先进的苹果种植技术英文版.ppt

AdvancedFruitGrowing WardUpham NorthwestKansasUsedtobeBigAppleProductionArea TroyKansasbannerdeclared Surroundedby10 000AcresofApples NearWathenaKansas AppleDeclineinKansas Applegrowingdeclineddrasticallybetween1910and1915duetodroughtanddiseaseMostapplesweregrownonfarmsforprivateuseandorchardswerenotreplanted TheGreatArmisticeDayfreeze November1940 inwhichtherewasanunseasonablywarmfallfollowedbyarapiddropintemperature killedmanythousandsoftreesinKansas Afterthefreeze appleproductionmovedwestwardtostateswithlesserraticclimaticconditionsandlowerpestpopulations Thegrowingofotherfruitshasalsodeclineddrasticallyduetoweatherandtheeaseofshippingfruitinfromotherareas RenovatingaStrawberrybed StrawberryProduction1930 ShawneeCounty 346 390qts LeavenworthCounty 219 051qts RileyCounty 105 993qts WabaunseeCounty 100 812qts EarlyRaspberryProductionintheKansasRiverValley 1920RaspberryproductionWyandotteCounty 170 323qtsLeavenworthCounty 60 453qts 1930RaspberryProductionJeffersonCounty 13 652qtsJohnsonCounty 23 843qts Strawberries Thecommonname strawberry notbecauseofmulchingwithstraw butduetothe strewn appearanceoftherunners Sizeoffruitdependson Completepollination self pollination beeactivity WaterandtemperatureconditionsduringfloweringandfruitsetGenetics TypesofStrawberries June bearing mostcultivars short day type require 14hourdayand or 59F FruitbudssetinSeptember October Everbearing oftenbloom2xperyear typicalofwildspecies notusuallygrowncommercially Setflowerbudsinlatesummerthatbearinspringandfall notinheatofsummer Dayneutral grow setflowerbudswhenplantsarelargeenough andproducefruittheyearofplanting Bearin6 8weekcycles iftemperaturesaremoderate Strawberrygrowing criticalfactors Rootsystem isshallow 90 intop6 relyonfine delicate short livedfeederroots WaterretentionandavailabilityTolerateawiderangeofpH from4 0to8 5 butprefer5 7range ConsiderationsforHomeGarden Oneheavycroptoeatandprocess plantearlyandlateJune bearer ormodestbutextendedseason day neutrals Usuallygoforbestflavor notsizeWaterfrequently mayneedbirdnettingforsmallscale BestFlavoredStrawberriesforKansas Cavendish Earlymid season verylargeberryEarliglow Earlyseason mediumberry excellentflavorJewel Latemid season largeberryLateglow Mid season verylargeberryNortheastern Earlyseason largeberrySparkle Latemid season mediumberry excellentflavor Blackberries Raspberries The Rubus familytree Blackberryxraspberryhybrids Loganberry Youngberry Boysenberryetc Bramble Rubus History RaspberrydiscoveredonMt IdainTurkey Rubusideaus Greeksharvestedwildforfoodandmedicinaluses350B C Romanscultivatedby4thcenturyA D BlackberriesalsogatheredbytheGreeksinthewild2000yearsago 16thcenturyEurope medicinaluses leavesandfruit Bramblebiology APerennialplantwithbiennialtopgrowthPrimocanes 1styearvegetativegrowth setsfruitbuds Floricanes 2ndyearreproductivegrowth producesflowers fruit thendie Exception Primocanefruitingtypes fallorever bearingtypes Theprimocanesflowerandproducefruitonthetipsuntilfrost Basalbudshavedormancyrequirement donotfruitfirstyear RootSystem Fibrousandperennial 70 ofrootsareinthetop10inchesofsoilRaspberriesarefairlydroughtproneduetoweakrootsystem Blackberriesarefairlydroughtresistantduetostrong extensiverootsystem BramblePropagation Red yellow purpleraspberriesRootsuckers diginfall store plantinspringBlackraspberriesTiplayers tipsofprimocanesbenddownandroot BlackberriesRootcuttings especiallyforthornyRootsuckersAllBramblesTissueculturemeristemsinasepticconditions transplanttogreenhouse matureinnurseryorgreenhouse Cultivarselection