大学英语写作开头、段落、结尾

网络综合 大学英语四六级考试 CET 四级 四级写作中常用的开头段的表达方法举例如下四级写作中常用的开头段的表达方法举例如下 使用引语 use a quotation 使用一段名人名言 或人们常用的谚语 习语 以确定文章的写作范围和方向 如 Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity but to make them Colton a great writer once remarked But it still has a profound significance now To a person in whose lifetime opportunities are not many to make opportunities is more essential to his success 分析 开头引用 Colton 的名言说明 创造机会 对于成功的重要性 点明主题 引用具体或粗略的数据 use figures or statistics 当然对于图表题型 该种方法是必须的选择 具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据 然 后作出概括性分析 点明主题或引出需要论述的问题 如 As is demonstrated in the table more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security It is estimated that in 2004 there are 500 000 unemployed graduates more than 30 higher than in 2002 分析 文章引用 2004 年找不到工作的毕业生达到 50 万这一数据来说明大学生找 工作难这一现象的严重性 很有说服力 提出问题 ask a question 提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题 然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论 如 What do you want from your work Money Promotions Interesting challenges Continual learning Work based friendships The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ all agree that work provide more than material things 分析 文章开头提出 你想从工作中得到什么 这一问题 然后自问自答 指出工作 除了物质利益 还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论 给出具体实例或报道 offer relevant examples or reports 给出具体生活实例或新闻报道 如 As regards the stress for college students there has been a heated discussion among the public in the e society It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect 分析 文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例 说明了大学生心理问题的严重性 定义法 give definition 针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义 然后进行深入探讨 如 As we all know practice makes perfect This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers and now it is still widely applied to our daily life It means that the more we practice the more likely we are going to do things perfectly 分析 文章用 It means that 这一句型 说明了 practice makes perfect 的含义 主题句法 use of topic sentence 文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题 然后围绕主题内容进行发展 如 Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents According to a recent survey by Dr Li dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University about 18 of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country 分析 文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题 然后再用实例数据加以佐证 开头段的常用核心句型归纳如下 大家可选择使用 As opposed to generally accepted views I believe that The arguer may be right about but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that Although it is commonly agreed that it is unlikely to be true that There is an element of truth in this statement but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that In all the discussion and debate over one important fact is generally overlooked On the surface At first thought it this may seem a sound an attractive suggestion solution idea but careful weighing on the mind on closer analysis on second thought we find that Although many people believe that I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis The danger problem fact truth point is that I agree with the above statement because I believe that There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of Those who object to argue that But people who favor on the other hand argue that Currently In recent years In the past few years For many years now there is has been a n general widespread growing widely held feeling towards concern over attitude towards trend towards awareness of realization of illusion of belief in As far as I am concerned however I believe that Now it is commonly widely generally increasingly believed thought held accepted felt recognized acknowledged that But I wonder doubt whether 该文章转载自无忧考网 a problem 上 通过 对比使读者从 a long time in one minute 上有更加直观的认识 常用于对本法或比较法上的过渡连接词有 than compared with 等 5 分类法 classification 在阐述某一概念的段落中 常用分类法 通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类 分别加以叙述 使读者有更为清晰的认识 如 Ever since humans have lived on the earth they have made use of various forms of communication Generally this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech When there is a language barrier communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters words and ideas Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally spelling however cannot Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions either intentionally or unintentionally A nod signifies approval while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags Morse code and picture signs 在该段中为了说明 topic sentence 中的 various forms of communication 作者将其 分为 oral speech sign language body language 及 other forms of nonlinguistic language 并逐 加阐述 采用这种方法的段落并没有标志突出的连接词 所述各项均为平行并列关系 所以没 有明显的主次之分 来源 考试大 英语四级考试 6 因果分析法 cause and effect 在阐述某一现象的段落中 常采用因果分析法 例如 The role of women in today s society is changing One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women s movement Also women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women Moreover men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively 本段中 主题句提出了一种社会现象 推展句则对产生这种现象的原因作出各种解释 常用于因果分析法的连接词有 because so as a result 等 7 定义法 definition 在科普文章的写作中 定义法是必不可少的 通过下定义 可以使读者对该事物有一 个更直接的认识 Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery It reduces the human factors mental and physical in production and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers The development of automation in American industry has been called the Second Industrial Revolution 这一段文字使我们了解了 automation 和 Second Industrial Revolution 两个概 念 分别由 refers to 和 been called 引出 