学术论文研究——论文必备材料

学术论文研究学术论文研究 论文必备材料论文必备材料 学术论文研究评定标准assessment attendance 20 you can t missone thirdof thelectures or you will failin thiscourse Homework 30 in and after class Plagiarism meansfailure Test 50 General Introductionto AcademicWriting I Types of academic paper1 aording to the purposethe paperserves a term paperfor a university course 学期论文b research paperto bepublished in a journal 学术期刊c thesis ordissertation for a universitydegree 学位论文2 aording to the content of the paper a Experience Papers 经验性论文b Methodology Papers 方法性论文c Opinion Papers观点性论文d Systerms Papers系统性论文e Theory Papers理论性论文II Features ofacademic papers1 Objective客观性It expressesthe author s understandingof the topic based on experiments facts data andanalysis 2 Formal Thewords andstructure arerather formaland rigid The mostwidely aeptedformats arethe APA format American PsychologicalAssociation and the MLA format Modern LanguageAssociation III Parts ofa paperTitle page标题页Abstract摘要Outline or Tableof Contents Optional 可选择的 Usually placedright beforeor rightafter the abstract 提纲 不用交的 写作过程必须有的 Text introduct ion绪论 body正文and conclusion结论 正文Notes optional Sometimes figuresand tablesare alsoallowed 注解 可有可无 Works cited or Bibliography 参考文献Appendix optional PlacementAfter allthe otherparts 附录 整个论文最后面 Acknowledgements optiona l Sometimes it is placedbefore theabstract andsometimes at the endofa paper 致谢部分 摘要之前 或者文章之后 IV steps inpreparing a research paper1 eight steps stages1 select topic英语文学 原版是英语 文化 礼仪 社交等等 中西文化 对比 或者只研究西方文化 词汇学 翻译学 翻译方法 实践 国际贸易 前半部分用汉语写 之后用英语 2 explore data探索数据3 gather data收集数据4 formulate thesis形成论文 题目 大体内容 5 organize data and ideas6 write paper7 review andrevise8 publish2 Ten Stepsto aGood ResearchPaper Step1 Choose YourTopic When choosinga topic choose onein which you are interested and forwhich there is enoughinformation 不能太新 也不能太旧 If yourtopic is too broad 题目不能太宽泛 you will have difficultypleting your paper The Effectsof Pollution is too broad becausethere areso manyeffects ofpollution The Effectsof Pollutionof Geesein theNortheast Sectionof Duluth Minnesota is too narrow 太具体 太窄也不可以 You arenot likelyto findmuch ionformationthat isthis specific The Effectsof Pollutionin YosemiteNational Park is justabout rightas a topic Step2 Locate Information Use informationfrom avariety ofreference sources These sources include encyclopedias 百科全书 almanacs 编年史 scholarly journals 学术期刊 books magazines and newspapers Find thesesourcesinprint form 复印 on CD ROMS and onthe Inter 复制的话 要把比如杂志 页码 第几卷第几期 这些相 关信息都有用 参考文献使用 Step3 Prepare BibliographyCards 准备参考文献卡 按作者名字母顺序 Prepare bibliographycards to document the sources of information youuse whenwriting your paper Your librarywill havestyle manualsto illustratehow toprepare bibliographycards forvarious sourcesofinformation Step4 Prepare NoteCards Use note cards torecord notesfrom eachsource youuse whenwriting your paper Number yournote cardsto keeptrack of them 传统做法 最好直接用电子版 Step5 Prepare anOutline Write an outline for your paperby organizingyour notesfrom thenote cardsinto topics subtopics details and subdetails Use anorganization such as topic subtopic detail subdetail 至少要有三个c hapter Step6 Write Arough Draft Use yournotecardsand outlio write a roughdraft of yourpaper Step8Prepare yourBibliography Step9Prepare aTitle Pageand Tableof ContentsStep10Final ChecklistDid Iinclude a title page II graduation paperanother purpose of lectureGP isa mustbut alsoa usefulmatter However GP writingand learningis notan easything It islaboring challenging andtime and energy demanding for mostofyou who havenot yethad confidentmand andmastery ofEnglish