第八章 透平发动机

8 TURBINE ENGINE 透平发动机透平发动机 8 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 概述概述 The Centaur 40 4702 gas turbine engine Figure 8 1 1 is a two shaft axial flow design consisting of the following major assemblies components Centaur 40 4702 燃气透平发动机 图 8 1 1 是双轴 轴流设计 由以下主要装置 组件组成 Accessory Drive 辅助驱动 Air Inlet 空气入口 Axial Flow Compressor 轴流压缩机 Annular Combustor With Fuel Injectors 环状燃料喷射引擎燃烧室 Turbine 透平机 Exhaust Collector 排气收集器 Output drive shaft 输出传动轴 The major components of the engine are maintained in accurate alignment by mating flanges with pilot surfaces and are bolted together to form a rigid assembly The accessory drive assembly bolted to the air inlet assembly is driven by the engine compressor rotor shaft The accessory drive assembly supports and drives the lube oil pump and other accessories and is initially driven by the start system 引擎的主要部分通过配合法兰与导流表面精确的排成直线并用螺 栓固定在一起形成一坚固装置 辅助驱动设备螺栓固定在空气入口装置 由引 擎压缩机转子驱动 辅助驱动装置支撑及驱动润滑油泵及其他辅助器件 并由 起动系统提供初始驱动 The engine develops output power by converting the energy of expanding gases to rotating mechanical power The energy of the expanding gases drives the turbine stages which power the engine compressor section The gases then flow through the power turbine where additional energy is absorbed and transferred to the output drive shaft driving the driven equipment 通过将膨胀气体的能量转化为 旋转的机械动力 引擎输出动能 膨胀气体的能量驱动透平阶 此阶提供透平 压缩机部分的动力 然后气体流过动力透平 在那里 额外的能量被吸收 传 输到输出驱动轴以驱动设备 In the two shaft engine configuration the gas producer turbine speed is directly related to engine power level For this reason the gas producer turbine speed is electronically controlled to provide for power level adjustment During normal operation the load of the driven equipment will determine the most efficient speed of the power turbine for each particular power requirement Protection devices against overspeed are provided in the event the load is suddenly removed 在双轴引擎配置中 压气机透平速度直接与引擎动力相关联 由于这 个原因 压气机透平速度被电气化控制以提供动力大小的调节 在正常的操作 期间 驱动设备的负载将决定每一特殊动力要求的动力透平最有效速度 保护 装置在负载突然移除的情况下防止超速 Refer to Table 8 1 1 for Centaur 40 4702 gas turbine engine specifications 参照表 8 1 1 半人马 40 4702 气体透平引擎特性 Figure 8 1 1 Centaur 40 4702 Gas Turbine Engine 半人马半人马 40 4702 气体透气体透 平引擎平引擎 View graphic 看图 Key for Figure 8 1 1 图图 8 1 1 关键词关键词 1 Air Inlet Duct 空气入口管线 2 Combustor Assembly 燃烧室装置 3 Exhaust Collector 排气收集器 4 Accessory Drive Assembly 辅助 驱动装置 5 Engine Compressor Assembly 引擎 压缩机装置 6 Power Turbine Assembly 动力透 平装置 Table 8 1 1 Centaur 40 4702 Gas Turbine Engine Specifications 半人马半人马 40 4702 气体透平装置特性气体透平装置特性 Description 描述Data 数据 COMPRESSOR 压缩机 Type 类型 Axial 轴 Number of Stages 阶数量 11 Compression Ratio 压缩率 10 0 1 Max Speed 最大速度 15 000 rpm COMBUSTION CHAMBER 燃烧室 Type 类型 Annular 环形 Ignition 点火 Torch 火炬点燃 Number of Fuel Injectors 燃料喷 射器数量 10 GAS PRODUCER TURBINE 压气机透平 Type 类型 Reaction 反动力 Number of Stages 阶数量 2 Max Speed 最大速度 15 000 POWER TURBINE 动力透平 Type 类型 Reaction 反动力 Number of Stages 阶数量 1 Max Speed 最大速度 15 500 rpm BEARINGS 轴承 Journal 轴颈 Sleeve and Tilt Pad 套 管及斜置垫 Thrust 