牛津高中英语语法——从句专题

高中英语语法高中英语语法 从句专题从句专题 1 表语从句 1 定义 用作表语的从句叫做表语从句 2 构成 关联词 简单句 3 引导表语从句的关联词的种类 1 从属连词 that 如 The trouble is that I have lost his address 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了 2 从属连词 whether as as if 如 He looked just as he had looked ten years before 他看起来还与十年前 一样 The question is whether they will be able to help us 问题是他们是否 能帮我们 注 从属连词 if 一般不用来引导表语从句 但 as if 却可引导表语从句 如 All this was over twenty years ago but it s as if it was only yesterday 这都是 20 多年前的事了 但宛如昨天一样 能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词 be seem look 等 如 It looked as if it was going to rain 看起来天要下雨了 3 连接代词 who whom whose what which whoever whatever whichever 连接副词 where when how why 如 The problem is who we can get to replace her 问题是我们能找到谁 去替换她呢 The question is how he did it 问题是他是如何做此事的 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic 那就是她今 晨上了阁楼干的 解释 1 连词 because 可引导表语从句 如 I think it is because you are doing too much 我想这是因为你做得太多 2 在一些表示 建议 劝说 命令 的名词后面的表语从句中 谓语动词用 虚拟语气 should 动词原形表示 should 可省略 如 My suggestion is that we should start early tomorrow 我的建议是我 们明天一早就出发 2 主语从句 1 定义 用作主语的从句叫做主语从句 2 构成 关联词 简单句 3 引导主语从句的关联词有三类 1 从属连词 that 如 That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them 很明显 她们确是亲姐妹 她们的脸型很相似 2 从属连词 whether 如 Whether he ll come here isn t clear 他是否会来这里还不清楚 3 连接代词 who whom whose what which whoever whatever whichever 连接副词 where when how why 如 What she did is not yet known 她干了什么尚不清楚 How this happened is not clear to anyone 这事怎样发生的 谁也不清楚 Whoever comes is welcome 不论谁来都欢迎 Wherever you are is my home my only home 你所在的任何地方就是我 的家 我唯一的家 解释 1 主语从句能用 it 作形式上的主语 常以 it 作形式主语的句型有 A It be 形容词 obvious true natural surprising good wonderful funny possible likely certain probable etc that 从句 如 It is certain that she will do well in her exam 毫无疑问她考试成绩会 很好 It is probable that he told her everything 很可能他把一切都告诉她了 B It be 名词词组 no wonder an honour a good thing a pity no surprise etc that 从句 如 It s a pity that we can t go 很遗憾我们不能去 It s no surprise that our team should have won the game 我们没赢这 场比赛真意外 C It be 过去分词 said reported thought expected decided announced arranged etc that 从句 如 It is said that Mr Green has arrived in Beijing 据说格林先生已经到 了北京 It is reported that China has sent another man made earth satellite into orbit 据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星 D It seem happen 等不及物动词及短语 that 从句 如 It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all Alice 似乎不来 参加晚会 It happened that I was out that day 碰巧我那天外出了 E It doesn t matter makes no difference etc 连接代词或连接副词 引起的主语从句 如 It doesn t matter whether she will come or not 她是否来这无关紧要 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting 我们在哪里开 会毫无区别 F 当 that 引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时 要以 it 作形式主语 而把主语 从句后置 如 Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week 下周 那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗 Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow 他们明天不来很 要紧吗 G 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时 要以 it 作形式主语 而把主语从句后置 如 How strange it is that the children are so quiet 孩子们这么安静真奇 怪 2 注意连接代词 whoever whatever whichever 等引导主语从句的含义 Whoever comes will be welcome whoever the person who 来的人将受到 欢迎 Whatever he did was right whatever the thing that 他所做的事情是正 确的 Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize whichever anyone of you who 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖 3 宾语从句 1 定义 用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句 2 构成 关联词 简单句 3 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类 1 从属连词 that 如 He told us that he felt ill 他对我们说他感到不舒服 I know he has returned 我知道他已经回来了 注 that 在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略 在以下情况下 that 不能省略 1 Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened and 连接两个宾语从句 that 宾语从句放在 and 的后面时 that 不能省略 大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道 Tom 非常害怕 2 I know nothing about him except that he is from the south that 引 导的宾语从句作介词宾语时 