language and especiallyfor those who have an evenmodest English writing petence not knowinghow toform English words intogrammatically andmeaningfully aeptableor adequateEnglish sentences and seeminglyhow sentencesinto paragraphs I thinkand hopeyou canmake yourGP writingeasy It s up to you It isupto yourmind It isuptohow youthink ofit how youweigh itin yourmind andhow youdo it Graduation paper 1 why tolearn GPGP asa reanuirementfor thedegree ofB A in yourmajor isa necessityor have to matterfor graduating GP writingis learningEnglish itself espcially yourEnglishwritingability GP writinghelps youto enterinto alearning field Graduation paper 2 what specialwith GPGPis aspecial formof RPcharacterized bybeing scholarly scientific andoriginal 原创 to thegreatest extentpossible Scholarly moreor lesstheoretical andconcerned withacademic matters the subjectand conclusion are academicallysignificant and languagestandard andappropriate scientific basedon scientifictheories andobjective data and theproblem isapproached withscientific attitudeand methodology new perspectiveor method new argumentsor conclusionor evena breakthroughin acertain fieldGP isusually tobe writtenin3 500to5 000Englishwords 21页左右 Graduation paper 3 characteristics ofgood GPGramatic adequacy语法Unity统一 一致 有机和谐的整体Coherence allparts orelements wellconnected toshow clearlogical deductive演绎 inductive归纳 causal随意 con trastive对照 hierarchial阶梯 parallel平行式 etc relatio ns Emphasis重点special andsignificant stressgiven toimportant ideaas bymeans ofposition repetition or otherindication Developmentadequate elaborationClarity风格 简介精确 流畅 Neat appearanceand Format APA andMLA twostyles inAm a brieffor good GP writinggoodGPcalls forcritical reading critical thinkingand criticalrevision 开题报告与任务书12月份左右 开会 布置选题 老师分组 确定指导教师 确定写作题目1 写开题报告2 毕业 论文任务书开题报告学生姓名指导教师姓名联系电话论文 设计 题目Analysis ofWomen Charactersin Dubliners 用英文 选题的意义研究综述 前人的研究现状及进展 情况 论文 设计 写作提纲 除题目外 具体到三级标题 Intro duction Chapter One 一级标题 I 二级标题 II III IV Chapter Two I 二级标题 1 三级标题 2 Chapter Three I 1 II 1 重点章节需要有三级标题 其他不需要 没有意义 还啰嗦 特 色与创新之处结合现代女性的地位进行对比 通过对比更突出作品 中女性的地位低下及她们所受的迫害 不用写的太玄乎 拟采用的研究方法研究工作进度安排xx年12月 日 xx年参考文献目录至少十条英语汉语两部分借鉴的汉语资料用 汉语写 英语资料用英语写 英语放在前面 汉语放在后面 要按 照字母表的顺序 用一致的格式 指导教师意见签名年月日注意小四宋体 英语一定用times newroman毕业论文任务书毕业论文题目 用宋体 小四 不加粗英 语 第一个字母 实词首字母大写 书名永远斜体 例An Analysisof Buck s Lifein TheCall of the Wild选题意义 创新性 科学性和可行性论证 用将来时 剩下 所有部分用中文宋体四号字 例本文作者经过前期的大量资料收集 和准备 阅读相关文献 科学 可行性 主要内容 将来时 将 目的要求通过大学四年对英语语言文学的学习及所掌握的专业知识 通读英文名著 并对著作中主人公的人物性格进行研究 把所学 的英语翻译技巧及知识融入到实际应用中 更好的分析 妥善解决 实际问题 从而有效的检验大学四年对专业知识的掌握情况 计划进度开题到论文完稿必须不少于3个月 时间统一的 1 xx年月 日 日指导教师与学生见面 指导收集资料 准备选题2 年月日 日确定论文选题3 年月日前上交论文提纲 完成开题报告4 xx年月 日完成初稿5 xx年月日完成定稿指导教师签字手写主管院长 系主 任 签字年月日 统一的 论文题目1 Three requirementsfor GPtopic choiceInterestingattract readersand helpsustaining effortsor impetusto fulfillthepaper Significant orworthwhile with obviousor potentialtheoretical orpractical valueso asto benefitto expandor renewknowledge andimprove thesociety Manageable orfeasible within yourknowledge andcapability 2 Focusing onatopicThere aremany aspects sides toany subjector disciplihat westudy atauniversity One wayof breakingdown asubject intoa numberof smallersub topics is to lookatthesubject classificationsprovided bya library For example under thesubject ofEducation wemav haveEducation in China Primarv Educationin China Primary Educationin GuangdongProvince inChina etc This showsthat wecan continuenarrowing down focusing upon the topicof ourstudy For ourresearch itis alsopossible tohave amain titleandasub title asin ForeignLanguage EducationinChina Teaching EnglishWriting Skillsto PrimarySchool