高考英语复习的指导思想及作法.docx

指导作法第一部分一.新课标、课改、教材和高考命题的关系二.学生英语能力构成因素的分析三.高三英语复习的总体构想第二部分一.词汇复习的具体内容和方法二.语法复习的内容、原则和方法三. 高考各题型复习的要点第一部分思考的问题：1.高考试题和课改、教材版本有关系吗？2.高考到底考什么？3.学生具备什么能力才能在高考中取得好成绩？“问题一”的思考：高考试题和课改、教材没有任何关系。我们在高考复习备考阶段再重复地过教材有实际意义吗？“问题二”的思考：新课标对英语教学的内容有一系列要求，这些要求体现在高考试题上可以概括为“ 考英语语言运用能力”。“问题三”的思考：学生的应考能力因素词汇能力灵活地运用语法知识的能力应对高考题型的能力如果大家能够认同这三种能力，我们就具备了继续讨论具体问题的基础；我们的复习指导思想也就非常明确了：扎扎实实地抓好这三种能力第二部分一.词汇复习的具体内容和方法1. 对词汇复习的认识：1）词汇是解决能否看懂考题的问题，因此词汇复习的效果是整个复习阶段的最重要而且也是最艰巨的任务。新课标把高中阶段的词汇要求从2500提高到3500，给高考复习和命题带来了极大的变化。各个层次的学生都有困难 2）词汇问题绝对不是学生自己记一记得问题。词汇问题是教师课堂教学的重要的教学任务和教学环节之一，并且要贯穿于高考复习的全过程。3） 词汇复习内容词汇量3500个单词和短语“一词多义”的问题构词法知识介词的问题4） 高考试题实例充分认识高考试题如何造成学生的理解困难a)词汇量的问题Have you winterized your horse yet? Even though global warming may have made our climate more mild, many animals are still hibernating(冬眠). Its too bad that humans cant hibernate. In fact, as a species, we almost did. Apparently, at times in the past, peasants in France liked a semi-state of human hibernation. So writes Graham Robb, a British scholar who has studied the sleeping habits of the French peasants. As soon as the weather turned cold people all over France shut themselves away and practiced the forgotten art of doing nothing at all for months on end. In line with this, Jeff Warren, a producer at CBC Radios The Current, tells us that the way we sleep has changed fundamentally since the invention of artificial(人造的) lighting and the electric bulb. When historians began studying texts of the Middle Ages, they noticed something referred to as “first sleep”, which was not clarified, though. Now scientists are telling us our ancestors most likely slept in separate periods. The business of eight hours uninterrupted sleep is a modern invention.In the past, without the artificial light of the city to bathe in, humans went to sleep when it became dark and then woke themselves around midnight. The late night period was known as “The Watch” It was when people actually kept watch against wild animals, although many of them simply moved around or visited family and neighbors. According to some sleep researchers, a short period of insomnia(失眠) at midnight is not a disorder. It is normal. Humans can experience another state of consciousness around their sleeping, which occurs in the brief period before we fall asleep or wake ourselves in the morning. This period can be an extraordinarily creative time for some people. The impressive inventor, Thomas Edison, used this state to hit upon many of his new ideas. Playing with your sleep rhythms can be adventurous, as anxiety may set in. Medical science doesnt help much in this case. It offers us medicines for a full nights continuous sleep, which sounds natural; however, according to Warrens theory，it is really the opposite of what we need. 完形填空的试题意图是什么？考查学生在阅读理解的基础上综合运用英语词汇的能力因此，词汇能力差，无论做多少练习，完形填空也不可能有好的成绩。b) “一词多义”造成理解困难的实例完形填空中的“一词多义”：1）I remember how happy I was when I saw the tray stand near the table.（2008 海南、宁夏、全国卷 完形填空）2） In secret, she practiced Portias part, memorizing the lines by repeating them over and over.3） Tempers of both the tourists and the waiters had risen to meet the situation, making it a rather quarrelsome environment.（2006海南、宁夏、全国II 完形填空）4）I left Fredas house that day, wondering about the nature of my relationship with my clients.（2006辽宁卷 完形填空）5）Several days later I received another postcard, this one delivering about Mabels cousin.（ 2006年全国卷II, 完形填空）I _55_ the course that afternoon, and I havent gone near science since.A. droppedB. startedC. passed D. missed(2011全国新课标卷）(n.) 滴drop （v.) 下降、使落下(v.) 