that 不能省略 对他我一无所知 只知道他是南方人 3 That he ever said such a thing I simply don t believe that 从句 位于句首时 that 不可省略 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话 4 We decided in view of his special circumstances that we would admit him for a probationary period 主句谓语动词与 that 从句之间有插 入语 that 不可省略 鉴于他的特殊情况 我们决定应允他一段试用期 2 从属连词 if whether 如 I doubt whether he will succeed 我怀疑他是否会成功 I don t know if you can help me 我不知道你能否帮助我 3 连接代词 who whom whose what which whoever whatever whichever 连接副词 where when how why 如 Who or what he was Martin never learned 他是什么人 他是干什么的 马丁根本不知道 I wonder what he s writing to me about 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事 I ll tell you why I asked you to come 我会告诉你我为什么要你来 You may do what you will 你可做任何你想做的事 1 介词宾语从句 宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语 如 He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day 他对那天发生的事感到很不快 I walked over to where she sat 我走向她坐的地方 I am curious as to what he will say 我很想知道他要说什么 Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it 你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做 有时介词可以省略 如 I don t care for who marries him 我不管谁跟他结婚 Be careful as to how you do that 你要注意做这件事的方式 解释 1 如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语 则用 it 作形式宾语 而将宾语从句后置 如 We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday 我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的 He has made it clear that he will not give in 他已表明他不会屈服 2 作介词的宾语 连词 that 引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语 只用在 except but in 后 其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词 that 引导 则需用 it 先行一步 作形式宾语 如 He is a good student except that he is careless 他是一个好学生 只是有点粗心 You may rely on it that I shall help you 你可以指望我会帮助你的 介词宾语不可以用 which 来引导 而要用 what 来引导 如 Are you sorry for what you ve done 你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗 3 某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句 这类形容词或过去分词有 sure glad certain pleased happy afraid surprised satisfied 等 连词 that 可省略 如 I am not sure what I ought to do 我不能确定我该做什么 I m afraid you don t understand what I said 恐怕你没领会我说的意思 I m surprised that I didn t see all that before 我好奇怪 我以前没看到过 Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams 妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴 4 连词 whether or not 或 if 引导的宾语从句 if 和 whether 引导的宾语从句可以互换使用 但 whether 常和 or not 连用 if 一般不与 or not 连用 如 I wonder whether it is true or not 我不知它是真是假 用 if 引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义 应避免使用 if 而用 whether 试比较 Please let me know if you want to go Please let me know whether you want to go if 从句可理解为宾语从句 意为 请告诉我你是否想去 此句又可理解为条 件状语从句意为 如果你想去的话 请告诉我一声 5 宾语从句的否定转移 在 think believe suppose expect 等动词后的宾 语从句 有时谓语尽管是否定意思 却不用否定形式 而将 think 等动词变为 否定形式 如 I don t think you are right 我认为你错了 I don t believe they have finished their work yet 我相信他们还未完 成他们的工作 I don t suppose he cares does he 我想他不在意 是吗 6 宾语从句的时态变化规律 1 当主句是一般现在时态时 从句可根据需要用任何时态 2 当主句是一般过去时态时 从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态 但客观 真理除外 如 The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun 老师说地球绕着太阳运行 4 同位语从句 1 定义 用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句 2 用法 同位语从句的先行词多为 fact news idea thought question reply report remark 等 关联词多用从属连词 that 如 They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick 对你生病这件事 他们都很焦虑 Where did you get the idea that I could not come 你在哪儿听说我不能来 Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia 德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了 注 同位语从句偶尔由从属连词 whether 引导 如 I have no idea whether he ll come or not 我不知道他是否来 连接代词 who which what 和连接副词 where when why how 亦可引导同位 语从句 The question who should do the work requires consideration 谁该干这项工作 这个问题需要考虑 We haven t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation 到哪儿去度暑假 这个问题我们还没有决定 It is a question how he did it 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题 The news that Mr Li will be our new English teacher is true 