止推 Fixed Tapered Land 固 定锥形合模面 8 1 1 ORIENTATION 操作操作 Directional references Figure 8 1 2 to the gas turbine package left side right side forward and aft are established by viewing the package from the centerline of the turbine exhaust aft and looking toward the air inlet forward 气体透平装置 左视 右视 前视 及后视 的方向参考资料是由透平的尾部中心线朝空气入口管线方向看去而建 立起来的 Figure 8 1 2 Aft Looking Forward Package Orientation 后部朝前看后部朝前看 装装 置定位置定位 View graphic 看图 8 2 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION 功能描述功能描述 8 2 1 Gas Turbine Operation 气体透平操作气体透平操作 Air is drawn into the air inlet of the gas turbine and is compressed by the multi stage axial flow compressor The compressed air is directed into the combustion chamber in a steady flow Fuel is injected into the pressurized air within the annular combustion chamber During the gas turbine start cycle this fuel air mixture is ignited and continuous burning is maintained as long as there is adequate flow of pressurized air and fuel The hot pressurized gas from the combustion chamber expands through and drives the turbine dropping in pressure and temperature as it exits the turbine 空气被吸 入气体透平的空气入口管线 由多阶轴流压缩机压缩 在稳定流量的状态下 压缩气体直接进入燃烧室 燃料喷入环形燃烧室中的加压空气中 在气体透平 起动周期内 只要有充足的加压空气和燃料 此燃料 气体混合物被点燃并持续 维持燃烧 从燃烧室出来的热的已加压的气体膨胀驱动透平 当它退出透平时 压力和温度随之降低 The gas turbine requires approximately one fourth of the total air it compresses to completely burn the supplied fuel The excess air is used to cool the combustion chamber and mixes with the combustion products to reduce the gas temperature at the inlet to the first stage turbine 气体透平大约需要四分之一的总空气量 以完全燃烧所供给的 燃料 多余的空气用于冷却燃烧室并与燃烧的产物混合以减小第一阶透平入口 的气体温度 During the engine start cycle a torch aimed into the combustion chamber and fed by a separate fuel line is lit by an igniter plug The torch ignites the fuel air mixture entering the combustion chamber where continuous burning is initiated The torch is later extinguished during the starting cycle 在引擎起动周期期间 火炬伸进燃 烧室并由分支管线提供燃料 通过点火塞点燃 火炬点燃燃料 空气混合物进入 燃烧室 在那里进行连续燃烧 在启动周期内 火炬稍候熄灭 8 2 2 Oil Seal Pressurization Air 油封加压空气油封加压空气 The engine incorporates four air pressurized labyrinth seals to prevent leakage of lube oil from the bearings Compressor discharge pressure is routed by external air lines through orifices to the compressor rotor forward oil seal and the power turbine aft oil seal Compressor diffuser air is metered through internal passages to the compressor rotor aft oil seal and gas producer turbine oil seal 引擎 与四道空气加压迷宫式密封组合以防止润滑油从轴承中泄漏出来 压缩机出口 压力通过通孔经由外部空气管线到达压缩机转子前油封及动力透平后油封 压 缩机扩散空气通过内部通路混合到达压缩机转子后油封及压气机透平油封 8 2 3 Turbine Cooling Air 透平冷却空气透平冷却空气 There are two principal sources of turbine cooling air The first source of cooling air is from leakage between the aft compressor hub and compressor diffuser the second source is from the compressor diffuser The path of cooling air from the diffuser is split between the duct assembly inner liner and the convector outer liner 透平 冷却空气有两个主要来源 第一个冷却空气的来源是后压缩机毂及压缩机扩散 器之间的泄漏空气 第二个主要来源是压缩机扩散器 来自于扩散器的冷却空 气路径在管线装置 入口管线 和换热器 出口管线 