牛津模块一的语法详解

牛津英语模块一语法 定语从句 1 1 关系代词在定语从句中的使用 除了形容词 名词等作定语来修饰名词或代词 句子也可以作定语 我们称作定语的句子 为定语从句 先看这样的两个句子 This man is my English teacher He is standing at the door 如果想把这两个句子合成一个句子 我们可将第二句转换成定语从句来修饰 the man 即 The man that who is standing at the door is my English teacher 这个句子中 that who is standing at the door 充当了 the man 的定语 它就是定语从句 而被修饰的 the man 叫作先行词 that who 是关系代词 2 关系代词 that which who whom whose 的区别 1 当先行词是 人 时 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时 用 that who Is he the man who that told you the news 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时 用 whom that who 也可以省略 The boy whom that who I talked to yesterday is my brother 2 当先行词是 物 时 可用关系代词 that which 来充当主语或宾语 This is a book which that talks about geography 综上所述 that 既可指 人 也可指 物 而 which 只可指 物 who whom 只可指 人 who that which 都可作主语或宾语 而 whom 只能作宾语 whose 在定语从句中必须放在一个名词前作定语 The book whose cover is red can t be found now 3 只能用 that 引导定语从句的情况 1 当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时 This is the best dictionary that I ve ever used The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan 2 当先行词被 all some any no little much 等修饰或者先行词为 all much little few none something anything everything nothing 等不定代词时 All that she lacked was training She would never do anything that was not approved of by her parents 3 当先行词既有人又 有物时 They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them 4 当先行词被 the last the only the very 等修饰时 This is the only example that I know This is one of the very books that I am looking for 5 当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时 通常用 that China is not the country that it was 4 引导定语从句的关系代词常用 which 不用 that 的情况 1 关系代词前有介词或介词短 语时 Galileo built a telescope through which he could study the sky Here is the book about which I told you yesterday 2 引导非限制性定语从句时 Football which is a very interesting game is played all over the world The weather turned out to be very good which was better than we could except 3 当关系 代词之后有插入语时 Here is the English grammar book which as I ve told you will help improve your English He was always speaking highly of her role in the play which of course made the others unhappy 4 先行词本身是 that 时 That which is evil is soon learned 坏事易学 That which is well done is twice done 一次做的好等于做两次 5 which 和 whose 作定语时的 区别 Which 和 whose 都可以在定语从句中作定语 但是 which 一般只用在非限制性定语从句中 紧指物 并且要接一个对先行词起概括作用的泛指名词 whose 名词 与先行词不表示 同一事物或情况 Peter spent three years in France during which time he learnt French The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied 窗子破了的那间房子没人住 注意 定 语从句中 whose 名词 the 名词 of whom which The boy whose uncle is a judge is singing under the tree The boy the uncle of whom is a judge is singing under the tree I bought the book last year wh ose cover is broken I bought the book last year the cover of which is broken 6 如何确定定语从句的引导词 下面两句话中的先行词都是 day 但由于其在定语从句中充当的句子成分不同 定语从句 的引导词也不同 I ll never forget the days which that we spent together 我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日 子 先行词 the days 在定语从句中充当及物动词 spend 的宾语 所以定语从句的引导词要 用关系代词 which that I ll never forget the day when on which I arrived here 我永远不会忘记我到这儿的日子 先行词 the day 在定语从句中作时间状语 所以定语从句的引导词要用关系副词 when 或 on 关系代词 which 7 关系代词的省略 在定语从句中 如果关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语 那么我们常常省略关系代词 如果 关系代词在定语从句中充当主语 则不可省略 He is the person who that we are looking for 他就是我们一直在找的那个人 从句中 that who 作介词 for 的宾语 因此可以省略 注意 介词后面的关系代词不能省略 而且 指人时用 whom 指物是用 which The person about whom we are talking is our headmaster 