光伏发电外文翻译

0 附录 A 英文文献 1 The world s current situation and development of photovoltaic industry forecast Solar cells is the use of the material effects of photovoltaic solar energy into electrical energy directly to the semiconductor devices also known as photovoltaic cells In 1954 the first practical silicon solar cells 6 and the first atomic power station at the same time in the United States was born in 1959 into the space solar cell applications the energy crisis in 1973 after the application step by step to the ground Photovoltaic power generation is divided into independent grid photovoltaic systems and photovoltaic systems Independent PV power station including the villages in remote areas the power supply system solar household power system communications signal power cathodic protection such as solar street lamps withbatteries can run independently of the photovoltaic power generation system Grid PV system is connected with the power grid to feed electricity grid PV power system Currently technically achievable grid PV power system in the way housing fixed grid system and power plant system of the desert Use of the existing roof system is the effective area of the roof construction installation and network of photovoltaic power generation system the size of a few kWp generally ranging from several MWp Desert power plant is uninhabited desert area in the development and construction of large scale photovoltaic power generation systems and networks the size of several GWp from the 10MWp size In recent years the rapid increase in solar cell production for 8 years in 30 growth in 2004 even more than the annual growth rate of 60 percent reaching 1200MW 2 The Chinese PV market and industry status 2 1 China s solar market development China started research on solar cells in 1958 in 1971 China successfully launched the first applies to the 2nd satellite Dongfanghong Started in 1973 for ground based solar cells China s photovoltaic industry in 80 years ago is still in embryonic form the annual production of solar cells has been hovering below 10KW price is also very expensive As a result of restrictions on prices and production market development is very slow and apart from as the satellite power supply on the ground only for low power solar power systems such as beacon lights railway signal systems weather station equipment alpine electricity electricity Wai field black light fluorescent lamps such as DC power is normally a few watts to tens of watts In the 65 1981 1985 and 75 1986 1990 the countries of photovoltaic PV industry and to give support for the development of the market the central and local governments invested in the photovoltaic certain funds makes a very weak solar industry has 1 been consolidated and applied in many areas of the model such as microwave relay stations communications system units gates and oil pipeline cathodic protection systems rural carrier telephone system small households and villages with power supply system systems At the same time 75 period the domestic has introduced from abroad a number of solar cell production line in addition to the amorphous silicon a 1MW battery production line the other is single crystal silicon cell production line making China s solar cell production capacity increased to 4 5MWp years the price is also from 75 early 80 yuan Wp dropped to 40 yuan Wp around After the nineties with the shape of China s photovoltaic industry and to lower costs to the industrial application areas and application of the development of rural electrification the market steadily expanding and are included in the national and local government plans such as Tibet Project Sunshine bright work Ali photovoltaic project in Tibet optical fiber communication power oil pipeline cathodic protection radio and television every village a large scale promotion of rural households with photovoltaic power systems The 21st century particularly in the last 3 years of power to the villages the project two billion state investment the installation of 20MW to solve our country s 800 townships without electricity power problems in China s PV market to promote rapid substantial increase in At the same time grid demonstration project began rapid development from 5kW 10kW to 100kW development of more than 1MW Expo in Shenzhen in 2004 and works as a grid PV applications in China highlights The end of 2004 China s total installed capacity of photovoltaic systems reached approximately 65MW Shenzhen Shantou Guangzhou and Zhejiang solar garden lights a large number of exports with annual sales of as much as 500 million Garden of the cells used are usually imported and then with plastic packaging simple process The 6MW cells by as much as a year is a large solar applications which are not into statistics 2 2 China s status of the industrialization of solar cells Although the rapid development of China s photovoltaic industry the size and technological level of industry have been raised accordingly But compared with developed countries there is still a big gap such as the degree of domestic raw materials specific is not high species was incomplete already made materials and components its performance is lower than abroad