之间被分开 The cooling air duct assembly creates three separate concentric passages that surround the No 3 bearing housing Cooling air for the duct assembly combustor rotor disc and blades is directed from the compressor diffuser and flows through the duct assembly to the preswirler The cooling air from the preswirler cools the leading edge of the first stage turbine rotor disc and the first stage rotor blades 冷却空气管弦装置创立了三个独立的同中心的环绕 3 号轴承座的通路 用于管线装置 燃烧室 转子盘及叶片的冷却空气直接从扩散器中出来 通过 管线装置到达前涡旋式喷嘴 来自涡旋式喷嘴的冷却空气冷却第一阶透平转子 盘的边缘及第一阶转子叶片 Leakage from the aft compressor hub eleventh stage is the cooling air that is directed under the duct assembly This air cools the No 3 compressor bearing support housing gas producer center bolt and rotor disc The air that flows through passages in the gas producer turbine shaft is directed to the gas producer turbine rotor discs and center bolt The cooling air path is split between the radial holes in the aft hub of the first stage and second stage disc and the center bolt The cooling air path in the rotor disc is metered to the forward face of the rotor discs by a labyrinth seal in the hub of each interstage nozzle diaphragm 从压缩机毂 第十一阶 泄露出来的空气 为冷却空气 此空气在管线装置下方 此空气冷却 3 号压缩机轴承支撑座 压 气机中心螺栓及转子盘 流经压气机透平传动轴的空气直接到达压气机透平转 子盘及中心螺栓 此冷却空气路径在第一阶后毂及第二阶和中心螺栓之间被分 开 通过每一个级间喷管挡栅板毂内的迷宫式密封 转子盘内的冷却空气路径 汇合到转子盘前面 Cooling air supplied from the area surrounding the convector outer liner passes through the nozzle support housing screen and is directed by an annular duct to the first stage turbine nozzle Cooling air that enters the hollow first stage nozzles passes through the outer impingement plate installed on each nozzle segment and exits through a number of metering holes in the trailing edges of each first stage nozzle vane 来源于对流式暖房器周围的区域冷却空气通过 喷嘴支撑座筛并由一个环形管道进入第一阶透平喷嘴 进入空的第一阶喷嘴的 冷却空气通过安装在每一个喷嘴的外部冲击盘 通过每一个第一阶喷嘴叶片边 缘的汇流孔退出 8 2 4 Bleed Air System 泄放空气系统泄放空气系统 The compressor bleed air system is designed to prevent engine surge by reducing backpressure imposed on the engine compressor during acceleration and low speed operation Compressed air bleed air is vented from the combustor housing to the turbine exhaust 在加速及低速 操作时 压缩机泄放空气系统设计为通过减小作用于引擎压缩机的背板压力来 防止引擎喘振 已压缩的空气 泄放空气 从燃烧室泄放到透平排气口 During acceleration the bleed valve closes when the compressor discharge pressure reaches 72 psig 496 kPa approximately 85 corrected Ngp or above During deceleration the bleed valve opens when the compressor discharge pressure reaches 38 psig 262 kPa or below 在加速期间 当压缩机出口压力达到 76PSI 496KPA 大约 85 修正 NGP 或者以上时 泄放阀关闭 在减速期间 当压缩机出口压力达到 38PSIG 262KPA 或者更低时 泄放阀打开 8 2 5 Variable Vane System 可变导叶系统可变导叶系统 The variable vane system is provided to avoid compressor surge and to maintain maximum engine performance over the entire turbine engine operating range The variable vane system is designed to aerodynamically match the low pressure stages of the compressor with the high pressure stages This change of vane position varies the effective volume of air which enters the compressor rotor The blade angle