Studentsin GuangdongProvince One thingto remeberis that we cannothaveavery longtitle forthe research paper It maytherefore benecessary tofurther narrowdown thesubject This canbe donein theIntroduction sectionof ourarticle byclauses such as Theaim of this paper isto This paperdeals with the teachingof etc Both in the titleand subsequentfocusing in the textwe shouldavoid usingplex andtechnical language Good researchpapers startwith simpleand directthoughts thecan easilybe readand understood Topic choosingmainly dependson yourprior interest knowledge and what s mostimportant the relatedsources reference materials 3 Asking questions while planningthe researchOne importantfactor inchoosing thetopic isto findout whetheror notitisresearchable andmanageable a is itworth researching b are youresourceful enoughtodothe research Experts in the fieldhave suggestedthatweask somequestionswhilewe areplanning Suggestions abouthow tochoose topic1 You ll bespending alot oftime onaresearchpaper so itis particularlyimportant toselect atopic thatyou reallyenjoy workingwith However topihoosing isusually notthat simple To makeyour projecta suess you llhave to ensurethat thetopic isstrong as wellas enjoyable A make sureyou knowwhat itis Inventing producinga paperonasubject aboutwhichyouknow nothingis tough B choose asubject youareinterestedin Then youcan keepsustaining effort to finishit 2 It isimportant toselect morethan oopic from the start Find threeor fourtopics thatinterest you then go to the libraryor anInter connected puterat home 3 Preliminary Searches找学术性评价Topic andtitle Negotiatingatitleinstructors peerstudents friendsencyclopedias booksperiodical indexesinter resourcesthins toavoid intopic selectiontoobroadtoonarrowinappropriately technicalNarrowing downthe researchtopic consideringthe audienceTitle includethetopicof the study includethe scopeof thestudy Makeit easyto understandwithout readingfirst Includekey wordsto categorizeand findin searchesFollow standardcapitalization foryour field NOT ALL Title 标题不可以使用完整句子 不可以动词开头 应该用名 词 名词性词组 介词开头 Title thebrand ofapaper theabstractof anabstract1 general functionsa generalizing thetext b attracting thereader c facilitating theretrieval 检索 2 linguistic featuresa using morenouns noun phrasesand gerundsb using aninplete sentence3 writing requirementsa be briefand concise 6 8words b be specifi avoid questiontitles d being unified练习1 Auditory Perspectivesof DifferentTypes ofMusic2 Electromagic FieldsHave Harmful Effects onHumans3 How toUse WaterResources forIrrigation inSemiarid Land4 Water QualityCan BeProtected Throughthe SuessfulIntegration ofResearch andEducation5 The SingleCommunity Concept A Modelfor AdultEnvironmental Education6 Physics andArt Conceptual LinkagesCan BeUncovered7 Diamond IsUsed forElectronic Devices8 Yellow Fever s Effecton Transportation and Commerce9 The Natureof StudentScience ProjectIs Comparedwith EducationalGoals forScience10 A Qualitative Quantitative analysisof theAdministrative ManagementInstitute atComell University11 On Learning Foreign LanguagesAnd Cultural Background Teaching12 Is LiteratureUseless InTOEFL 13 A Bridge Between Two Worlds14 Developing ComputerInter and the Spreadof Cultureand InformationAnswers 1 Auditory Perspectivesof DifferentTypes ofMusic Y 2 Electromagic FieldsHave HarmfulEffects onHumans N HarmfulEffectsof ElectromagicFields onHumans3 How toUse WaterResources forIrrigation inSemiarid Land N Using WaterResources forIrrigation inSemiarid Land4 Water QualityCan BeProtected Throughthe SuessfulIntegration ofResearch andEducation N Protecting WaterQuality