ColdhardinessofBrambles Summerredraspberries 25to 40FFallredraspberries 20to 30Blackraspberries 15to 20Thornyblackberries 5to 15Thornlessblackberries0to 5 newervarietiescanbebetter Coldinjuryoccursmostfrequentlyduringlatewinter earlyspring WhichOnesSucker RedRaspberriesandThornyBlackberriessuckerbadlyThornlessblackberries blackraspberriesandpurpleraspberriesdonot RedRaspberry Blackberries Boysenberry Loganberry Blackberry Dewberry Youngberry VariationsinasubgenusoftheRubusgenuscalledEubatusMostofthesearehybridsandcrossesSemi erect blackberries LoganberriesTrailing boysenberries youngberriesVerytrailing dewberries Apples Applevarieties listedbypopularityinUSproduction Delicious RedDelicious GoldenDeliciousGrannySmithRome RomeBeauty FujiMcIntosh Applevarietiesgainingimportanceintheworld BraeburnRoyalGalaorGalaJonagoldEmpireHoneycrisp Thereisacontinualsearchforvarietiesthatareuniquetoaparticularmarketorhaveyield qualityoruniquecharacteristicsthatwouldmakethemappealingfordomesticorexportmarkets AppleProductiontoday UStotal464 025acresWashington172 810NewYork53 233Michigan50 539California38 268Pennsylvania28 110Kansas599 Dwarfing ofappletrees Dwarf orSemi Dwarf actuallyarangeofdwarfingisavailabledependingonrootstockBuddingandgraftingtechniquesweredevelopedbythe15thcentury usedinEuropeduringthe1800 s AdvantagesReductioninlabor productioncostsEarlierbearingImprovementincolorandmarketabilityResistancetodisease insects Aexperiencedapplegraftercangraftapplestockandscionin1 2minutes Mostapplegraftsdoneonsmallrootstockplantsandcuttingsfromknownfruittypes Usetonguegraft bridgegraft where2stemsareaboutthesamesizeGrafted wrapped andallowedtostandforseveralweeksormonthsbeforeplantingout Dwarfingisprovidedbyarootstockorrootsystemthatisgraftedontoatopofanapplevarietythatyouchosetogrow ToporVarietyofApple Interstem bridgebetweentopandrootstock Rootstock providesdwarfingeffectontree Ifgraftisn tcompatibleorthereisnotagooduntionbetweentherootstockandtop anINTERSTEMisused Rootstockeffects Growthcontrol limitsthesizeofthetopAnchorage brittlenatureofrootsorshallowrooted mayrequiretrellis Suckering don tproducealotofsuckershootsBurr roots small suckerlike roots thatdevelopnearthegraftunion diseaseentrypoints DiseaseandinsectresistanceDroughtresistanceandcoldhardiness Manyrootstocksare numbered ratherthannamed MorEM MallingorEastMalling EastMallingHorticultureResearchCenterinKentEngland Inthe1960stheEMstockswereputthrougha virusfree programdesignated LongAshton orLA NowcalledEMLAMM Merton Malling cooperativeeffortbetweenMallingandJohnInnisResearchCenterinMertonEngland mostnewonesnowabbreviatedAR BorBud BudagovskyfromtheSovietUnionPfromPolandCGorG CornellUnivandGenevaResearchCenterinNewYorkMAC MichiganState Semi Dwarf Dwarf Dwarfingrootstocksizes Verydwarf M 27andP 2 trellis Dwarf M 9 Mark M 26 B 9SemiDwarf M 7MediumM106 M111 BestforKansas Standard M 793LargeMM 115 M 25 Robusta Moststateshavedevelopedresearchtrialstosuggestspacingsforcertainrootstocksandrootstock topcombinationsthatseemtoworkwellunderspecificenvironmentalconditions RootstockDistancebetweentreesSeedling18 2570 134trees AMM 11114 18134 222trees AMM 10612 16170 302trees AM 710 14222 435trees AM 268 12302 680trees AMark6 8680 1210trees AM 94 81210 2722trees A Mostmodernorchardsareusingtreedensityfrom450to1000trees acre lesswithpoorfertilityandwater Standard appletreemaybe30 40fttall Treesnowmaybeinthe5 10fttallrange Somearesupportedbyatrellissothata continuouswall offruitdevelops Orcharddensityoftrees DensityTrees APlantingCumProfitsCosts Ato10thYr Plantingcostsandcumulativeprofitsasa