The study questionnaires asked them about their broader interest in the game and what they shared with other fans They then were instructed to cross campus to head to the projection room and along the way witnessed the same staged incident and conditions described in the first study In this case participants were as likely to help a victim in a Manchester United shirt as they were to help someone in a Liverpool shirt And they were more likely to help those wearing team shirts than those who were not When people expand their notion of the in group they are more likely to reach out to those in the other camp 启东市汇龙中学 主备人 周红英 审核人 吴惠平Apr 12 2017 3 One noteworthy strength of this research is that it offers an analysis of actual helping behavior rather than beliefs about or intentions to act Evidence of dramatic shifts in such behavior across deeply entrenched antagonisms 根深蒂固的敌对情绪 in response to simple changes in levels of categorization is striking 5 According to the 2005 British study people tend to help strangers if A the later are in great pain and suffering B they two share something in common C they themselves can get something in return D the latter belong to a different group 6 What contributes to different results of two studies A That each group witnessed a different accident B That only one group was told the purpose of the study C That the two group were fans of different football teams D That participants of the two group were form different cities 7 The research is worth noting in that A it is based on behavioral experiments B it deals with problems all circumstances C it involves participants of different identities D it creates new approaches to friendship building C Books Films and Plays The novelist s medium is the written word one might almost say the printed word Typically the novel is consumed by a silent individual reader who may be anywhere at the time The paperback novel is still the cheapest most portable and adaptable form of narrative entertainment It is limited to a single channel of information writing The narrative can go effortlessly anywhere into space people s head palaces prisons and pyramids without any consideration of cost or practical possibility In determining the shape and content of his narrative the writer is restricted by nothing except purely artistic criteria The novelist keeps absolute control over his text until it is published and received by the audience He may be advised by his editor to revise his text but if the writer refused to meet this condition no one would be surprised It is not unknown for a well established novelist to deliver his or her manuscript 手稿 and expect the publisher to print it exactly as written However not even the most well established playwright or screenplay writer would submit a script and expect it to be performed without any rewriting This is because plays and motion pictures are cooperative forms of narrative using more than one channel of communication The production of a stage play involves as well as the words of the author the physical presence of the actors their voices and gestures the set and possibly music Although the script is the essential basis of both stage play and film it is a basis for subsequent revision negotiated between the writer and the other creative people involved They are given approval of the choice of director and actors and have the right to attend rehearsals 排演 during which period they may undertake more rewriting work In the case of the screenplay the writer may have little or no control over the final form of his work Contracts for the production of plays protect the rights of authors in this respect In film or television work on the other hand the screenplay writer has no contractual right to 启东市汇龙中学 主备人 周红英 审核人 吴惠平Apr 12 2017 4 this degree of consultation While the script is going through its various drafts the writer is in the driver s seat although sometimes receiving criticism from the producer and the director But once the production is under way artistic control over the project tends to pass to the director This is a fact overlooked by most journalistic critics of television drama who tend unlike film critics to give all the credit or blame for success or failure of a production to the writer and actors ignoring the contribution for good or ill of the director 8 Where might you find the passage A In a textbook B In a movie magazine C In a travelling brochure D In a shopping guide 9 Which of these subtitles would be most appropriate A Why does the future look good for writers of books plays and films B What do audiences want from these three forms of entertainment C How do these forms of media compare for their producers D What benefit can we get from these forms of media 10 Why can the novelist expect the publisher to print the manuscript exactly as written A Because the novelist keeps absolute control over his text B Because the paperback novel is most portable and adaptable C Because the novel is limited to a single channel of information writing D Because the novelist is seldom advised by editors to revise the text 11 Which of the following statements is True according to the passage A Playwrights envy the simplicity of the novelist s work B Experience in the theatre improves the work of screenplay writers C Screenplay writers usually have the final say in how a TV drama will turn out D Playwrights are frequently involved in revising their work 12 What can be implied from the last sentence of the passage A TV critics often blame the wrong people for the failure of a programme B The director is a determining factor in the future of a television drama C Few people know that the screenplay writer is often criticized by the director D It is urgent for the film critics to realize their mistakes D We all fail all the time We might miss a call with a client because of an emergency work meeting or miss that meeting because another project has suddenly become urgent And then we or our families get sick and we have to shift priorities around again These unsystematic failures are benign though They reflect that all of us have limited resources There simply is not enough time energy or money to do everything you want to do all the time Part of being a responsible adult is learning to make tradeoffs balancing