determines the compression characteristics for any particular compression stage By changing the position of the variable vanes the critical low pressure stages are realigned to maintain a balanced airflow and compressor performance 可变导叶系统提供用于避免压缩机喘振 并在整个透平引擎操作过程中维持最大引擎性能 可变导叶系统设计为空气动 力学的匹配压缩机的低压阶段和高压阶段 导叶位置的改变使进入压缩机转子 的有效空气量得以改变 浆叶角在任何特殊的压缩阶段决定了压缩机的特性 关键的低压阶段重新排列以维持一个平衡的空气流及压缩机性能 The variable vane system consists of a single row of variable Inlet Guide Vanes IGVs and two rows of Variable Stator Vanes VSVs Operating force for the lever driven mechanism is provided by a double acting hydraulic slave cylinder using pressurized engine oil directed to the appropriate port by an electrical solenoid valve 可变 导叶系统包括单排可调进气口导向叶片 IGVs 及两排变距定子叶片 级驱动 机械操作力由一个双活动液压油缸提供 油缸使用加压的引擎油通过电磁阀控 制到达合适的口 The control system monitors compressor discharge pressure and activates the vane control solenoid valve according to the following operating schedule 控制系统监视压缩机出口压力并根据以下操作调度激活排 放控制阀电磁阀 The variable vanes begin opening when Pcd reaches 可变导叶开始打开当 PCD 达到 30 to 32 psig 207 to 220 kPa The variable vanes are fully open when Pcd reaches 可变导叶完全关闭当 PCD 达到 90 5 psig 620 34 kPa The variable vanes close in reverse order of the opening schedule 可 变导叶根据打开进度反向关闭 8 3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS 部件描述部件描述 8 3 1 Accessory Drive Assembly 辅助驱动装置辅助驱动装置 The accessory drive assembly consists of a housing first stage helical reduction gears second stage spur gears accessory drive spur gears bearings main shaft accessory shaft starter adapter housing starter clutch and starter pinion gears The accessory drive assembly is mounted on the forward end of the air inlet assembly and receives power from the compressor shaft pinion gear 辅助驱动装置包括 一合作一个座 第一阶螺旋状减速齿轮 第二阶正齿轮 辅助驱动正齿轮 起 动器离合器及起动器小齿轮 辅助驱动装置安装在空气入口装置的前部 接受 来自压缩机传动轴小齿轮的动能 The starter adapter housing supports the starter motors The motors impart their drive through gears to the starter clutch Torque is transmitted to the second stage gear train and through the intermediate train to the first stage pinion and the compressor rotor 起动器适配器座支撑起动器马达 马达通过齿轮传动到起动器离合器 转矩传输到第二阶齿轮机组并通过中间机组到达第一阶小齿轮及压缩机转子 Engine driven accessory pumps are mounted on drive pads on the accessory drive housing and are driven by the accessory shafts and drive gears 引擎驱动辅助泵安装在辅助驱动座的驱动垫上 由辅助传动轴及 驱动齿轮驱动 8 3 2 Air Inlet Assembly 空气入口装置空气入口装置 The air inlet assembly including the air inlet duct is located aft of the accessory drive assembly It is attached to the accessory drive housing and the compressor case 空气入口装置 包括空气入口管线 位于辅助驱动装置后部 它附着在辅助驱动座及压缩机壳上 Air drawn through the air inlet filters and ducting follows an axial flow path to the air inlet duct The air inlet duct provides a radial flow path for air drawn through the air inlet assembly into the engine compressor assembly The air inlet duct contains bosses for water wash plumbing temperature sensor and a drain 通过空气入口管线 过滤器及导管 空气被吸入并沿着轴向路径到达空气入口管线 空气入口管线 为吸入的空气提供了一个径向流动路径 通过空气入口装置进入引擎压缩机装 置 空气入口管线包括水洗铅管 温度传感器及排出轮毂 An annular opening