同断绝关系、放弃“一词多义”是完形填空设题的重要命题技巧之一阅读理解中的“一词多义”：1） But Wilkins and Franklins relationship was a lot rockier than the celebrated teamwork of Watson and Crick.2） Most governments and many organizations will not process written complaints if they do not bear the writers signature. The absence of a signature tells us that the writer cannot be too serious and therefore does not deserve a reply. process: (vt.) 处理；加工 bear: (v.) 结果实；承受；具有3) In a section on cars, Stevenson gives an account of the advanced techniques that criminals use to defeat computer-based locking systems for cars.(2011浙江卷. 阅读理解A)描述、报告、交代account 账户、客户The MAPs work, says Golden, is all about developing a sense of community.(2011年全国大纲卷.阅读理解A篇）(n. / v.) 感觉sense (n.) 意识While small may be beautiful, tall is just plain uncomfortable， it seems particularly when it comes to saying in hotels and eating in restaurant(2011年全国新课标卷.阅读理解B篇）plain: (adv.) 显然、完全地c) 构词法知识造成的理解困难1） According to some sleep researchers, a short period of insomnia(失眠）at midnight is not a disorder. 2） He has to find his own voice by reading widely and discovering which parts of the writer he agrees or disagrees with, or agrees so strongly that it reshapes his own world. 3） Nowadays, the socialization of the child in the United States is a two-way transaction(事务） between parent and child rather than a oneway. 4） People like parrots, always treating them as nothing more than pets or valuable “collectables” 5） It is possible that one good thing to arise from downturn will be a generation thats financially wiser and better equipped to manage their money through times of economic uncertainty.6) and does whatever it can to make attendees feel as comfortable as possible. 表示动作的对象：employee; interviewee后缀-ee 表示处于某一状态下的人：absenteed) 介词造成的理解困难高考试题中的介词 against：1）Against the flow of the new words, many Japanese are turning back to the study of their own language.against: 表示“对比”2) She rested herself against a post close to the track.against: 倚着、靠着高考试题中的介词 over1) An unusual story of human effect over the centuries, Fermats Last Theorem will delight specialists and readers alike. over: 在期间2） When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake jumps by persent.over: 优先于3） We kicked over a log and the fish just came crowding out. over:翻转4) He thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding. over: 与相比4) Against this background, the fact that there is an argument within the Government over whether to publish an official report on wind farms impact on the countryside becomes even more extraordinary.(over: 关于；对于)（against: 表示对比）高考试题中的其他介词：1） During the trip, you can rest on the deck, enjoying yourself in the games rooms and in evening dance to our musical team.2） He had realized that the word: “One of six to eight” under the first picture in the book connected the hare in some way to Katherine Aragon, the first Henry VIIIs six wives.3） The next day Jenna went to see Mrs. Biden about being on the school newspaper. 4） Upon its ringing everyone would run for their coats and go home. 5) But Simon decided to risk his life and try to lower Joe down the mountain on a rope. 6) Out of this early struggle to overcome his feeling of inferiority, Dale came to understand that the ability to express an idea to audience builds a persons confidence.7)The findings indicate that many people multitask not out of a desire to increase productivity, but because they are easily distracted(分心）and cant focus on one activity.8) With no gravity, it is just as easy to padal violently.2. 具体作法及经验1）根据新课标规定的词汇范围，编写本校的词汇手册。明确每天要求学生必须记住的数量，下一节课在自测部分全体默写。每天上课用15分钟专门解决词汇复习中的问题（默写、带读、讲解重点词）制定计划，合理安排时间，高考前充分利用“自测”部分，全部词汇内容过三遍。 2）根据复习的内容，择机归纳“一词多义”、构词法知识以及介词的运用问题。a)归纳常见的“一词多义”的范例：腾出、让出动词剩余 spare 多余的形容词业余的备用的interest 利益、利息遇见、遇到（迎）接meet应付、对付满足拾起、捡起接收（信号）pick up 顺路搭载学会购买b)在教学中择机归纳构词法知识1）socialization, modernization, globalization 2) independence, existence independent, existent 3) international, interpersonal, internet intercity, interstate 4) encourage, endanger, enlarge, ensure 5) socialist, specialist, biologist, violinist6) container, recorder, washer, vacuum cleaner 7)可以简单地说，汉语中的“的”是形容词或定语的标志；“地”是副词或状语的标志。