oflowdensityplantings ApplePestManagement Realizingthatover500speciesofinsectsand100diseaseorganismshavebeenfoundinfruitorchardspresentsanimmediatechallengetoourunderstanding 1 Between25and50 ofthecostofcommercialproductionoffruitsisdevotedtoinsectanddiseasecontrolWithoutthisexpenditure thetreeswouldbeshort livedandthefruitalmostworthless 2 Withoutanypestcontrol onecanonlyobtainabout10 saleablefruit 3 1 TheAppleGrower Phillips 2 FruitScience Childers and3 Attraguide SprayScheduleIUse April1throughpetaldrop ImmunoxPetaldropthroughMemorialDay Immunox MalathionMemorialDayuntiltwoweeksbeforeharvestormid August whichevercomesfirst Captan Malathion Apricots PeachesandNectarines Apricot Earliestofstonefruit andallfruitstobloom InKansas mostseasonsbloomsarecaughtbyalatefreeze perhaps1 2yearsin5maygetacrop AvoidfrostsensitiveareasNearlyallvarietiesareself fruitful don tneedapollenizer Apricot PrunusarmeniacaNativeofChina cametoEuropeviaArmenia abricock or apricock earlyEnglishadaptationofaLatinword earlyripeningfruit MostcommercialproductioninMediterraneanareaandChina ParideazaFarm 2008 Treeislargerthanpeachtree Treestake5 6yearstobecomeproductive ayearor2longerthanpeach Longlivedtree maylast25 40years MostinUSgrowninCalifornia 94 ofcrop Apricotculture Bearson1 yearoldwoodbuttreealsoproducessomeshortspurs PruningislessthanpeachesLessemphasisonencouragingvigorousshootsFruitsareusuallythinnedtoproducelargersizesoffruit handthinnedwith bats toknockexcessfruitfrombranchesWantonefruitevery2inchesThinningusuallydone30 40daysafterfullbloom PeachPrunuspersica Prunusgenuscontainsalargenumberofediblefruitsincluding apricots almonds cherries andplums NativeofChina notmiddleeastasthespecies persica mightsuggest CametoEuropeviaPersia Iran Anectarineisafuzzlesspeach noteredcolorationintofleshandpit Asinglerecessivegenecontrolsfuzziness Whatisanectarine Fruitdevelopalongstem notonspurs Thick fatbudsareflowerbudswhilelong slenderbudsareleafbuds Theremaybe2ormoreflowerbudssetateachnodealongwithleafbuds FreezingTemperaturesofPeachBuds Blossoms PetalFallFullPinkOpenFirstPinkCalyxpinkCalyxgreenFirstswell Palepinkofapeachorchardinfullbloom Bloomafterapricotsandbeforeapples Bloomingandpollination Peachesbloomabout2weeksearlierthanapples Springfreezesmuchmoreprevalentinpeaches Mostpeachesareself fruitful singlevarietywillpollenize PeachbudsaresetlateJunetolateJulyofpreviousseason sgrowthonactivelygrownshoots 15 20incheslongworksbest Peachisa drupeSomepeaches mainlyfreshmarkettypes thestoneseparateseasilyfromthefleshwhenripecalledFREESTONE Thesealsoripenlater andhave meltingflesh Somepeaches mainlyprocessingtypes thestonedoesnotseparatefromtheflesh mustbecutaway calledCLINGSTONE RipenearlierthanFREESTONE andhavefirmflesh usedforcanning Peachfleshformost freshmarket peachesissoft oftendescribedas MELTINGFLESH thereisnotthecharacteristiccrunchorfirmnessassociatedwithmanyfruits Fruitsalsotendtobeveryjuicy juicewillfreelydripfromthefruitasitiseaten Manypeacheshavearedcoloration someslightandsomepronouncedwhenthefruitisripe Redcolorationoftenextendsintothefleshandpit White fleshedpeach noteredcolorationintofleshandpit Mostpeacheshaveayellowflesh Somehavewhiteflesh Colorcontrolledbyasinglegene Whitevar canalsohavehighersugar lessacidcontent Arelativelynewvariety SaturnPeach distinctive flat or doughnut peaches Everyonelovessomethingdifferent andtheytastegreat Red freestonepeachesopenuptotender whitefleshwithamild sweetflavor Winter hardytreesbearheavycropsoffruitthatmeasure2 2 inchesindiameter RipensinlateJuly