in the air inlet filter assembly redirects the radial flow path to an axial flow path The opening is covered with a heavy mesh screen to prevent the entry of solid foreign material into the gas producer air inlet This screen is not to be considered an air filtration device Included in the air inlet assembly are supports for the forward bearing housing assembly containing the bearing and labyrinth seals 空气入口过滤器装置的环形打开使放射状流路 径改变方向为轴流方向路径 此打开使用重网丝屏以防止外界颗粒物质进入压 气机空气入口 此屏不是空气过滤设备 空气入口装置还包括为含有轴承及迷 宫式密封的前轴承座的支撑 8 3 3 Engine Compressor Assembly 引擎压缩机装置引擎压缩机装置 The engine compressor assembly is an eleven stage axial flow type incorporating a variable vane system compressor case assembly diffuser assembly compressor bearing support housing and compressor rotor assembly 引擎压缩机装置为一十一阶 轴流型 带有可变导叶系统 压 缩机壳装置 扩散器装置 压缩机轴承支撑座及压缩机转子装置 Supported at forward and aft ends by bearings the rotor assembly is connected to the accessory drive gear train and to the turbine rotor shaft 前后部都由轴承作为支撑 转子装置连接到辅助驱动机组和透平转子传 动轴 The engine compressor bearing support housing contains the No 2 and No 3 bearings The bleed air supply provides seal air for the engine compressor rotor No 3 bearing 引擎压缩机轴承支撑座包含 3 号及 3 号轴 承 泄放空气提供引擎压缩机转子 3 号 轴承的密封空气 The compressor diffuser assembly is bolted to the aft end of the compressor aft case and the forward end of the forward combustor housing The diffuser assembly consists of engine compressor bearing support housing lube oil supply flange two lube oil drain assemblies and a bleed air supply for seal air 压缩机扩散器装置螺栓固 定在压缩机后盖的末端和前燃烧室座末端的前部 扩散器装置包括引擎轴承支 撑座 润滑油支撑法兰 两个润滑油排出装置及一个密封空气的泄放空气支撑 8 3 4 Variable Vane System 可变导叶系统可变导叶系统 The variable vane system is provided to maintain maximum engine compressor performance over all operating speeds The system responds to increasing compressor discharge pressure to change the angle of the variable vanes The first stage and second stage variable vanes aerodynamically match the low pressure stages of the compressor with the high pressure stages This change of vane position varies the effective angle that air flows past the rotor blades The angle determines the comparison characteristics for any particular stage of compression By changing the position of the variable vanes the critical low pressure stages are automatically aligned to maintain satisfactory airflow and compressor performance during all operating speeds 可变导叶系统提供在所有操作速度状态下 维持最大压缩机性能 系统 反应增加的压缩机出口压力以改变可变导叶的角度 第一阶及第二阶可变导叶 空气动力学的匹配压缩机的低压阶段和高压阶段 此导叶位置的变化改变了空 气流通过转子叶片的有效角度 此角度决定了任何特殊压缩阶段的可比特性 通过改变可变导叶的位置 在所有操作速度期间 关键的低压阶段自动排列以 维持满意的空气流及压缩机性能 Below 32 psig 220 kPa compressor discharge pressure the variable vanes are in the minimum open position Above 76 5 psig 527 kPa they are in the maximum open position Between these pressures the variable vanes are positioned proportionally to compressor discharge pressure See Figure 8 3 1 for variable vane schematic 在低于 32PSIG 220KPA 的压缩机出口压力下 可变导叶维持最小的打开位置 高于 76 5psig 527KPA 时 它们处于最大打开位置 在这些压力之间时 可变导 叶位置与压缩机出口压力成比例变化 看图 8 3 1 的可变导叶图表 Figure 