李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的 注意 在一些表示 建议 命令 要求 的名词后所跟的同位语从句中 谓语 动词用虚拟语气 should 动词原形表示 should 可省 如 This is our only request that this should be settled as soon as possible 这就是我们唯一的请求 尽快解决这个问题 区分 同位语从句与定语从句区分 同位语从句与定语从句 一 两者的相似点一 两者的相似点 1 同位语从句与定语从句都可以译成定语 同位语从句 The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging 我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞 定语从句 The news that you told us is really encouraging 你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞 2 同位语从句与定语从句都可以用 that 引导 同位语从句 The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering 学生应该学些实用的东西的建议值得考虑 定语从句 The suggestion that is worth considering is that the students should learn something practical 值得考虑的建议是学生应该学些实用的东西 3 同位语从句与定语从句和其它名词性从句一样也要用陈述语序 同位语从句 Have you any idea where have they gone 语序错误 Have you any idea where they have gone 你知道他们去哪里了吗 定语从句 Do you remember the day when did you join our club 语序错误 Do you remember the day when you joined our club 你记得自己什么时候参加我们俱乐部的吗 二 同位语从句的独特用法 虽然同位语从句与定语从句有以上相似之处 但是有些用法是同位语从句独有 的 不能用于定语从句 这些用法包括 1 同位语从句有时也可以用 whether 来引导 但是定语从句则一般不用 whether 来引导 例如 The problem of whether they could finish the project is very important 他们是否能够按期完成那个项目 这个问题非常重要 2 某些名词后的同位语从句 其谓语动词应用虚拟语气形式 should 动 词原形 常见的名词有 advice suggestion order demand proposal request 等 例如 The advice that he should be invited to the party was taken 应该邀请他到晚会的建议被采纳了 三 同位语从句与定语从句的区分方法 1 从从句与先行词的关系区分同位语从句与定语从句 从语义角度看 同位语从句与先行词之间存在的是同位或等同的关系 而定语 从句与先行词之间存在的是所属关系 表示 的 起修饰限定作用 例 如 同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy 她考试及格的消息使她父母很高兴 that 之后是 news 的具体内容 定语从句 The news that he told us interested all of us 他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣 that 之后是对 news 的解释 2 从引导词的作用区分同位语从句与定语从句 从语法角度来看 引导同位语从句的 that 是连词 只起语法作用 用来连接同 位语从句 在从句中不充当任何成分 而引导定语从句的 that 是关系代词 它 除了起引导从句的语法作用之外 还要在从句中充当句子成分主要是作主语或 宾语 例如 同位语从句 The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody 他实验成功这个事实使我们大家很高兴 that 只起连接作用 定语从句 The fact that which we talked about is very important 我们所谈论的那个事实很重要 that 在从句中作 about 的宾语 3 从先行词的词性区分同位语从句与定语从句 从先行词的词性来看 同位语从句的先行词大都为抽象名词 而定语从句的先 行词可以是名词 也可以是代词 例如 同位语从句 There is no doubt that the price of wheat will go up 毫无疑问 小麦的价格将会上涨 doubt 为抽象名词 定语从句 Those who were against the plan raised their hands 那些反对这个计划的人举起了手 Those 为代词 4 从 that 可否省略区分同位语从句与定语从句 从 that 可否省略来看 同位语从句的 that 一般不可以省略 但是定语从句中 的关系代词如果在从句中充当宾语 在非正式用语中常常可以将关系代词 that 省略 例如 同位语从句 We heard the news that our volleyball team had won the match 我们听说了我们排球队获胜的消息 that 不可省略 定语从句 This is the very book that I m looking for 这正是我要找的那本书 that 作 for 的宾语 可以省略 5 从引导词与先行词的关系区分同位语从句与定语从句 who which what when why how where 等词都可以用来引导同位语从句 但它们的用法和用作关系代词或关系副词时引导定语从句的用法不同 引导同 位语从句的关联词是对先行词的具体内容进行进一步的解释说明 与先行词不 存在指代关系 而引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词不但在从句中充当成分 而且与其修饰的先行词指代的是同一个人或者事物 例如 同位语从句 He has solved the problem why the radio was out of order 他解决了收音机为何出故障的问题 why 引导的是同位语从句 定语从句 The reason why he was late for class is quite clear 他上课迟到的原因显而易见 why 引导的是定语从句 A 将下列横线上填上正确的关系词或连词 1 I don t know he ll come the day after tomorrow 2 Kate knew nothing about it I told her 3 The teacher said he wouldn t teach us the next year 4 We could hardly understand he was talking about 5 He liked collecting stamps he was a child 6 Look after the children I am out 7 I can t understand the passage there are few new words in it 8 We ll go for a picnic it won t rain this Sunday 9 He ll send us a message he arrives in Sichuan 10 it rained heavily he came on time 11 I asked her in English she was and she told me she was an actress 12 He asked handwriting was the best in our class 13 Don t talk about such things of you are not sure 14 Is this the factory he worked ten years ago 15 I am sure what he said is true 16 I don t doubt he ll come 17 I m sure he ll come to see me he leaves Beijing 18 It was three days he left Huangshi 19 We re talking about the piano and the pianist were in the concert we attended last night 20 We were watching