Throughthe SuessfulIntegration ofResearch andEducation5 The SingleCommunity Concept A Modelfor AdultEnvironmental Education Y 6 Physics andArt Conceptual LinkagesCan BeUncovered N Physics andArt Uncovering ConceptualLinkages7 Diamond IsUsed forElectronic Devices N Use ofDiamond forElectric Devices8 Yellow Fever s Effecton Transportationand Commerce Y 9 The Natureof StudentScience ProjectIs Comparedwith EducationalGoals forScience N The Natureof StudentScience Projectsin Comparisonto EducationalGoals forScience10 A Qualitative Quantitative Analysisof theAdministrative ManagementInstitute atComell University Y 11 On LearningForeign LanguagesAnd CulturalBackground TeachingLearningForeignLanguages andCulturalBackgroundTeaching12 Is LiteratureUseless InTOEFL How toUse literaturein TeachingEnglish asa ForeignLanguage13 A BridgeBetween TwoWorlds ABridgeBetweenTwoWorldsof Xand Y14 Developing ComputerInter and the Spreadof Cultureand InformationDeveloping ComputerInter andSpreading Cultureand InformationExercises Comment on analyze thefollowing titles change themif youthink theyare improper Key words English vocabulary tendency Key words Collocation context connotation Key words five year plans economic conditions industry statisticaldata foreign investment chemical industryKey words water transfer system analysis DSS Keywords mass mediaAnswers Keywords English vocabulary tendency Keywords Collocation ContextConnotation Keywords five year plans economic conditions industry statisticaldata foreign investment chemical industry Y Keywords water transfer system analysis DSS notaeptable Keywords mass media too general less thanenough 英语专业毕业论文题目汇总语言与语言学类001从历史 文化的发展看某个英语词或短语的语义演变002英诗中常用的修辞00 3英语谚语的修辞手法004委婉语种005英语中的缩略语006英语词汇 中的外来语单词007英语新词新意探究008美国英语的特色009如何正 确把握英语定语从句 或其他各种从句或语法形式 在句子中的确 切含义010Fuzzy Wordsand TheirUses inHuman Communication011Ambiguity andPuns inEnglish012Some basionsideration ofstyle013English byNewspaper014English PersonalPronounsa PreliminaryTextual Analysis015Thematic Networkand TextTypes016AnInquiry intoSpeech ActTheory017On LexicalCohesion inExpository Writing018The Inferencesof ConversationalImplications翻译类英汉文化差异和翻译英语习语 翻译翻译与语境翻译中的对等问题翻译中的衔接与连贯翻译中的文 化信息传递语篇体裁与翻译策略汉语四字词语的翻译数字的翻译翻 译中的语序转换谈英语被动句的翻译英汉句法对比和翻译谈合同 或其他各种类型文本 翻译文学类 具体作品分析类 英语国家作 品 文学批评方法之我见解读布莱克诗篇 老虎 的象征意义亚裔 美籍作品哈利波特 暮光之城台词翻译Class Three 1 关键词格式mas逗号semicolons分号 我们学校规定 用分号较 大的空格Do notuse fullstop afterthe lastkey word标准的缩略词understandable in conformitywiththeISO normsISO internationalstandard organization关键词练习Key wordsEnglish vocabulary tendency 结尾不能有句号Key wordsCollocationcontextconnotation空格太小 所有都小写Key wordsfive year plans economic conditions industry statisticaldata foreign investment chemical industryKey wordswatertransfer system analysis DSS DSS没有这个词Key wordsmassmedia太少 2 Outlining Therole of the outlineAn outline is anorderly plan in writing showing thedivision andarrangement ofideas Its principalfunction isto indicatethe relationshipsideas toeach other keeps ideasfirmly inmind even ifwriting thepaper takesa long time lets yourearrange ideaswithout difficulty show youhow partsand transitionsfit together exposes strengthsand weaknessesin timeto makejudgments beforewriting Typesof outlineThere arefour kindsof formaloutlinestopic outline sentence outline bination outlineand paragraphoutline Formatsof outlines1 number letter sequenceI Apples sale A Last year 1 Green apples a Big ones b Small ones 2 Red apples 3 B This year II Pearls sale 同等标题要对齐I The mostgeneral conventionof outliningisto use andstick touse aconsistent form numbers andletters areused alternately 交替 symbol in