8 3 1 Variable Vane System Schematic 可变导叶系统图表可变导叶系统图表 View graphic 看图 Key for Figure 8 3 1 关键词关键词 1 Vane Control Actuator 导叶控制 执行器 2Compressor Discharge Pressure Gas Gage 压缩机出口压力表 3 Manual Valve 手动阀 4 Fuel Control Valve 燃料控制阀 5 Lube Oil Return Line 润滑油回 流管线 6 Lube Oil Supply Line 润滑油供 给管线 7 Pcd Line PCD 管线 Compressor discharge pressure tapped off the turbine rotor bearing support housing controls the vane control actuator The compressor discharge pressure is also tapped off this line to the fuel system fuel control valve The vane control valve is a pneumatic hydraulic servoactuator with 55 psig 379 kPa lube oil pressure supply and return lines 压缩机出口压力 从透平转子轴承支撑座流出 控制着导叶控制 执行器 压缩机出口压力也从此管线流出以控制燃料系统的燃料控制阀 导叶 控制阀为带有 55psig 379kpa 润滑油压力及返回管线的气液动伺服执行器 VARIABLE VANE CONTROL ACTUATOR 可变导叶控制执行器可变导叶控制执行器 The variable vane control actuator consists of a pneumatic sensing bellows hydraulic servo valve actuator piston actuator cylinder and actuator rod See Figure 8 3 2 for variable vane control actuator cross sectional view 可变导叶控制执行器包含气动传感风箱 液动伺服阀 执行器活塞 执行器缸及执行器杆 看图 8 3 2 可变导叶控制执行器代表性视 图 Figure 8 3 2 Variable Vane Control Actuator Cross Section 可变导叶控制可变导叶控制 执行器代表图执行器代表图 View graphic 看图 Engine compressor discharge pressure is applied to the sensing bellows while movement of the bellows is opposed by a spring The spring is preloaded so that bellows movement cannot take place until compressor discharge pressure reaches 32 psig 220 kPa 引擎压缩机出 口压力用于感应风箱 而风向的运动用一弹簧顶住 弹簧为与加载德 以便风 向的不至于运动直到压缩机出口压力达到 32psig 220kP The servo valve positioned by the bellows movement meters lube oil pressure 55 psig 379 kPa to the actuator piston to extend the actuator rod on increasing compressor discharge pressure and to retract it on decreasing compressor discharge pressure As the shaft extends the feedback spring load is reduced and begins to cancel the compressor discharge pressure load on the bellows When compressor discharge pressure and spring loads cancel each other movement of the actuator rod stops in a position proportional to compressor discharge pressure over the range of 32 to 76 5 psig 220 to 527 kPa 伺服阀由风箱定位 测量给执行器活塞的润滑油压力为 55psig 379kPA 时 当增加压缩机出口压力时 延伸执行器杆 当减小压缩 机出口压力时 缩短执行器杆 当传动轴延伸时 反馈弹簧负载减小并开始取 消风箱上的压缩机出口压力负载 当压缩机出口压力和弹簧负载相互抵消 执 行器杆的移动位置停在与压缩机 32 到 76 5psig 的出口压力成比例的位置处 MECHANICAL LINKAGE 机械连接机械连接 The actuator rod of the variable vane control actuator is connected to the actuator rings as shown in Figure 8 3 3 Each ring contains mechanisms that connect to the outboard ends of each variable vane 可 变导叶控制执行器的执行器杆连接到执行器环 如图 8 3 3 所示 每一个环包 含连接到每一个可变导叶外侧的机械装置 Figure 8 3 3 Variable Vane System Linkage 可变导叶系统连接可变导叶系统连接 View graphic 看图 The actuator rings are prealigned to vary a set of variable vanes as follows 1 Inlet Guide Vanes IGVs 35 degrees to 5 degrees 2 first stage Variable Stator Vanes VSVs 29 degrees to 0 degrees and 3 second stage VSVs 24 degrees to 0 degrees 执行器环重新排列成一套 可变导叶 如下所示 1 入口导向导叶 IGVs 35 度到 5 度 2 第一 阶变距定子叶片 VSVs 29 度到 0 度 和 3 第二阶 VSVs 24 度到 0 度 Adjustment of these setting