我们正在谈论的那个人是我们的校长 whom 在定语从句中作 about 的宾语 而且先行词 the person 是指人 因此只能用 whom The company at which my sister works is in the east of the city 8 定语从句中的主谓一致问题 1 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时 定语从句中谓语动词在人称和数上通常和先行词 保持一致 All that shines is not gold 发光的不一定是金子 2 one of the 复数名词 作先行词时 定语从句中谓语动词和复数名词一致 He is also one of the students who go to the park 3 the only very one of the 复数名 词 作先行词时 定语从句中谓语动词和 one 一致 用单数形式 He is the only one of the students who goes to the park 9 定语从句与同位语从句的区别 1 从语法角度来看 引导同位语从句的 that 是连词 只起语法作用 在从句中不充当 任何成分 如例 1 中的 that 而引导定语从句的 that 是关系代词 它除了起引导从句 的语法作用外 还要在从句中充当句子成分 主要是作主语或宾语 如例 2 中的 that 在从句中作动词 told 的宾语 2 从先行词的词性来看 同位语从句的先行词大都为抽象名词 而定语从句的先行词 可以是名词 也可以是代词 3 从可否省略来看 同位语从句的 that 一般不可以省略 但是定语从句中的关系代词 如果在从句中充当宾语 在非正式用语中常常可以省略 例 1 We were greatly pleased at the news that the Chinese women s volleyball team had won the m atch again 听到中国女排再次获胜的消息我们极为高兴 that 引导同位语从句 例 2 We were greatly pleased at the news that our teacher had told us 听到老师告诉我们的消 息我们感到很高兴 10 定语从句与状语从句的区别 定语从句的关系词在从句中要作某种成分 因而从句成分不完整 而引导状语从句的连 接词在句中不作任何成分 因此句子成分完整 It is such an interesting book as we all like 定语从句 It is such an interesting book that we all like it 结果状语从句 11 定语从句与强调句型的区 别 定语从句对名词或代词起修饰和限制作用 关系词可以是 that which as who 另一 方面 句子中的 It 有所指代 而强调句型是对某部分加强语气 强调语气的连接词只能是 that who 并且句子中的 It 没有任何意义 两种从句的判断一般比较明显 而有事就难以 区别 需要根据上下文的语境来判断 如下面一句话 It is a book that he wants 此句究竟是强调句型还是定语从句 就要从语境上来判断 如果它是用来回答 What is this that 这样的问题 意思就是 它是一本他想要的书 句子显然是定语从句 如 果是用来回答 What does he want 这样的问题 那么意思就是 他想要的是一本书 显然 句子是强调句型 真题回放 1 The prize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination A that B whi ch C whose D what 2 You ll find taxis waiting at the bus station you can hire to reach your host family A which B where C when D as 3 I ve become good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the English speech contest last year A who B where C when D which 4 The old town has narrow streets and small houses are built close to each other A they B where C what D that 5 That s the new machine parts are small to be seen A that B which C whose D what 6 The old temple roof was damaged in storm is now under repair A where B whic h C its D whose 7 I refuse to accept the blame for something was someone else s fault A who B t hat C as D what 8 Children who are no active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly A what B whose C which D that 9 In China the number of cities is increasing development is recognized across the world A where B which C whose D that 定语从句 2 1 介词 关系代词 结构中的介词可以是 in on about from for with to 等 关系代词只 可用 whom which 或 whose 不可用 that 这些词既可引导限制性定语从句 又可引导 非限制性定语从句 主要有以下几种结构 1 介词 关系代词 Who is the man with whom you shook hands just now 2 名词 介词 关系代词 Give me the book the cover of which is red the cover of which whose cover 注意 当先行词是物时 作定语的引导词 whose n the n of which 或 of which the n 3 代词 介词 关系代词 As he was a lively cousin man he hid a great deal and noticed many interesting things all of which he recorded in his diary 4 介词 关系代词 名词 He goes to bed at ten at which hour his brother locks all the doors and windows 5 形容 词最高级 介词 关系代词 He has bought many novels the most interesting of which is written by Han Han 6 数词 介词 关系代词 I have three brothers two of whom have just graduated from the same university 巧记 介词 关系代词 结构中 关系代词指人时用 whom 指物时则用 which 介词的选择可 以 根据以下关系确定 1 介词与定语从句中的动词或形容词是一种习惯性搭配 This is the book for which I paid 8 yuan The two things about which Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of