your conflicting goals and trying to get as much done as you have The thing your really need to watch out for is the systematic failure The systematic failure happens when there s a particular goal you want to achieve but never get to The causes of systematic failures usually boil down to some combination of these three factors 1 Short term pressures versus long term goals Most of us prefer to achieve pressing short term goals rather than put time into long term projects Lots of research suggests that our brains are wired to prefer tasks that pay off in the short term rather than those whose benefit is long term The people who do manage to accomplish their long term goals create regular space to make 启东市汇龙中学 主备人 周红英 审核人 吴惠平Apr 12 2017 5 progress on them 2 Without even realizing it We often do what is easiest to accomplish rather than what we say is most important Email is a great example If you are like most people you keep your email program open at work all day Consequently each new message is an invitation to drop what you are working on to check it It feels like work and it s much easier than finishing that 100 slide presentation Simply shutting off email for a few hours a day can remove this source of distraction 分心的事物 form the environment 3 Working for too long Many workplaces create to stay at the office for more and more hours which paradoxically creates opportunities for systematic failures Work is not an iron man competition where the wins Most people have an optimal 最佳的 number of hours they can work each day If I spend any more time at work than that then at some point I start doing fake work The next time you run into trouble assess whether it s an unsystematic failure or a systematic one When you notice a systematic failures in your life you need to make a change in your behavior If you don t make a change you will continue to fail Finally if you experience a lot of unsystematic failures it might be worth rethinking the number of tasks you are taking on Perhaps you need to offload some responsibilities onto someone else before you start experiencing more systematic failures 13 The underlined word benign in Paragraph 2 means A not dangerous B not useful C relevant D troublesome 14 who was most probably affected by the first factor A Andy who put his keep fit plan aside due to a lack free time B Sarah who worked overtime till the next morning to finish her work ahead of time C Philip who missed an important appointment because he has been under the weather lately D Emily who kept her social networking platform on all day to receive updates about friends 15 Which of the following could fill in the blank as a subtitle A The truth about important goals B Environments that are bad for our goals C The easiest goals that often bring us little D Ways to remove the source of distraction 16 What is the main idea of the passage A How to distinguish systematic failures from systematic failures B When you should worry about failure and when you shouldn t C What to do to save yourself from constant systematic failures D Why assessing failures you have encountered is important 二 完形填空 One effective way of destroying happiness is to look at something and focus on even the smallest fault It s like looking at the tiled 铺瓦的 ceiling and concentrating on the space where one tile is 1 Once I heard a bald man said whenever I enter a room 2 I see is hair Once you ve 3 what your missing tile is explore whether acquiring it will 4 make you happy Then do one of the three things get it replace it with a different 5 or forget about it and 6 the tiles in your life that are not missing We all know people who have a relatively 7 life yet are essentially unhappy while 启东市汇龙中学 主备人 周红英 审核人 吴惠平Apr 12 2017 6 people who have suffered a great deal but 8 remain happy The first 9 is gratitude All happy people are 10 Ungrateful people cannot be happy We tend to think that being unhappy leads people to 11 but it s truer to say that complaining leads to people becoming unhappy The second secret is 12 that happiness is a byproduct 副产品 of something else The most obvious 13 are those pursuit 追求 that give our lives purpose anything 14 studying insects to playing baseball The more passions we have the more happiness we are 15 to experience Finally the belief that something permanent goes beyond us and that our 16 has some larger meaning can help us to feel happier We 17 a spiritual faith or a philosophy it should 18 this truth if you choose to find the 19 in every situation you will be blessed and if you choose to find the awful you will be cursed As with happiness itself this is 20 your decision to make 1 A different B missing C short D broken 2 A nothing B none C all D anything 3 A determined B predicted C assumed D imagined 4 A completely B naturally C hopefully D really 5 A tile B brick C ceiling D house 6 A look on B focus on C count on D rely on 7 A peaceful B difficult C easy D ordinary 8 A certainly B merely C hardly D generally 9 A secret B factor C rule D key 10 A wealthy B grateful C proud D generous 11 A upset B quarrel C complain D depress 12 A admitted B assuming C proving D realizing 13 A sources B results C answers D goals 14 A among B from C through D for 15 A probable B possible C likely D capable 16 A value B destination C survival D existence 17 A need B lack C demand D expect 18 A involve B include C absorb D mean 19 A worst B best C positive D negative 20 A absolutely B totally C exactly D largely 启东市汇龙中学 主备人 周红英 审核人 吴惠平Apr 12 2017 7 Commentary Class of Reading Comprehension and Cloze Test Learning objectives 1 To make advances in reading comprehension and cloze test 2 To improve the ability to listen and summarize 3 To enjoy the fun of cooperation Teaching procedures Step One Make comments on the reading comprehension 1 Activity 1 Discussion 5 题号题号 选项选项 提示提示 6 B C 推理判断题 Para3 6 8 A B 标题出处题 Pay attention to the title Books Films and Plays 10 A C 推理判断题 Para 1 11 B D 推理判断题 Para 2 12 A B 推理判断题 Para 4 the last sentence 13 A D 词义猜测题 Hints though The thing your really need to watch out for is the systematic failure 15 B C 标题概括 the last sentence 16 B C 主旨大意题 The passage talks about unsystematic failure and systematic failure The former is not dangerous while the latter is dangerous 2 Give the answers to the assignment and ma