TV the telephone rang 21 May the fourth is the day we Chinese people will never forget 22 he came to study in the university he has made much progress in the study of English B 改正 1 Teng Yi asked me why was I late for school 2 I don t know what he does yesterday 3 Chen Xiang wondered where I have been 4 He doesn t know that when she can come back 5 Wang Hao didn t know if he can help me or not 6 He Xuehai said she didn t know how much did the computer cost 7 The Blacks wonder how they can do to help you 8 You are sure to pass the exam when you study hard 9 There is only one thing which I can do C 根据汉语完成句子 1 他父亲在一家汽车厂工作 His father works in a factory 2 正在写字的那个男孩是我的弟弟 The boy is my younger brother 3 这就是我曾经住过的那个房间 The is the room I once lived 4 我跟我父亲说我想要台电脑 I said to my father that 练习 1 he does has nothing to do with me A whatever B No matter what C That D If 2 The manager came over and asked the customer how A did the quarrel came about B the quarrel had come about C had the quarrel come about D had the quarrel come about 3 Energy is makes thing work A what B something C anything D that 4 Information has been put forward more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities A while B that C when D as 5 This is the shenzhou V Spaceship landed A there B in which C where D when 6 They have no idea at all A where he has gone B where did he go C which place has he gone D where has he gone 7 The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient s fear he would die of the disease A that B which C of which D of that 8 The order came the soldiers the small village the next morning A that had to leave B that should leave C must leave D when should leave 9 is no possibility Bob can win the first prize in the match A There that B It that C there whether D It whether 10 The question came up at the meeting we had enough money for our research A that B which C whether D if 11 Is he said really true A that B what C why D whether 12 the meeting should last two days or three days doesn t matter A That B Whether C If D Where 13 It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray A while B if C that D for 14 more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen A Whether B This C who D If 15 he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us A What B That C Whether D If 16 you don t like him is none of my business A What B That C Who D How 17 all the inventions have in common is they have succeeded A What what B That that C what that D That what 18 appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much A What B It C All that D That 19 It is widely that smoking can cause cancer A believed B think C say D hoped 20 caused the accident is still a complete mystery A What B That C How D Where 21 he always serves the people very well is known A What B That C Which D Who 22 has passed the test will get a prize A Whoever B No mater who C Whomever D Who 23 Is true that the famous scientist will give us a lecture next week A that B it C his D he 24 It has not been decided they will leave for New York A when B why C that D what 25 Obviously we do morning exercises every day us good A that do B if do C what does D that dose 26 It is said was all he said A that that that B what what what C that which what D that that which 27 gets home first is to cook the supper A Who B Whom C Those who D Whoever 28 moved us most was he liked after the old man for more than twenty years A That that B What that C What what D That what 29 you did it is not known to all A Who B What C How D Which 30 you do should be well done A How B That C Whatever D Why 31 The reason I plan to go is she will be disappointed if I don t A because B that C thanks to D what 32 What time do you think A will Tom come back B Tom will come back C is Tom coming back D can Tom get here 33 The teacher said that light faster than sound A Has traveled B traveled C had traveled D travels 34 is still a question will win A I