Peachisasmallertreethanapplesandisprunedtoamoreopencentersystem Nofruitonspurs somusthavesomeactivelygrowingshootsforfruitproduction Treeisprunedto3 4lowerscaffoldbranches noteabsenceof centralleader aswithapplepruning Keepcenterofthetreeopenforgoodlightpenetration IdealShape Peachtreeshavemoreslender flexiblestems Can tholdasmuchfruitload Needacertainnumberoffruitperbranch leaftoadequatelysizefruitbutnotbreakdowntree 6 8 betweenfruit Peachesaremore precocious thanapple settingafewfruitsinthe2ndyear morein3rdyear enoughtoestablishamarket oftenharvestinganearfullcropinthe4thyear Peachesaremoresensitivetograss weedcompetitionthanapples Peachesareoftencleancultivated keepingthesoilbareinalargeareaaroundthetree Mulchingwouldalsoworkwell MulchedPeachTree Thinbarkofpeachtrunkispronetoheating coolinginwinter causingentrypointfordiseases canker Trunkscanbepaintedwhitetoreducewinterheating Irrigationsystem minisprinklerateachtreeonashortstake For1yearoldtrees 25gallons weekFor2yearoldtrees 50gallons weekFormaturetrees 150gallons week Peachtreesarefairlyshortlivedtreescomparedtootherfruits SomeareasoftheUShaveexperiencedlossofpeachesin10 15years OftencalledPEACHTREESHORTLIFEorPEACHTREEDECLINE Mayberelatedtonematodedamage diseasessuchasstemcankersbuildup rootinjuryordamage generalplantstressesorotherunknownfactors Peachrootstocks NotnearlyasextensiveordevelopedasapplesMuchattentionnowbeingaddressedtocoldhardinessandnematoderesistanceSiberianorharrowrootstocksforhardinessSomeearliernematoderesistantrootstockswereverysusceptibletocankerandotherdiseases LovellrootstocksfornematoderesistanceNogood dwarfing rootstocksforpeach Somegeneticdwarfsusedforspecialpurposepeaches homegardenorcontainertypes Mostcommercialpeachesarenotgrownondwarfingrootstocks Brownsoftrotonpeachesaftertheybegintosize ripen Fungicides Captan Immunox inbloomperiodandfruitripeningwillprovidecontrol Sanitationisimportantintheorchardaswell Canspreadinwashwateror dumptank Maintaingoodtreevigorbutexcessivevigorwillresultinincreasesofbrownrot Peachscab notecrustyblotchesandcracked splitskin Developsin shucksplit stageofbloombutsymptomsshowuplaterasspotsonfruit ControlwithCaptan PeachScab Borersentertheareaatthebaseoftrunkatgroundlevel Larvaefeedunderbark weakeningorkillingthetree Presenceof gumming orfrass sawdustlikematerial isasignofpeachtreeboreractivity Insecticideapplications permethrin canbeappliedtobaseoftreeinlate Juneandagaininlate Julyforcontrol Peachesareusuallyharvestedataslightlyfirmstagetoalloweaseofhandling Ripeningwilloccurin2 3days Grapes OneoftheoldestcultivatedcropsRequiresseverepruningforgoodcrops ThosethatknewgrapeculturewereimportantinsocietyWineprobablyused5000 6000yearsagobyAssyriansandEgyptiansBecamethestandardbeverageformostculturesinearlytimesWineandgrapestradedtoEuropeabout1000yearsagoandbecameverypopularinculturesthere ALITTLEHISTORY Grown usedwidelyinItaly France Germany andSpainSettlerstoNorthAmericaweresurprisedtofindnativegrapesgrowinghere Weremuchmorecold hardythanEuropeangrapesandhadadarkcolorwithaintense foxy flavor AmericangrapesaresometimesknownasFoxgrapes HISTORYCONTINUED AmericangrapeswereintroducedtoEuropeandtookwiththemasmallrootaphidcausingphylloxeraEuropeangrapeshadnoresistanceandweredevastated 1860 s V viniferawaspropagatedonownroots Identifiedthephylloxerain1868 begantosearchfor andfound resistantrootstocks Americangrapes GrapeSuggestions Ifpeoplewanttoknowhowtoprunegrapes suggesttheSingleCurtainCordonsystem Itisdescribedinourpublicationtitled Grapes Themistakemostpeoplemakewithgrapesistonotprunethemenough