第四章中国饲料市场细分分析.ppt

Chapter11 OccupationalHealth PSYC352October21 QQ空间http www 6665 cc OccupationalHealth Occupationalhealth Broad basedconceptthatreferstothemental emotional andphysicalwellbeingofemployeeinrelationtotheconductoftheirwork Workplaysacriticalroleinone sidentity self esteem andpsychologicalwellbeing PositivePsychology Positivepsychology Thestudyofthefactorsandconditionsinlifethatleadtopleasurableandsatisfyingoutcomesforindividuals EnvironmentalInfluencesonMentalHealth 1of3 Warr 1987 Thereare9determinantsofpsychologicalwellbeing OpportunityforcontrolOpportunitytodecideandactinone schosenwayPotentialtopredicttheconsequencesofaction EnvironmentalInfluencesonMentalHealth 2of3 Warr 1987 OpportunityforskilluseThosethatpreventpeoplefromusingskillstheyalreadypossessRestrictionsontheacquisitionofnewskillsExternallygeneratedgoalsorchallengesEnvironmentalvariety EnvironmentalInfluencesonMentalHealth 3of3 Warr 1987 EnvironmentalclarityFeedbackaboutactionsClarityofrolerequirementAvailabilityofmoneyPhysicalsecurityOpportunityforinterpersonalcontactValuedsocialpositionEsteemRolemembership TheComponentsofMentalHealth 1of4 Warr 1987 Thereare5majorcomponentsofmentalhealth AffectivewellbeingPleasureArousalCompetenceAcompetentpersonhasadequatepsychologicalresourcestodealwithlife spressures TheComponentsofMentalHealth 2of4 Warr 1987 AutonomyTheabilitytoresistenvironmentalinfluencesanddetermineone sownopinions actions Employee scontrolofthetimingandmethodofher hisworktasks Turnbull 1988 I OAcrossCultures AutonomyappearstobemoreimportantinpredictingwellbeinginWesternculturesthanEasterncultures TheComponentsofMentalHealth 3of4 Warr 1987 AspirationSomeonewithhighaspirationengageswiththeenvironment establishesgoals andmakeseffortstoattainthem Aspiration HighmotivationAlertnesstonewopportunitiesCommitmenttomeetpersonalchallenges TheComponentsofMentalHealth 4of4 Warr 1987 IntegratedfunctioningPeoplewhoareintegratedexhibitbalance harmony andinnerrelatedness 5componentsworktogethertomakeupwell being Affectivewell beingCompetenceAutonomyAspirationIntegratedFunctioning WorkStress 1of2 Workstress Theresponsetostimulithatarepresentonthejobthatleadtothenegativeconsequences physicalorpsychological tothepeoplewhoareexposedtothem Stresssymptomscancauseindividualssuffering significantlyaffectabsenteeismandproductivitylevelswithinorganizations Outcomesincludelowerlevelsofself esteem jobsatisfaction andmotivationaswellashigherbloodandcholesterollevels depression ulcers andheartdisease WorkStress 2of2 46 ofAmericanworkersfeltthattheirjobswereveryorsomewhatstressful 27 statethatjobswerethesinglegreatestsourceofstressintheirlives InasurveyofAmericanmanagers 88 reportedelevatedlevelsofstress Stressaffectsalmost1 3oftheEuropeanworkingpopulation AModelofStress 1of7 Kahn Byosiere 1992 KahnandByosiere s 1992 modelofstressconceptualizesstressinorganizationsintermsof7majorcategories OrganizationalantecedentstostressStressmarkersOrganizationalcharacteristicsSizeWorkschedule AModelofStress 2of7 Kahn Byosiere 1992 StressorsinorganizationallifeThereare2majortypesofstressors Psychological Roleambiguity Roleconflict Roleoverload Illhealthisrelatedtomonotonousworkandsustainedvigilance Taskcontent RoleProperties Strain AModelofStress 3of7 Kahn Byosiere 1992 PerceptionandcognitionHelpsexplainwhypeoplereactdifferentlytostressorsthatareobjectivelythesame Primaryappraisal Initialdeterminationthatastimulusispositive negative orneitherinitsimplicationsforwellbeing Secondaryappraisal Judgmentaboutwhatcanbedonetominimizedamageormaximizegain AModelofStress 4of7 Kahn Byosiere 1992 ResponsetostressPhysiological e g cardiovascularsymptoms