Eng lish 2 介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配 There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth 没有办法可以把它带到地球上 来 依据短语 in this way 3 根据所表达的意思确定 The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen The gas without which we can t live is called oxygen 4 表示所有关系或整体中的一部分时 用介词 of There are different forms of energy most of which come from the sun 注意 含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开 即介词仍放在动词之后 因此不能使用 介词 关系代词 结构 此类短语有 listen to look at pay attention to care for 等 Is this the watch he is looking for 2 关系副词的用法 关系副词 介词 关系代词 关系副词 先行词 在从句中的作 用 说明 When at on in during which 时间名词 时间状语 非正式文体中 有时用 that 代替关系副词 如通常用 在 way 后 Where in at which 地点名词 地点状语 Why for which Reason 和 explanation 原因状语 The rain came at a time when at which it was not needed This is the computer where by on which he has stolen top secret documents Here is the place where at which the murder took place He didn t give a ny reason why for which I had been fired 提示 当先行词是 situation point case stage 等表示某种情景 状况的词时 常用 where 或 in at which 引导定语从句 Can you imagine a situation where in which you can use the word 巧记 如果表示时间 地点 原因的名词不作状语 而是作主语 宾语或者表语时 必须用关系 代词 that which 来引导而不是用 where 等 May 1 is the day I will never forget 五月一号是我 永远不会忘记的一天 that 作 forget 的宾语 The Three Gorges is a beautiful place that which people all over the world look forward to visiti ng 长江三峡是个美丽的地方 全世界的人都渴望来参观 that 或 which 作 visiting 的宾语 Is this the reason that he gave us for being late 这就是他给我们的迟到的原因吗 that 作 gave 的直接宾语 真题回放 1 She showed the visitors around the museum the construction had taken more than three years A for which B with which C of which D to which 2 English is a language sha red by several diverse cultures each of uses it somewhat differently A which B what C them D those 3 A bank is the place they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain A when B that C where D there 4 It was April 29 2011 Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony A that B when C since D before 5 The days are gone physical strength was all you needed to make a living A when B that C where D which 6 I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake A which B where C who D that 7 Julie was good at German French and Russian all of she spoke fluently A who B whom C which D that 8 Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually A that B where C which D whose 9 She brought with her three friend s none of I had ever met before A them B who C whom D these 10 Mozart s birthplace and the house he composed The Magic Flute are both museums now A where B when C there D which 11 I have reached a point in my life I am supposed to make decisions of my own A which B where C how D why 12 She ll never forget her stay there she found her son who had gone missing two years before A that B which C where D when 13 Gun control is a subject A mericans have argued for a long time A of which B with which C about which D into which 14 It s helpful to put c hildren in a situation they can see themselves differently A that B when C which D where 15 What do you think of teaching Bob I find it fun and challenging It is a job you are doing something serious but interesting A where B which C when D that 定语从句 3 非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句指示对主句内容或先行词作补充解释或附加说明 主句与从句之间一般 用逗号隔开 常常单独翻译 如果去掉 主句意思仍然完整 I have an elder sister who works in a hospital 我有一个在医院工作的姐姐 限制性定语从句 I have an elder sister who works in a hospital 