但少数形容词变为副词后，意思有所不同。society social socially physics physicalphysically financefinancial financiallystatisticstatisticalstatistically technictechnicaltechnically2.常用介词用法归纳和一起用with 伴随，随着带有、具有因为表示目的为了表示原因因为赞成、同意for 对.来说表示动作持续的时间交换表示不定式的逻辑主语在上（接触）确指某一天表示露天的地点 on 关于是 的成员靠、凭借在 中（动作或状态在进行中）反对对抗、抵抗against 倚着，靠着对照、对比（strikgainst the wall)体会：1） 花费在词汇复习上的时间具有极高的回报率。2） 不要因为学生的厌倦而动摇，充分发挥教师的主导作用。道理讲清楚，学生会跟着走。3） 关键问题在于教师的认识和重视。二. 对语法复习的认识及具体作法。高考没有单选试题了，还需要复习语法吗？怎么复习？1. 什么是语法？如果把一种语言的词汇比作砖瓦，那么语法就是堆砌这些专瓦的建筑图纸。语法是语言的结构规律。词汇必须按照这种结构规律进行排列组合，才能发挥语言的交际作用。2. 理论方面的误区自1978年恢复高考制度至今整整40年。期间，在教学法理论上占主流的思想始终是淡化语法教学，二让学生在语言的使用中感悟语言的规律。积40年的教学经验，我个人认为这种理论和教学实践之间存在巨大的差距，其主要的误区是：1）错误地把母语的习得规律等同于第二语言的学习规律。 2）盲目接受欧美的外语教学理论。完全忽视了以欧洲语系为母语的人学习英语与以汉语为母语的人学习英语的巨大差别。3）语言的交际功能与语言的规范化之间的矛盾问题。3. 分析高考试题中严重影响准确理解的原因1） And there is a growing need for new writers trained to create the $3billion worth of childrens books bought each yearplus stories and articles needed by over 650 publishers of magazines for children and teenagers. 2） Scientists have reported recently that the world is heating up even faster than predicted only a few years ago, and that the consequences could be severe if we dont keep reducing emissions(排放）of carbon dioxide(CO2)and other greenhouse gases that are trapping heat in our atmosphere. 3）FHWA spokesman Doug Hecox says reasons for the change include an aging population that needs more time to cross, health-conscious Americans walking more, children encouraged to walk to prevent to getting overweight and high gas prices pushing people to walk instead of drive.4.不考单选了，怎么复习语法，怎么练习？1）怎么复习：a)突出重点；带动一般重点内容短文改错、短文填空常见内容语篇中影响精确理解的内容各种词类知识动词的时态、语态动词的非谓语形式定语从句后置定语各类从句动词的非谓语形式说明：每年全国三套试卷的短文填空都有三到四个空是用动词设空。动词设空谓语动词非谓语动词时态语态主谓一致分词动名词不定式非重点语法项目（目前在短文填空、短文改错以及语篇中出现的频率很低）：情态动词（可能影响准确理解）虚拟语气倒装b)和“单选时代”相比，现在对重点语法内容的复习，要删繁就简。“单选时代”定语从句的复习要点定语、定语从句的概念、关系代（副）词用法 which和that的区别what引起的名词性从句和定语从句的区别 where引起的定语从句和地点状语从句的区别that引起的定语从句和同位语从句的区别定语从句和强调句的区别 as引起的定语从句2）怎么练习“单选时代”的语法练习大都以单选为主。现在没有单选试题了，设计练习题时应该更强调练习的实用性以及练习和高考题型的结合。以名词性从句的复习为例，说明语法复习时设计练习的思路。a)可以继续保留少量精选的单选题以巩固基本概念。We cannot figure out _ quite a number of insects, birds, and animals are dying out. （宾语从句）A. thatB. as C. whyD. when Nobody believed his reason for being absent for the class _ he had to meet his uncle at the air port. A. why B. that（同位语从句）C. where D. because b)将原来的单选试题改为改错试题，以适应高考题型。1. I think Father would like to know where Ive been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note. （what）2. A modern city has been set up in where was a wasteland ten years ago. (what)3.Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew that she was so angry. (why)c)将原来的单选试题改为填空题，以适应高考题型。1. It is none of your business _ other people think about you. Believe yourdelf.(what 主语从句)2. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That is _ the best jobs are.(where 表语从句)复习时态、语态，非谓语动词时，尤其应该多设计一些单句填空试题。d) 复习从句、非谓语动词等内容时，多设计一些汉译英练习，以解决写作试题中复杂句型的应用。村民们已经知道了我们将要做的事情是重建这座桥。The villagers have already known what we will do is to rebuild the bridge.（宾语从句和主语从句）我对她的话感到吃惊，这是我意识到我犯了多么愚蠢的错误。（定语从句、宾语从句）I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize what silly mistakes I had made.e) 在语篇中设计练习，以解决对语篇中复杂句子的理解。划出下列短文中的所有从句，指出各是什么从句，并将从句所在的句子翻译成汉语Passage 1In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts believe that the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is something to suggest that while variety certainly makes the workers life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. So variety is not important.Other experts feel that giving the workers freedom to do his job in