bloodpressure cholesterollevel Psychological e g jobdissatisfaction Behavioral WorkroleAntisocialbehavioratworkFlightfromthejobDegradationofotherrolesSelf damagingbehavior AModelofStress 5of7 Kahn Byosiere 1992 ConsequencesofstressTheconsequencesofstresstypicallyaffecttheperformanceoftheindividualonthejobandinotherliferoles HealthandillnessOrganizationaleffectivenessPerformanceinotherliferoles AModelofStress 6of7 Kahn Byosiere 1992 Propertiesofpeopleasstressmediators2personalitycharacteristicsmediateeffectsofstress stressorindividualdifferencestrain Personalitytype TypeA Personalityconstructthatdescribesindividualswhotendtobeaggressiveandcompetitiveandfeelunderchronictimepressures TypeB Personalityconstructthatdescribesindividualswhotendnottobecompetitive intense orfeelunderchronictimepressures Locusofcontrol Personalityconstructrelatingtotheperceivedcauseorlocusofcontrolforeventsinone slifebeingeitherinternalorexternal AModelofStress 7of7 Kahn Byosiere 1992 PropertiesofsituationasstressmediatorsSituationsbufferstress TheprimarysituationfactorissocialsupportOthersituationscanbufferagainststress Predictability understandability controllability PreventionandIntervention OrganizationalLevelSelectionandplacementTrainingandeducationprogramsPhysicalandenvironmentalcharacteristicsCommunicationJobredesign restructuringIndividual OrganizationalLevelCoworkersupportgroupsRoleissuesParticipationandautonomy PreventionandIntervention IndividualLevelRelaxationMeditationBiofeedbackCognitive behavioraltherapyExerciseTimemanagementEmployeeassistanceprograms IsStressAlwaysBad 1of2 Certainjobdemandsthat althoughpressure ladenandstressful areviewedasrewardingworkexperiences McCauleyandcolleagueslabeledthesejobdemandschallenges e g joboverload timepressures andhighlevelsofresponsibility Managers reportsthatchallengingjobdemandsorworkcircumstancesproducepositivefeelings eventhoughtheymaybestressful Thisisconsistentwiththetheoreticaldistinctionthathasbeenmadeinthegeneralstressliteraturebetweeneustressanddistress Source Cavanaugh M A Boswell W R Roehling M V Boudreau J W 2000 Anempiricalexaminationofself reportedworkstressamongUSmanagers JournalofAppliedPsychology 85 65 74 IsStressAlwaysBad 2of2 ChallengeStressorsThenumberofprojectsandorassignmentsIhave TheamountoftimeIspendatwork Thevolumeofworkthatmustbeaccomplishedintheallottedtime TimepressuresIexperience TheamountofresponsibilityIhave Thescopeofresponsibilitymypositionentails HindranceStressorsThedegreetowhichpoliticsratherthanperformanceaffectsorganizationaldecisions Theinabilitytoclearlyunderstandwhatisexpectedofmeonthejob TheamountofredtapeIneedtogothroughtogetmyjobdone ThelackofjobsecurityIhave Thedegreetowhichmycareerseems stalled Source Cavanaugh M A Boswell W R Roehling M V Boudreau J W 2000 Anempiricalexaminationofself reportedworkstressamongUSmanagers JournalofAppliedPsychology 85 65 74 Work FamilyConflict 1of6 Changesintheworkforceandinthefamilydomainhaverenewedinterestinthestudyofwork familyconflict Family relatedchanges IncreasedroleforfathersWidespreadmaternalemploymentGreaterlifeexpectancy Macrolevelchanges MethodsofproductionIncreasedtechnologicalsophisticationWidespreaddownsizing Changesinthepsychologicalexperienceofwork RoleoverloadContingentworkJobInsecuritySelf employment workingfromhomeSkillsFinancialstrain Work FamilyConflict 2of6 3TargetsofResearchinWFC Zedeck 1992 EffectsofworkonfamilyEffectsoffamilyonworkFamily workinteraction Work FamilyConflict 3of6 3ModelsofWFC SpilloverModel similaritybetweenwhatoccursintheworkandfamilyenvironmentsSpilloverbetweenworkandfamilycanbenegativeorpositive Zedeck Mosier 1990 CompensationModel