anoutlinemust alwaysappear atleast inpairs 任何符号要成对出现 every symbolin anoutline isfollowed bya period capitalize the first letterof thefirst wordafter everysymbol grammatically pletesentences requirenormal sentencepunctuation all symbolsof thesame kindshould bein verticalline 所有的同类符号要竖直对齐begin sueedinglines ofwriting underthe startof thefirst wordafter asymbol type anoutline indouble spacingII the mostimportant part of anoutlineiswhat youput intoit Here aresome guidesfor makingthe contentof youroutline meaningfuland thereforehelpful toyour writing 1 every wordin theoutline shouldsay somethingabout thecontentofyourpaper 2 the informationfor eachsubheading mustbe directlyrelated to and subordinateto the headingunder whichit appears 3 make relationshipclear byusing thesame symbolfor ideasof equalimportance 4 only principalpoints appearin anoutline most usefulprinciples forstructuring aresearchpaperare 1 chronology时间顺序 2 parison andcontrast对比或对照 3 cause andeffect因果 4 exemplification举例 5 argumentation 1 摘要 最必要的信息 不可以用引文 不可以用设问第一段研究 什么 研究重点 方法 结论第二段介绍一下论文的主题内容 This thesiselaborates uponthe ideaof this thesis bythree aspects First Second Third 2 Introduction绪论 两页到三页 研究的背景 话题是什么 与 周围有什么样的关系 将使用什么样的基本原则和方法来进行研究 introducing subject介绍话题sufficient足够的提供足够的背景信息 使不太了 解的读者更方便快捷了解写的内容表示研究局限性和重点The problemis withinthe scopeof The problemunder discussionis withinthe scopeof Studies of these effectscovered variousaspects of Our studieswith thistechnique areconfined toonly oneparticular aspect The problemdescribed previouslywas directedto theexample of which differsfrom The subjectis concernedchiefly withthestudyof The authorhas limitedhis studiesto therelated aspectsof The approachunder studyis onlyapplied to The problemI havereferred tofalls withinthe fieldof The theorycannot applyto othercases of The emphasisof this paperisto survey 4 showing thewriting arrangement写作的逻辑安排能使读者更好的理解这篇论文这样的安 排可以放在摘要的第二段This paperis dividedinto fivemajor sectionsas follows Sections oneofthis paper openswith Section threedevelops thesecond hypotheseson In this paper dataandresults arepresented underthe majorheading of Section fourshows introduces reveals treats deals with develops etc The resultof is giveninthelast section The fifthsection providesan expositionthat placesthe primaryemphasis on In thefollowing a widerange of介绍前人研究成果Over thepast severaldecades Somebody reported The previouswork on has indicatedthat Recent experimentsby have suggested In moststudies of has beenemphasized withattention beinggiven to Industrial useof is beingincreasingly monThere havebeen afew studieshighlighting It iswell knownthat 转到自己的论文Great progresshas beenmade inthis field but ho wev er nevertheless etc Also the considerationof alone cannotexplain theobserved factthat A partof theexplanation couldlie in however The studyof gives riseto twomain difficultiesoneis the otheris Despite therecent progressreviewed in there is no generallyaepted theoryconcerning Fromthe abovediscussion it appearsthat atpresent neither nor are knownSo farthere is not enoughconvincing evidenceshowing The dataavailable inli tera ture failedto provethat The theoryof did notexplain howmuch modificationsarose Nodirect outewas thenreported in Until now not anyexperiment inthis areahas suggestedthat No clearadvancement hasso farbeen seenin The methodswe usediffers greatlyfrom theone reportedten yearsago Inthis paper is investigated studied discussedpresented etc The presentwork dealsmainly with We reporthere inthepresence of This paperreports on On thebasis ofexisting literaturedata we carriedout studiesinaneffortto The prese