我有一个姐姐 她在一家医院工作 非限制 性定语从句 1 非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词或代词 也可以是整个句子 2 引 导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有 as which who whom whose 等 作定语从句的主语 宾语 表语及定语 关系副词有 when where 等 作定语从句的状语 关系代词和关系副 词在定语从句中一般不能省略 As is known Stephen Chow who was born in Hong Kong is one of the world s greatest actors In many of his films he made the audience laugh with interesting stories which he made up almost himself Last Sunday when it was raining all the day he came to our city where he received a warm welc ome 提示 1 关系代词 that 不能用于引导非限制性定语从句 2 在非限制性定语从句中 关系代词作宾语时不能省略 3 关系副词 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句 但可用 for which 代替 3 使用非限制性定 语从句的常见情况 1 先行词是表示独一无二的事物时 The moon which doesn t give out light itself is only a satellite of the earth 2 先行词是 表示类属的事物时 Football which is a very interesting game is played all over the world 3 先行词是专有名 词时 The Neil which used to flood every year now runs more regularly below the dam 4 先行词是表示人的职业 品质 身份等名词 作定语从句的表语时 主句和定语从句 之间含有对比的意思 这种情况下多用 which 引导 Mike s brother is a policeman which he isn t 5 先行词为整个句子时 引导词只能用 as 或 which 但是二者也有区别 as 有 正如 像 等意思 可以置于句首 句中或句末 as 后常接 expect know report say see 等动词的主动或被动语态句 如 as was expected 不出所料 as is mentioned above 正如上面所提到的 等 which 可用 and this that it 代替 有 因此 这样 这就使得 这一点 等意思 常置于 主句之后 提示 as 也可用在限制性定语从句中 多和 such so 或 the same 连用 构成 such so as 和 the same as 结构 Such books as I have read are English novels 我所读过的书都是英语小说 as 作宾语 6 当定语从句中的名词 代词与先行词存在部分与整体的关系 用 介词 关系代 词 which whom 表示时 反意疑问句 反意疑问句有两部分组成 前一部分是一个陈述句 后一部分是一个简短的疑问句 两部 分的人称 时态应保持一致 1 反意疑问句的构成 1 陈述部分肯定式 疑问部分否定式 They work here don t they 2 陈述部分否 定式 疑问部分肯定式 The old man wouldn t believe you would he 3 陈述部分肯定式 疑问部分肯定式 Have a cup of tea will you 提示 1 若陈述部分含有 seldom hardly never few nothing 等否定词或半否定词 其疑问部分要用肯定式 She said nothing did she 2 若陈述部分含有带否定前缀如 un im dis 的词 疑问部分仍用否定式 It is impossible isn t it 2 反意疑问句的用法 1 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句 疑问部分用 will you Don t do that again will you Go with me will you won t you Let s 开头的祈使句 后用 shall we Let us 开头的祈使句 后用 will you Let s go and listen to the music shall we Let us wait for you in the reading room will you 2 陈述部分为主从复合句的反意疑问 句 当陈述部分为主从复合句时 疑问部分一般应与主句保持一致 He said that he didn t like it didn t he He knows where I live doesn t he 当陈述部分为 I We think believe suppose that 等时 疑问部分通常与从句的主谓保持 一致 注意否定的转移 I think that it is too smart isn t it I don t think he will come will he 3 陈述部分是 I m 时 疑问部分通常用 aren t I I m wrong aren t I I m older than you aren t I 4 当陈述部分的主语为 somebody someone everyone everybody no one nobody 等复合 不 定代词时 其反意疑问句的主语在正式文体中用 he 在口语或非正式文体中通常用 they 但当陈述部分的主语是 something anything nothing everything 等复合不定代词时 其 反意疑问句的主语用 it Nobody was late were they Nothing is important is it 5 当陈述部分含有 must 时 要分两种情况 若 must 表示 必须 或 有必要 疑 问部分用 mustn t 或 needn t You must leave at once mustn t needn t you 但是当陈述部分有 mustn t 表示禁止时 疑问部分用 must You mustn t laugh must you 若 must 表示推测 疑问部分不能用 must 而应根据 must 后的动词采用相应的助动词来 构成反意疑问句 He must be tired isn t he You must have studied English for five years haven t you 你肯定需哦过五年英语 不是吗 对过去发生的动作持续到现在的情况进行推测 You must have finished that novel yesterday didn t you 你昨天一定完成了那部小说 不是吗 对过去情况的推测 6 当陈述部分为 there be 句型时 疑问部分仍用 there There was nothing in the room was there 7 当陈述部分的谓语是 used to 时 疑问部分用 didn t 主语 或 usedn t 主语 He used to take pictures there didn t he usedn t he 真题回放 1 Ted came for the weekend only some shorts and a T shit is a stupid thing to do in such weather A this B th