常出现在定义法中的词语有 refer to mean call 等 8 重复法 repetition 句子的一部分反复出现在段落中 这就是重复法 它往往造成一种步步紧逼的气氛 使文章结构紧凑 有感染力 比如 Since that time which is far enough away from now I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is in the young under terror I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg I was in mortal terror of myself from whom an awful promise had been extracted 该段中反复应用了 I was in motal terror of 我经常处于恐怖之中 以上 我们结合具体文章讨论了展开段落的几种方法 在实际写作中 我们往往不必 拘泥于一种写作方法 而是将若干方法穿插在一起 使文章有声有色 二 结尾段 我们知道文章的开头很重要 因为好的开头可以吸引读者 抓住读者的注意力 同样 文章的结尾也很重要 好的结尾会使读者对全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象 可以增添文 章的效果和说服力 让人深思 回味无穷 确切地说 结尾的作用就是概括全文内容 进 一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想 使读者加深印象 有时也用于展望未来 提出今后方向 或令人深思的问题给读者留下回味和思考的余地 但是 如何才能写好英文短文的结尾呢 下面就介绍几种写结尾段最常用的方法 1 重复中心思想 回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上 达到再次肯定和强调的 效果 例 1 A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness It gives zest to life to make it worth living 例 2 With all these benefits it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever 2 作出结论 文章最后用几句话概括全文内容 并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者 的观点 例 1 In conclusion a good teacher student relationship can be mutual beneficial The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job 例 2 On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it 3 应用引语 用格言 谚语或习语总结全文 既言简意赅又有更强的说服力 例 1 If you have anything to do try to do it yourself for that is the safest way to permanent success Remember the famous saying Heaven helps those who help themselves 例 2 If we stick to studies day after day there is nothing that can t be achieved As an old saying goes Constant dropping of water wears away a stone 4 用反问结尾 虽然形式是问句 但意义却是肯定的 具有明显的强调作用 引起读者思 考 例 1 Therefore listening skills must be consciously improved Since it is such an important means of learning and communication why should we not develop this ability as far as possible 例 2 So what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health 5 提出展望或期望 表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动 例 1 I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely 例 2 If everyone has developed good manners people will form a more harmonious relation If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world With the general mood of society improved there will be a progress of civilization 以上介绍了几种写结尾段最常用的方法 但到底选择何种方法结尾还得根据文体来决 定 平铺直叙的记叙文 往往在故事或事实情节讲完时文章也就自然结束了 而说理性和 逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文都应有一个正式的结尾 希望以上介绍的几种方法能对大家 写好结尾有所帮助 来源 考试大 英语四级考试 怎样写好大学英语四级作文 六 写好段落 首先 一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想 该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表 达 整个段落必须紧扣这个主题 stick or hold to the topic 这就是段落的统一性 unity 其次 一个段落必须有若干推展句 使主题思想得到充分展开 从而给读者一个完整的感 觉 这就是完整性 completeness or adequateness 再者 一个段落不是杂乱无章的 而是有机的组合 句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑 从一 个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅 smooth 这就是连贯性 coherence 下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明 1 统一性 一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心 任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取 的 请看下例 Joe and I decided to take the long trip we d always wanted across the country We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner To our surprise we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico 本段的主题句是段首句 controlling idea 中心思想 是 take the long trip across the country 文中出现两个 irrelevant sentences 一个是 Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie 这一段 是讲的是 Joe and I 中间出现一个 Bella 是不合适的 还有 Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner 这一句更是与主题句不相关 考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出 irrelevant sentences 不相关语句 而丢分 值得引起注意 再看一个例子 My name is Roseanna and I like to keep physically fit I used to weigh two hundred pounds but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program In one year I lost eighty pounds I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five feet frame again I bought two new suitcases last week Everyday I practice jogging three miles swimming fifteen laps lifting twenty pound weights and playing tennis for one hour My mother was a premature baby 本段的 controlling idea 是 like to deep physically fit 但段中有两个 irrelevant sentences 一 个是 I bought two new suitcases last week 另一个是 My mother was a premature baby 从上面两个例子可以看出 native speakers 同样会造出来 irrelevant sentences 卷面上如果这 种句子多了 造成偏题或离题 那问题就更严重了 2 完整性 正象我们前面说得那样 一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现 如果只有主题句而没有推 展句来进一步交待和充实 就不能构成一个完整的段落 同样 虽然有推展句 但主题思 想没有得到相对圆满的交待 给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉 这样的段落也不能完成其交际 功能 例如 Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task Besides it is more useful to work you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression 本段的主题句是段首句 本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题 什么是 a mind in turmoil 心境不平静 Physical work 又如何能改变这种情况 为什么它能起 therapy 的作用 读者得不到明确的答案 由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇 100 120 个词的三段式短文 每一段只有大约 40 个词左右 因此 要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明 例如 It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words Often writing is much clearer than a picture It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means but a careful writer can almost always explain it 段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法 必须有具体事例加以验证 上述两个推展句只是在 文字上对主题作些解释 整个段落内容空洞 简而不明 如果用一两个具体的例子的话 就可以把主题解释清楚了 比如下段 It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words Sometimes pictures are pretty useless things If you can t swim and fall in the