英语语言学lecture three

Lecture three Speech Sound Phonetics the obstruction of the airstream is at a point along the certer of the oral tract with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth l 6 Affricate 塞擦音 affricates involve more than one of these manners of articulation in that they consist of a stop followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same place of articulation The place of articulation The place of articulation refers to the point where a consonant is made Practically consonants may be produced at any place between the lips and the vocal folds 1 Bilabial 双唇音 bilabial consonants are made with the two lips In English p b m 2 Labiodental 唇齿音 these are made with the lower lip and the upper front teeth f v 3 Dental 齿音 dental sounds are made by the tongue tip or blade depending on the accent or language and the upper front teeth 4 alveolar 齿龈音 alveolars are made with the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar bridge t d n s z r l 5 Postalveolar 齿龈后音 these are made with the tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge 6 Palatal 硬腭音 palatal sounds are made with the front of the tongue and the hard palate j 7 Velar 软腭音 velars are made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate k g A chart of English consonants Now the consonants of English can be described in the following way p voiceless bilabial stop b voiced bilabial stop s voiceless alveolar fricative When the vocal folds are apart the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiceless p s t When they are close together the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other and the resultant sound is said to be voiced b z d vowel Manner of articulation Place of articulation bilabiallabiodentaldentalalveolarpostalveolarpalatalvelarglottal Stop plosivep bt dk g Nasalm n Fricativef v s z h Approximant w rj w Lateral l affricate the cardinal vowels the cardinal vowels diagram in IPA is a set of hypothetical position for vowels used as reference points The system defines eight primary cardinal vowels in relation to which a further set of secondary cardinal vowels can be defined By convention the eight primary cardinal vowels are numbered from one to eight as follows P33 pure monophthong vowels vowel glides pure vowels are those where the quality remains constant throughout the articulation Vowel glides are those where there is an audible change of quality Diphthongs triphthongs If a single movement of the tongue is involved the glides are called diphthongs wei hau toi A double movement produces triphthongs waie taue RP Received Pronunciation 标准发音标准发音 GA General American 大众美语大众美语 RP one form of English pronunciation is the most common model accent in the teaching of English as a foreign languge Many people also call it BBC English Oxford English or King s Queen s English It is also widely used in public schools and spoken by most newsreaders of the BBC network In the USA the widely accepted accent used by most educated speakers is often referred to as General American The differences between RP and GA in consonants are much less noticeable than those of the vowels P36 table and lines the description of English vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements P 37 PHONOLOGY In phonetics we know how individual sound segments are articulated but speech is a cont