Aproperlyprunedestablishedvineshouldhaveabout90 ofthegrowthremovedeachyear ThebesttablegrapeIhavegrowninJupiter Itisaseedless bluegrapethatisproductivewithlarge goodqualityfruit Wild N AmericanFruit NorthAmerican wild fruit Blueberry cranberry huckleberryStrawberryGooseberryandcurrentRaspberryandblackberryMulberry pawpaw andpersimmonElderberryandsandplum beachplumToday wildrose chokeberry Aronia chokecherry June Serviceberry pricklypear andwolfberry Juneberry ServiceberryAmelanchieralnifolia FoundinN GreatPlainsandCanada Morethan25speciesnativetoN Am FoodformanyNortherntribesincludesfresh bakedinbread anddriedforwinteruse Shrub3 10ft tall HardyinZones3 9 Preferfullsun acidic moist well drainedsoil butwilltolerateshadeandawiderangeofsoiltypes Fruitis to3 8inchdiameter fleshyredtopurplishblack ripeninginJune Possiblelandscapeplant PlantDistributionbyState Amelanchieralnifolia Juneberry ServiceberryAmelanchieralnifolia Mulberry Persimmon andPawPaw Mulberry Persimmon andPawPaw AllhaveatleastonespeciesnativetoNorthAmerica andadaptedtoKS LimitedcommercialtradeValuableand interesting forhomegardenorlandscapingFewpests relativelyeasytogrowPotentialfor weediness somecanspreadbyrootsuckers birdsNutritiousfruit etc etc etc Mulberry Nativesp isM rubra M nigra blackmulberry M tatarica Russianmulberry andM alba whitemulberry fromAsia M albawasimportedtoU S tofeedsilkworms andhasnaturalizedhere canbeweedy M nigrasaidtohavethebestflavor MorusrubraL MorusalbaL Mulberry Morussp familyMoraceae IsNOTaberry isamultiplefruit CloselyrelatedtoOsageOrange Maclurapomifera andCommonfig Ficuscarica alsomultiplefruits MulberryCharacteristics Propagatedfromseedorcuttings Needmaletreeforpollinationaswellasfemaleforfruit Growfairlyfastwhenyoung butarenotlargetreeswhenmature 10 15M FairlyhardyIfpurchasingforfruit maybegoodtochooseoneselectedforfruitquality Non fruitingspecies e g weeping orothers fruithasbeendescribedas insipid CharacteristicsCont Prefershighorganicmatter welldrainedsoils buttoleratesmanyconditions Prefersfullsun buttoleratessomeshade ThewhitemulberryisthesecondmostcommonweedtreeinNYC 1 MulberryCharacteristicsCont Goodthings birdslikethem Mayattractthemawayfromyourcherriesorblueberries Selfpollinating KidslikethemRelativelyeasytoharvest Shakeontoclothorplasticsheet Goodinpies etc butneedtocombinewithanotherfruitiftheyseemtoosweet Badthings birdslikethem Don tplantnexttoyourpatio orifyouparkyourcarinthedrivewayundertrees Whitefruitedvarietiesavailablethough maybebetterinthesesituationsthanthedarkfruits Zeroshelflife CommonPersimmon Diospyrosvirginiana Inthefamily Ebenaceae orEbonyfamily Woodishard hasspecialuses golfclubs weavingshuttles billiardcues Mainlygrownforfruit andaestheticvalue Twomainspecies Diospyrosvirginiana nativetoNorthAmerica Onlyrecentlycultivated eatenwildsincepre history Fruitissmaller buthardytozone4 Improvedcultivarsavailablesince1880 Diospyroskaki nativetoChina Coldhardytoabout0F hardinesszones7 10LargerfruitthanAmericanpersimmonGrowncommerciallyTherearesomekaki s TamKam andhybrids Nikita sGift thathavethecoldhardinessofvirginianaandthesizeandtasteofkaki PersimmonCharacteristics Moist well drainedsoilsbest butwilltoleratehot drypoorsoils includingurbanenvironments Nativetreeswillgrow15 65fttall Hardyinzones4 9 Propagatefromseedsorcuttings Speciesisdioecious withmaleandfemaleflowersondifferenttrees note Asianspeciesisnot someneweronesself pollinate Thrivesinfullsun butisalsoshade tolerant Inthewild maybefoundasthickets fromrootsuckers FlowersMarch June fruitsSept Nov Otherthingstoknow Don teatthefruitifitisn