river and start gulping water will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning or start screaming Help 3 连贯性 coherence 连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面 前者指的是内在的逻辑性 后者指的是使用转换词语 当然这两者常常是不可分割的 只有形连而没有意连 句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系 反之 只有意连而没有形连 有时行文就不够流畅 1 意连 段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序 不能想到什么就写什么 如果在下笔之前没有构思 边写边想 写写停停 那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来 下面介绍几种常见的排列方式 A 按时间先后排列 chronological arrangement 例如 We had a number of close calls that day When we rose it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o clock Then when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours it must have been close to noon the heat nearly hid us in the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down By the time we reached the mountain it was four o clock and we were exhausted Here judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert Sure enough by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff dragging Mohammed and me along with him By nine when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day 本段从 rose 起床 写起 然后是吃早餐 not to miss breakfast closing at nine o clock 然后是 close to noon 一直写到这一天结束 By nine B 按位置远近排列 spatial arrangement 例如 From a distance it looked like a skinny tube but as we got closer we could see it flesh out before our eyes It was tubular all right but fatter than we could see from far away Furthermore we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one story structure Standing ten feet away we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass unlike the tube that it was sitting on which only had four Inside the tube was gloomy because of the lack of light Then a steep narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land 本段的写法是由远及近 从远处 from a distance 写起 然后 get closer 再到 ten feet away 最后是 inside the pagoda 当然 按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及 近 根据需要 也可以由近及远 由表及里等等 C 按逻辑关系排列 logical arrangement a 按重要性顺序排列 arrangement in order of importance If you work as a soda jerker you will of course not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective If you work on a machine your ability to express yourself will be of little importance But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word And the further away your job is from manual work the larger the organization of which you are an employee the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking In the very large business organization whether it is the government the large corporation or the Army this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess 这一段谈的是表达能力 它的重要性与职业 身份有关 从 not need much skill 或 of little importance 到 more important 最后是 most important b 由一般到特殊排列 general to specific arrangement If a reader is lost it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path This carelessness can take any number of forms Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader hacking his way through the verbiage simply doesn t know what it means Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways Perhaps the writer has switched tenses or has switched pronouns in mid sentence so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A the writer in whose head the connection is clear has not bothered to provide the missing link Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up He may think that sanguine and sanguinary mean the same thing but the difference is a bloody big one The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply 这一段谈的是 a writer s carelessness 先给出一个 general statement 作为主题句 然后通过 5 个 perhaps 加以例证 c 由特殊到一般排列 specific to general arrangement I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat Prissy with the one I had several years ago Henry The two cats are only alike in breed Prissy a quiet feminine feline loves me dearly but not possessively She likes to keep her distance from people exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg lick or sniff unceremoniously Her usual posture is sitting upright eyes closed perfectly still Prissy is a very proper cat Henry on the other hand loved me dearly but possessively He was my shadow from morning till night He expected me to constantly entertain him Henry never cared who saw him do anything whether it was decorous or not and he usually offended my friends in some way The cat made himself quite comfortable on the top of the television across stranger s feet or laps in beds drawers sacks closets or nooks The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers 本段的主题句是段首句 它仅提出一个问题 为什么两只猫会被搞混 然后对两者进行比 较 末句才下结论 2 形连 行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现 请读下面这一段文字并找出文 中用以承上启下的词语 Walter s goal in life was to become a successful surgeon First though he had to get through high school so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies in particular biology chemistry and math Because he worked constantly on these subjects Walter became proficient in them however Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen As a result during his junior year of high school Walter failed both English and Latin Consequently he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule Finally on June 6 Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal 本文中起承上启下的词语有两种 一种是转换词语 transitional words or phrases 另一种是 起转换作用的其他连接手段 linking devices 前者依次有 first though so in particular and because however besides as a result both and consequently and finally 后者依次是 he he his his he these them he those his he these his 本段中共有词汇 105 个 所使用的转换词 语及其他连接用语共 26 个词 约占该段总词汇量的