such as silver aluminum paste EVA etc Packaging components suede low iron glass TPT has not yet been put on the market The upper reaches of small photovoltaic industry chain the lower reaches of large imbalances the most serious is that the production of solar grade polysilicon is blank entirely dependent on imports The difference between the part of other aspects of the need to import 2 such as cells silicon ingot silicon supporting materials The level of industrial equipment design and manufacturing capabilities behind Poly silicon casting furnace wire sawing breaking completely the need to import ingot PECVD silicon nitride deposition equipment screen printing presses battery chipsorting machines welding machines and other series can not meet the performance needs of modern production These devices will need to introduce a full set and so on These gaps with the R some did not even diesel generators can only point of butter lamps kerosene lamp and candle lighting These areas without electricity have a wealth of solar energy resources photovoltaic power generation in this region has a vast market prospect Rural electricity supply problem has been through the power to the villages the fundamental solution works There are villages without electricity and household electric power supply issues need to be resolved If every village without electricity in accordance with the 10KWp households without electricity in accordance with each 400Wp planning taking into account the expansion of the power station has been built the potential market is around 3 000 MWp 3 From the current policy of national strength and perspective by 2010 for the full settlement of the western region of more than 50 villages without electricity and 15 of households living without electricity electricity issues 2006 and 2010 years 10 000 to settle the village without electricity and 100 million households without electrical power problems the amount of new photovoltaic 265MWp accumulated solar for rural electrification to reach 300 MWp 3 2 Open to large scale photovoltaic power plant construction and network From the current policy of national strength and perspective by 2010 should be open to carry out large scale photovoltaic power plant tests the test site chosen should have the following conditions close to the trunk power system preferably within 50 kilometers in order to reduce the additional transmission line of investment backbone grid of sufficient bearing capacity in the case of non modified PV power station capable of transmission of electricity load center distance of 100 kilometers in order to reduce transmission losses if there is no electricity near load centers the best large scale hydropower photovoltaic power station could be pumped storage power through the conversion Planning to establish by 2010 Block 2 3 of about 10 20MWp open to desertification pilot demonstration power plant with a total installed capacity reached 30MWp to test their technical and economic feasibility 2010 2020 open to the formal start of China desertification of photovoltaic power station planned for 2010 2020 new installed PV power station 11 970 MWp to open by the end of 2020 to a total of Desert photovoltaic power plants installed 12GWp 4 中文翻译 1 1 世界光伏产业现状和发展预测世界光伏产业现状和发展预测 太阳电池是利用材料的光生伏打效应直接将太阳能变成电能的半导体器件 也称光伏电池 1954 年 第一块实用的硅太阳电池 6 与第一座原子能发电站同时在美国诞生 1959 年太阳电池 进入空间应用 1973 年能源危机后逐步转到地面应用 光伏发电分为独立光伏系统和并网光伏系统 独立光伏电站包括边远地区的村庄供电系统 太阳 能户用电源系统 通信信号电源 阴极保护 太阳能路灯等各种带有蓄电池的可以独立运行的光伏发 电系统 并网光伏发电系统是与电网相连并向电网馈送电力的光伏发电系统 目前从技术上可以实现的光 伏发电系统并网的方式有 屋定并网发电系统和沙漠电站系统 屋顶系统是利用现有建筑的屋顶有效 面积 安装并网光伏发电系统 其规模一般在几个 kWp 到几个 MWp 不等 沙漠电站则是在无人居住 的沙漠地区开发建设大规模的并网光伏发电系统 其规模从 10MWp 到几个 GWp 的规模不等 近年来 世界太阳电池年产量迅速增加 连续 8 年增速在 30 左右 2004 年的年增长率甚至超过 60 达到 1200MW 2 中国光伏发电市场和产业现状中国光伏发电市场和产业现状 2 12 1 中国太阳电池的市场发展中国太阳电池的市场发展 我国于 1958 年开始研究太阳电池 于 1971 年成功地首次应用于我国发射的东方红二号卫星上 于 1973 年开始将太阳电池用于地面 我国的光伏工业在 80 年代以前尚处于雏形 太阳电池的年产量 一直徘徊在 10KW 以下 价格也很昂贵 由于受到价格和产量的限制 市场的发展很缓慢 除了作为卫星电源 在地面上太阳电池仅用于 小功率电源系统 如航标灯 铁路信号系统 高山气象站的仪器用电 电围栏 黑光灯 直流日光灯 等 功率一般在几瓦到几十瓦之间 在 六五 1981 1985 和 七五 1986 1990 期间 国家开 始对光伏工业和光伏市场的发展给以支持 中央和地方政府在光伏领域投入了一定资金 使得我国十 分弱小的太阳电池工业得到了巩固并在许多应用领域建立了示范 如微波中继站 部队通信系统 水 闸和石油管道的阴极保护系统 农村载波电话系统 小型户用系统和村庄供电系统等 同时 在 七 五 期间 国内先后从国外引进了多条太阳电池生产线 除了一条 1MW 的非晶硅电池生产线外 其它 全是单晶硅电池生产线 使得我国太阳电池的生产能力猛增到 4 5MWp 年 售价也由 七五 初期的 80 元 Wp 下降到 40 元 Wp 左右 九十年代以后 随着我国光伏产业初步形成和成本降低 应用领域开始向工业领域和农村电气化 应用发展 市场稳步扩大 并被列入国家和地方政府计划 如西藏 阳光计划 光明工程 西藏 阿里光伏工程 光纤通讯电源 石油管道阴极保护 村村通广播电视 大规模推广农村户用光伏电源 系统等 进入 21 世纪 特别是近 3 年的 送电到乡 工程 国家投资 20 亿 安装 20MW 解决了我 国 800 个无电乡镇的用电问题 推动了我国光伏市场快速 大幅度增长 与此同时 并网发电示范工程开始有较快发展 从 5kW 10kW 发展到 100kW 以上 2004 年深圳 世博园 1MW 并网发电工程成为我国光伏应用领域的亮点 截止 2004 年底 我国光伏系统的总装机容 量约达到 65MW 深圳 汕头 广州和浙江等地 大量出口太阳能庭院灯 年销售额达 5 亿之多 庭 院灯用的电池片通常进口 然后用胶封装 工艺简单 所用电池片每年达 6MW 之多 是太阳电池应用 的一个大户 这部分未入统计 5 2 2 中国太阳电池的产业化现状 虽然我国光伏产业发展迅速 产业规模和技术水平都有相应提高 但同发达国家相比 仍存在很 大差距 如 专用原材料国产化程度不高 品种不全 已经实现国产化的材料和部件 其性能比国外 偏低 如银 铝浆 EVA 等 组件封装低铁绒面玻璃 TPT 尚未投放市场 光伏产业链上游小 下游大的不平衡状态 其中最严重的是太阳级多晶硅生产是空白 完全依赖 进口 其它环节的差额部分需要进口 如电池片 硅锭 硅片 配套材料等 产业设备设计水平和制 造能力落后 多晶硅铸造炉 线锯 破锭机完全需要进口 PECVD 氮化硅沉积设备 丝网印刷机 电 池片分选机 串联焊接机等性能均不能满足现代化生产需要 这些设备都需要全套引进 等等 这些差距同研发基础和工业基础薄弱有关 企业通过引进消化吸收能够在短时间内建立起现代光 伏产业 但配套的专用材料和设备一时还跟不上 其中太阳级多晶硅材料尤其突出 国家应组织光伏 产业同化工 机电设备制造产业联合攻关 同时积极寻求国际合作 以太阳能级硅为切入点 避开半 导体级硅的