英语学习-VOA-20110323

1 一项新的研究可能改变早期乳腺癌治疗方式 Breast Cancer Study Could Change How Early Growths Are Treated This is the VOA Special English Health Report 这里是美国之音慢速英语健康报道 Have you ever felt lumps under the skin on the sides of your neck when you were sick Those might be lymph nodes They can get swollen and painful but their job is to fight infection Lymph nodes are part of the body s defenses known as the lymphatic system 当你生病的时候你是否曾感觉到脖子两边有肿块 这些可能就是淋巴结 生病时淋巴结会肿胀和疼痛 但 它们的功能就是对抗感染 淋巴结是人体防御体系淋巴系统的一部分 This complex system throughout the body makes and transports a protective fluid called lymph Lymph is made of white blood cells proteins and fats 遍布人体复杂的淋巴系统能制造和传输淋巴 又称淋巴液 淋巴由白细胞 蛋白质和脂肪组成 In a patient with breast cancer the cancer can spread to the large number of lymph nodes under the arm Doctors have traditionally removed many of these lymph nodes in the hope of removing all the cancer 在乳腺癌 即乳腺肿瘤 患者中 癌细胞会蔓延到腋下大量的淋巴结 医生传统疗法会摘除大部分淋巴结 以消除所有癌细胞 But the latest research finds nothing to gain by removing so many lymph nodes 但最新研究发现 摘除这么多淋巴结并无益处 Doctors have two choices when breast cancer starts to spread They can do what is called a sentinel node biopsy They remove the main growth and one or two lymph nodes nearest to it 当乳腺癌开始扩散时 医生有两种选择 医生可以进行 前哨淋巴结活检 摘除肿瘤及肿瘤邻近的 1 2 个淋巴结 2 Or they can take more aggressive action and remove a lot of lymph nodes But that can lead to shoulder pain and permanent swelling of the arm 或者 医生可以采取更加激进的策略 摘除大量淋巴结 但这样会导致肩痛和手臂永久性肿胀 Dr Armando Giuiliano at the John Wayne Cancer Institute in Santa Monica California was a leader of the study He found that a sentinel node biopsy can be enough to eliminate all of the cancer And the patient does not need to stay in a hospital to have it done 美国加州圣莫尼卡市约翰韦恩癌症研究所的阿曼多 朱利亚诺 Armando Giuiliano 博士是这项研究的 领导者 他发现 摘除 前哨淋巴就足以消除癌细胞 同时病人不需要住院就能做这项手术 Dr Giuliano and researchers at other American cancer centers studied almost nine hundred breast cancer patients In each case the cancer had spread to no more than two lymph nodes 朱利亚诺博士和美国其它研究人员对近 900 例乳腺癌患者进行了研究 这 900 例病人中 癌细胞都没有 扩散到超过 2 个淋巴结 Half of the women had the traditional surgery Doctors removed an average of seventeen lymph nodes The other half had the simpler operation with just one or two nodes removed Then both groups received radiation treatment and chemotherapy drugs 一半的患者接受传统手术 医生平均摘除了 17 个淋巴结 而另一半患者接受了同样的手术 仅摘除 1 2 个淋巴结 然后两组患者都接受了放疗和化疗 Doctor Giuliano says rates of survival five years later showed that the less invasive operation was just as successful as the more aggressive action 朱利亚诺博士表示 五年后的存活率表明 仅摘除 1 2 个淋巴结的这种微创手术和摘除大部分淋巴结的 激进手术同样成功 ARMANDO GIULIANO The five year survival was about ninety two percent regardless of which operation And wonderfully women who had the sentinel node biopsy alone did just as well as the women who had the more radical operation 朱利亚诺 不管是做了那种手术 患者 5 年存活率都约为 92 更令人欣慰的是 仅做 前哨淋巴结活 检 的患者和摘除大部分淋巴结的激进手术的患者疗效一样 3 The study appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association Some experts say the findings could change the way surgeons treat early breast cancers that have spread to the lymph nodes But other doctors say they want more proof before they make a change 这项研究发表在 美国医学会杂志 上 有专家表示 这项发现可能会改变对已扩散至淋巴结的早期乳腺 癌的手术治疗方式 但也有医生表示 在改变治疗方式之前 他们希望看到更多证据 How Women Farmers Could Feed More in Developing World This is the VOA Special English Agriculture Report 这里是美国之音慢速英语农业报道 Food prices continue to rise threatening to push more people into poverty and hunger Experts have been urging increased efforts around the world to increase agricultural productivity A new report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization says one of the best ways would be to remove the barriers women farmers face that male farmers do not 世界粮食价格继续上涨 可能使更多人陷入贫困和饥饿之中 专家们一直呼吁全球继续努力提高农业生产 力 联合国粮农组织一份最新的报告称 最好的办法之一就是消除女性农民单独面临的一些障碍 Women farmers are often less productive than men but there are good reasons for that says Agnes Quisumbing She is an economist with the International Food Policy Research Institute She says women farmers have fewer resources than male farmers 女性农民生产力通常低于男性 但艾格尼丝 基松宾 Agnes Quisumbing 表示 这是有原因的 基松 宾是国际粮食政策研究所的经济学家 她说 女性农民拥有的资源比男性更少 The new FAO report says women make up forty three percent of the world s farmers But only about ten to twenty percent of them own the land they farm Without owning land it is harder for them to get credit to buy inputs such as better seeds and fertilizers In many countries women are half as likely as men to use fertilizers to increase the amount of crops 联合国粮农组织的这份新的报告称 女性占到了全球农民比例的 43 但其中只有 10 20 的女性 4 拥有她们耕作的土地 没有土地 他们就很难获得贷款用于种子和化肥一类的生产投入 在很多国家 只 有一半的女性农民有条件像男性一样 使用化肥来提高作物产量 In addition Ms Quisumbing says many of the world s women are raising their children at the same time they are farming 基松宾女士表示 此外 世界上许多女性农民在耕作的同时还要抚养孩子 The FAO report says helping women farmers could increase agricultural output in the developing world by as much as four percent This in turn could reduce the number of undernourished people by as much as seventeen percent 粮农组织的报告称 帮助女性农民可以使发展中国家农业产量提升 4 这反过来又可以减少 17 的营 养不良人口 AGNES QUISUMBING Just helping women farmers have the same access to inputs and control of resources that male farmers have would really do a lot in terms of improving agriculture productivity reducing hunger and malnutrition 基松宾 只要帮助女性农民拥有和男性同等的投入和资源 就能在提高农业生产力 减少饥饿和营养不 良人口方面获益良多 Ms Quisumbing helped write the FAO report She says the report does not try to gain sympathy It makes the case for women farmers based on business reasons 基松宾女士帮助撰写了粮农组织的这份报告 她表示 报告并没有试图博取同情 它只是基于商业角度谈 到了女性农民的情况 AGNES QUISUMBING We hear a lot about how women are disadvantaged And they tend to be very bleeding heart arguments But bleeding heart arguments don t necessarily tell heads of state to move their money 基松宾 我们经常听到有关女性如何弱势 这些说法往往极富同情心 但它并不能说服国