inverserelationshipbetweenworkandfamilySegmentationModel workandnonworkspheresaredistinct Work FamilyConflict 4of6 GenderDifferencesinWFC Kossek Ozeki 1998 CorrelationbetweenWFCandjobsatisfaction 35forwomen 29formenCorrelationbetweenWFCandlifesatisfaction 42forwomen 32formenMentalHealthandWFC Frone 2000 EEswhoexperienceWFCwere30timesmorelikelytoexperiencementalhealthproblems Work FamilyConflict 5of6 WhyStudyWFC Inameta analysisontheconsequencesofWFconflict Allen Herst Bruck andSutton 2000 reportedthatWFconflictwasrelatedto Lifesatisfaction 28 Maritalsatisfaction 23 Familysatisfaction 17 Generalpsychologicalhealth 29 Physicalsymptoms 29 Depression 32 Jobburnout 42 Alcoholuse 17 Distress 41 Familydistress 31 Jobsat 24 Careersatisfaction 04 Orgcommitment 23 Turnoverintentions 29 Absenteeism 02 Jobperformance 12 Work FamilyConflict 6of6 Family FriendlyPolicies On sitechildcarecentersFamilyandMedicalLeaveAct 1993 EmployeescanwithdrawfromtheworkforcetoattendtofamilyneedswithoutriskingthelossoftheirjobsWorkersgetupto12weeksunpaidleaveeachyearforthebirth adoption orfostercareofachild careforaspouse parentorchildwithhealthcondition oremployee sownhealthcondition TheFMLAcoversprivateemployerswith50ormoreemployees Dual CareerFamilies 1of2 RapoportandRapoport 1969 firstproposedtheterm dual careerfamily inthelate1960s whenmoreandmorewomenwereenteringtheworkplace Theyoriginallydescribedadual careerfamilyas bothhusbandandwifepursuecareers andatthesametimeestablishafamilylifewithatleastonechild p 1 Dual CareerMarriageMarriedcoupleinwhichbothspousesareemployedbutthemainpurposeofoneorbothofthejobsistoestablishandmaintainacareer Vs Dual EarnerMarriageMarriedcoupleinwhichbothspousesareemployedbutthemainpurposeofoneorbothofthejobsistoproduceincome Dual CareerFamilies 2of2 Approximately60 marriedcouplesaredual earnersOnly17 offamiliesconformtothe50smodeloftheworkingdadandstay at homemomMorewomenadjustcareersforfamiliesMotherswithyoungchildrenwork77hours weedinthehome onaverageThereisadifferentialindivisionoflaborbetweenspouses WorkSchedules ShiftWork Shiftwork theperiodoftimeapersonmustperformher hishob usuallyan8 hourperiod Setvs rotatingshiftsProblemsassociatedwithshiftwork PhysiologicalSocialShiftworkersaremorelikelytoquit WorkSchedules Flextime Flextime ascheduleofworkhoursthatpermitsemployeesflexibilityinwhentheyarriveatandleavework 73 ofUSemployersofferflextimeLatenessisvirtuallyeliminatedFindingsarepositive WorkSchedules CompressedWorkweek Compressedworkweek ascheduleofworkhoursthattypicallyinvolvesmorehoursperdayandfewerdaysperweek AdvantagesMoretimeforrecreationChancetowork2ndjobMoretimewithfamilyLesscompanyoverhead DisadvantagesWorkerfatigueFewerproductivehoursMoreaccidents SubstanceAbuseandWork 1of4 SubstanceAbuse theingestionofabroadarrayofsubstances suchasalcohol tobacco ordrugs thataredeemedtohaveaharmfuleffectontheindividual StatisticsADAconsidersformerdruguseadisabilityPerformanceimpairmentEconomicissuesSocietalcosts SubstanceAbuseandWork 2of4 Criticsviewofdrugscreening Screeningviolatesindividual srighttoprivacyTestsarefrequentlyinaccurateMostsupportdrugtestinginjobswherepublicsafetyiscrucial e g nuclearpowerplantoperators PostalServicesfoundthat6monthsafterdrugtestinghadoccurred workerswhohadtestedpositivepriortoemploymentwereabsent41 moreandfired38 morethanthosewhowerenotpositive Wessel 1989 SubstanceAbuseandWork 3of4 Isdrugscreeninglegal In1989 theSupremeCourtupheldtherulings Theconstitutionalityofthegovernmentregulationsthatrequirerailroadcrewsinvolvedinaccidentstosubmittoprompturinalysisandbloodtests UrinetestsforUScustomsserviceemployeesseekingdrug enforcementposts SubstanceAb